211 lines
23 KiB
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211 lines
23 KiB
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<mods:title id="12F3144C829112B83EF4A453F93AEE3C">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8EBC30CDAF09032C7311AFB0FB298B1F">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D8F9B89D9E65C2579B492BE1DB4CBC2B">Szlavecz, Katalin</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95457A563FF3C07204545F89C" bold="true" box="[151,603,1876,1903]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
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4.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385457A563FF1F07214545F89C" authority="Kinberg, 1867" authorityName="Kinberg" authorityYear="1867" box="[180,603,1876,1903]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95457A563FF1F07214690F89D" bold="true" box="[180,398,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Amynthas gracilis</emphasis>
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(
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)
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305457A563FF3C07024651F863" box="[151,335,1911,1936]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5457A563FF3C07024651F863" blockId="12.[151,603,1876,1936]" box="[151,335,1911,1936]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5457A563FF3507024618F863" box="[158,262,1911,1936]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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C, 10)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305457A563FF3C07B4437AF807" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5457A563FF3C07B44510F826" blockId="12.[151,1124,1983,2036]" box="[151,526,1983,2006]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95457A563FF3C07B44622F826" box="[151,316,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Nitocris gracilis</emphasis>
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: 102
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5457A563FF3C07AB437AF807" blockId="12.[151,1124,1983,2036]" box="[151,1124,2014,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385457A563FF3C07AB46EDF807" authority="Rosa, 1891" authorityName="Rosa" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,499,2014,2036]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hawayana">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95457A563FF3C07AB4670F807" box="[151,366,2014,2036]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Pheretima hawayana</emphasis>
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(Rosa, 1891)
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5457A563FDA507AB45A7F807" author="Gates" box="[526,697,2014,2036]" page="354" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" year="1937">
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: 354
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1954: 229; 1958: 31; 1963: 13; 1982: 47.
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FF3C00ED4650FF5D" box="[151,334,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Amynthas gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5456A562FEC300ED4570FF5D" author="Sims" box="[360,622,152,174]" page="235" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" year="1972">
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: 235
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385456A562FF3C00C3466DFF3F" box="[151,371,182,204]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hawayanus">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FF3C00C3466DFF3F" box="[151,371,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Amynthas hawayanus</emphasis>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5456A562FE2500C34588FF3F" author="Sims" box="[398,662,182,204]" page="235" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FE2500C3457CFF3F" author="Sims" box="[398,610,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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: 235
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5456A562FD0B00C34471FF3F" author="Reynolds" box="[672,879,182,204]" page="121" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FD0B00C34422FF3F" author="Reynolds" box="[672,828,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1978) The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). IV. Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and a key to the species in the state. Megadrilogica, 3, 117 - 130." type="journal article" year="1978">Reynolds 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 121
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, 127; 2010: 145; 2011: 271.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5456A562FB3E00C347FDFF18" author="Reynolds" page="88" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FB3E00C34286FF3F" author="Reynolds" box="[1173,1432,182,204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 88
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 2008: 179.
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5456A562FF3C016D4454FEC3" blockId="13.[151,1437,279,773]" box="[151,842,279,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FF3C016D4629FEC3" bold="true" box="[151,311,280,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Data sources.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FE96016D46D7FEC3" author="Gates" box="[317,457,280,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates (1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FE7F016D4511FEC3" author="Gates" box="[468,527,280,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - Introduction to systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 5 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FDB1016D4548FEC3" author="Gates" box="[538,598,280,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FDC101624458FEC3" author="Blakemore" box="[618,838,279,304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) - Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2, 15 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2013.2.1.015" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="a">Blakemore (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305456A562FF6C014E4583FDBC" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5456A562FF6C014E4583FDBC" blockId="13.[151,1437,279,773]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FF6C014E465FFEA7" bold="true" box="[199,321,315,340]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Size
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by
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||
. Segment numbers 70–101. Color of live specimens red. Male pores paired in XVIII, small, superficial, on a small porophore. Post-clitellar genital markings present or absent; when present, paired post-setal small discs median to male pores, in tight clusters of 1–11. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 5/6/7/8. Pre-clitellar genital markings present or absent; when present, paired post-setal small discs median to spermathecal pores on some of VI–IX. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 10/11 or 11/12. Spermathecae three pairs in VI–VIII, duct slender, as long as or shorter than ampulla, with a tubular diverticulum shorter than the main axis. Prostate glands well developed, extending through some or all of XVI–XXIV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, extending anteriorly to XXIV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305456A562FF6C02294550FCF7" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5456A562FF6C02294550FCF7" blockId="13.[151,1437,279,773]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FF6C02294625FD87" bold="true" box="[199,315,604,628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Historically referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385456A562FD2A0229446AFD87" box="[641,884,604,628]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hawayana">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FD2A0229446AFD87" box="[641,884,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Pheretima hawayana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385456A562FC0F02294382FD87" box="[932,1180,604,628]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hawayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FC0F02294382FD87" box="[932,1180,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Amynthas hawayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385456A562FB0402294237FD87" box="[1199,1321,604,628]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FB0402294237FD87" box="[1199,1321,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been frequently reported in the US.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="72F63CE65456A562FE59020A4550FCF7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406316" country="United States of America" location="Illinois" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Illinois">
|
||
The first record of this species in the continental
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5456A562FB8B02F5435AFD6B" box="[1056,1092,640,664]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
was in
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5456A562FB35020A43EAFD6B" box="[1182,1268,639,664]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8387" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" unit="in" value="1905.0">1905 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595456A562FB57020A4255FD6B" box="[1276,1355,639,664]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FAF002F547CDFD4F" author="Gates" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FF4902D14603FD4E" author="Gates" box="[226,285,676,701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Gates, G. E. (1954) Exotic earthworms of the United States. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 111, 219 - 258." type="journal article" year="1954">1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FE8602D14677FD4F" author="Gates" box="[301,361,676,700]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reproduction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385456A562FDED02D145A1FD4F" box="[582,703,676,700]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FDED02D145A1FD4F" box="[582,703,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is amphimictic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385456A562FC2C02D144E1FD4F" box="[903,1023,676,700]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FC2C02D144E1FD4F" box="[903,1023,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">A. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an epi-endogeic species, has been suggested to increase C and N flux in forest soils in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5456A562FCDF02BD4486FD13" box="[884,920,712,736]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
and may have potential long-term impacts on nutrient cycling (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5456A562FEFD0299455CFCF7" author="Burtelow" box="[342,578,748,773]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refString="Burtelow, A. E., Bohlen, P. J. & Groffman, P. M. (1998) Influence of exotic earthworm invasion on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and denitrification potential in forest soils of the northeastern United States. Applied Soil Ecology, 9, 197 - 202. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0929 - 1393 (98) 00075 - 4" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Burtelow
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95456A562FE6C029846E1FCF7" box="[455,511,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |