346 lines
39 KiB
XML
346 lines
39 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D544BD8144B2E81F01A2609DC8E948A9">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DFC059199215F52F6193829316600770">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA57AFF3C05FF45DEFA57" blockId="21.[151,704,1417,1477]" box="[151,704,1417,1444]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF3C05FF45DEFA57" bold="true" box="[151,704,1417,1444]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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12.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544EA57AFF6805FC45DEFA57" authority="Michaelsen, 1892" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1892" box="[195,704,1417,1444]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF6805FC46D0FA50" bold="true" box="[195,462,1417,1443]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFE7605FF45A6FA57" author="Michaelsen" box="[477,696,1418,1444]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung (II). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 58 (1), 209 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8321" type="journal article" year="1892">Michaelsen, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A846530544EA57AFF3C05D946B9FA36" box="[151,423,1452,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA57AFF3C05D946B9FA36" blockId="21.[151,704,1417,1477]" box="[151,423,1452,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E544EA57AFF3505D94619FA36" box="[158,263,1452,1477]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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Figures
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<date id="B620107B544EA57AFF5005D84619FA36" box="[251,263,1453,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">1</date>
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I, 18;
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<tableCitation id="8F1C0300544EA57AFEE005D94682FA36" box="[331,412,1452,1477]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[125,204,639,660]" captionTargetBox="[125,1775,734,1450]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparisons of Amynthas agrestis, A. tokioensis, anđ Metaphire hilgendorfi." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" tableUuid="96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A846530544EA57AFF3C058144BDF976" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA57AFF3C0581456FF9F9" blockId="21.[151,1436,1524,1669]" box="[151,625,1524,1546]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544EA57AFF3C05814573F9F9" authority="Michaelsen, 1892: 235" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityPageNumber="235" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,621,1524,1546]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF3C05814663F9F9" box="[151,381,1524,1546]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Perichaeta hilgendorfi</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544EA57AFE2805814573F9F9" author="Michaelsen" box="[387,621,1524,1546]" page="235" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" year="1892">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFE2805814524F9F9" author="Michaelsen" box="[387,570,1524,1546]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung (II). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 58 (1), 209 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8321" type="journal article" year="1892">Michaelsen, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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: 235
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA57AFF3C06664431F9DA" blockId="21.[151,1436,1524,1669]" box="[151,815,1555,1577]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E1195544EA57AFF3C06664431F9DA" box="[151,815,1555,1577]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544EA57AFF3C06664668F9DA" box="[151,374,1555,1577]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF3C06664668F9DA" box="[151,374,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Pheretima hilgendorfi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544EA57AFE3B06664526F9DA" author="Gates" box="[400,568,1555,1577]" page="230" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" year="1954">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFE3B0666451BF9DA" author="Gates" box="[400,517,1555,1577]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Gates, G. E. (1954) Exotic earthworms of the United States. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 111, 219 - 258." type="journal article" year="1954">Gates 1954</bibRefCitation>
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: 230
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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; 1958: 11, 31; 1982: 49.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA57AFF3C06474685F995" blockId="21.[151,1436,1524,1669]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E1195544EA57AFF3C06474685F995" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544EA57AFF3C0647466DF9BB" box="[151,371,1586,1608]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF3C0647466DF9BB" box="[151,371,1586,1608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Amynthas hilgendorfi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544EA57AFE2606474586F9BB" author="Sims" box="[397,664,1586,1608]" page="235" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFE260647457AF9BB" author="Sims" box="[397,612,1586,1608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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: 235
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 237.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544EA57AFD73064744B6F9BB" author="Reynolds" box="[728,936,1586,1608]" page="122" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFD730647446BF9BB" author="Reynolds" box="[728,885,1586,1608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1978) The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). IV. Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and a key to the species in the state. Megadrilogica, 3, 117 - 130." type="journal article" year="1978">Reynolds 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 122
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 127; 2010: 146; 2011: 272.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544EA57AFB7F0647463DF995" author="Reynolds" page="88" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFB7F064747E3F995" author="Reynolds" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 88
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 2008: 179.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA57AFF3C061A44BDF976" blockId="21.[151,1436,1524,1669]" box="[151,931,1647,1669]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E1195544EA57AFF3C061A44BDF976" box="[151,931,1647,1669]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544EA57AFF3C061A4668F976" box="[151,374,1647,1669]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF3C061A4668F976" box="[151,374,1647,1669]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA544EA57AFE3B061A4567F976" author="Blakemore" box="[400,633,1647,1669]" page="416" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFE3B061A4558F976" author="Blakemore" box="[400,582,1647,1669]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010 a) Cosmopolitan earthworms - an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world. 4 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 850 pp." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Blakemore 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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: 416
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 2012b: 106, 108; 2013b: 61.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A846530544EA57AFF3C06C74267F939" box="[151,1401,1714,1739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA57AFF3C06C74267F939" blockId="21.[151,1437,1714,2027]" box="[151,1401,1714,1739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF3C06C74629F939" bold="true" box="[151,311,1714,1738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Data sources.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFE9606C746D6F938" author="Gates" box="[317,456,1714,1739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Gates, G. E. (1954) Exotic earthworms of the United States. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 111, 219 - 258." type="journal article" year="1954">Gates (1954</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFE7F06C7450EF939" author="Gates" box="[468,528,1714,1738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
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);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFD8F06C745E8F939" author="Blakemore" box="[548,758,1714,1739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010 a) Cosmopolitan earthworms - an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world. 4 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 850 pp." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Blakemore (2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544EA57AFCAA06C74452F938" author="Blakemore" box="[769,844,1714,1739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Ulleung-do earthworms-Dagelet Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2, 55 - 68. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2013.2.1.055" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">2013b</bibRefCitation>
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||
); this study (USNM 125091, 1421430, 1421432).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A846530544EA579FF6C06A0446CFF04" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="517" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB544EA579FF6C06A0446CFF04" blockId="21.[151,1437,1714,2027]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="517" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544EA57AFF6C06A0465FF91D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1749,1774]" pageId="21" pageNumber="516">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Size
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E544EA57AFE2906A34506F91D" box="[386,536,1750,1774]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.395" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.09" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" unit="mm" value="139.5" valueMax="170.0" valueMin="109.0">109–170 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E544EA57AFDEF06A045B8F91D" box="[580,678,1749,1774]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="516" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Segment numbers 98–118. Color of live specimens red or reddish brown. Male pores usually absent; when present, unilateral in XVIII, in a large, transversely slit-like copulatory pouch. Primary male pore minute, on the center of a genital pad at the bottom of the copulatory pouch, usually not visible from outside unless everted. Other post-clitellar genital markings present or absent; when present, unpaired, mid-ventral, pre-setal clusters of numerous small tubercles on XVII–XVIII, occasionally on XIX–XXII. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 6/7/8. Pre-clitellar genital markings unpaired, mid-ventral, pre-setal clusters of numerous small tubercles on VIII–IX, occasionally on VII, X, XI, similar to those in the post-clitellar region. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 11/12 or 12/13. Spermathecae two pairs in VII–VIII, large, duct shorter than ampulla, with a diverticulum longer than the main axis; genital marking glands present with long coelomic stalks. Prostate glands present or absent; when present, large in XV–XXI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, manicate, extending anteriorly to XXII, XXIII, or XXIV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="96E16633544DA579FF3C063F47F4F909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272546/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" targetBox="[154,1433,306,1586]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB544DA579FF3C063F47F4F909" blockId="22.[151,1436,1610,1786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FF3C063F4601F993" bold="true" box="[151,287,1610,1632]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544DA579FE8E063F451AF993" box="[293,516,1610,1632]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FE8E063F451AF993" box="[293,516,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FDB2063F4535F993" bold="true" box="[537,555,1610,1632]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FD93063F4557F993" bold="true" box="[568,585,1610,1632]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">B</emphasis>
|
||
) Right male pore region and the associated genital markings, showing presence of a male pore only on one side and absence on the other (USNM 1421430). (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FC2E061C4489F98C" bold="true" box="[901,919,1641,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">C</emphasis>
|
||
) Left male pore region with an everted copulatory pouch. (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FF4006F247E3F96E" bold="true" box="[235,253,1671,1693]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">D</emphasis>
|
||
) Right spermathecal pores in 6/7/8 and pre-setal genital markings on VIII and IX; ventrolateral view. (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FA8806F2422AF96E" bold="true" box="[1315,1332,1671,1693]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">E</emphasis>
|
||
) Pre-setal genital markings mid-ventral on VIII and IX. (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FDC706D34565F94F" bold="true" box="[620,635,1702,1724]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">F</emphasis>
|
||
) Left spermatheca and accessory glands in VIII. (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FBD806D34399F94F" bold="true" box="[1139,1159,1702,1724]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">G</emphasis>
|
||
) Left prostate gland and its duct (arrow). (
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FE8006B04621F928" bold="true" box="[299,319,1733,1755]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">H</emphasis>
|
||
) Right intestinal caecum. C, E–H from one specimen in USNM 125091; D from another specimen in USNM 125091.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A846530544DA578FF6C07524339FDCE" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="518" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C22136BB544DA578FF6C07524339FDCE" blockId="22.[151,1437,1830,2035]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,573]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="518" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="72F63CE6544DA579FF6C0752420FF890" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406305" country="Canada" location="North America" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FF6C07524625F8CC" bold="true" box="[199,315,1831,1855]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Frequently reported in the continental US and one of the two pheretimoid species recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B544DA579FF3C073F47F3F890" box="[151,237,1866,1891]" name="Canada" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544DA579FF50073E4681F891" box="[251,415,1866,1890]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FF50073E4681F891" box="[251,415,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">M. hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544DA579FD25073F449CF891" box="[654,898,1866,1890]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FD25073F449CF891" box="[654,898,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Amynthas hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for a long time in
|
||
<location id="C7416060544DA579FBC8073F420FF890" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD544EA578FF3C05FF4339FDCE:C7416060544DA579FBC8073F420FF890" box="[1123,1297,1866,1891]" country="Canada" name="North America" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">North America</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="72F63CE6544DA578FAB4073E4339FDCE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406308" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. E. Gates & Figure & Moreover & Baltimore, MD & Table & Co-occurrence & At & It & H. Chang & K. Szlavecz & Its & European & Chang" country="United States of America" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="518" location="North American" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="USNM125091, USNM 1421430, 1421432" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New York">
|
||
It was first recorded in
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E544DA579FEB6071A466DF874" box="[285,371,1902,1927]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.94792" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" unit="in" value="1948.0">1948 in</quantity>
|
||
Kingston,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF859544DA579FE44071A457DF874" box="[495,611,1902,1927]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544DA579FDDA071A45E8F874" author="Gates" box="[625,758,1902,1927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" refString="Gates, G. E. (1954) Exotic earthworms of the United States. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, 111, 219 - 258." type="journal article" year="1954">Gates 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reproduction of this species is obligately parthenogenetic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544DA579FF3C07E74690F859" box="[151,398,1938,1962]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FF3C07E74690F859" box="[151,398,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recently transferred from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544DA579FD4907E7444FF859" box="[738,849,1938,1962]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FD4907E7444FF859" box="[738,849,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544DA579FCD807E744F9F859" box="[883,999,1938,1962]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544DA579FCD807E744F9F859" box="[883,999,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544DA579FBBB07E743FCF858" author="Blakemore" box="[1040,1250,1938,1963]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010 a) Cosmopolitan earthworms - an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world. 4 th Edition. VermEcology, Yokohama, 850 pp." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Blakemore (2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544DA579FB4607E74229F858" author="Blakemore" box="[1261,1335,1938,1963]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Ulleung-do earthworms-Dagelet Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2, 55 - 68. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2013.2.1.055" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this change has not been reflected in
|
||
<location id="C7416060544DA579FDAD07C345A2F83C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD544EA578FF3C05FF4339FDCE:C7416060544DA579FDAD07C345A2F83C" box="[518,700,1974,1999]" country="United States of America" name="North American" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" stateProvince="New York">North American</location>
|
||
literature, partially because all
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B544DA579FBB607C2435FF83C" box="[1053,1089,1975,1999]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens reported so far lack male pores. However, an
|
||
<collectionCode id="A48FAE7E544DA579FE1807AE451AF800" box="[435,516,2011,2035]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
specimen identified by
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544DA579FCBA07AE4496F800" box="[785,904,2011,2035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">G.E. Gates</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="92389EC0544DA579FC3D07AF4321F800" box="[918,1087,2010,2035]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
|
||
<collectionCode id="A48FAE7E544DA579FC3D07AF44F5F800" box="[918,1003,2010,2035]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
125091
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF859544DA579FB5807AF4282F800" box="[1267,1436,2010,2035]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
|
||
South
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF859544DA579FA9707AF4282F800" box="[1340,1436,2010,2035]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Carolina" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
in 1969) has a male pore in the form of an everted copulatory pouch on one side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E544CA578FBFD00E243D7FF43" box="[1110,1225,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1434,1456]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,558,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,555,1412]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 16. Amynthas tokioensis. (A) Right male pore and the associated genital marking (arrow). (B) Single spermathecal pore in 7 / 8 on the lower right (arrow), compared to its absence in 6 / 7 on the right and in 6 / 7 / 8 on the left; ventral view. (C) Left spermatheca in VIII. (D) Right prostate gland. (E) Right intestinal caecum. All photos from USNM 125070, three different specimens: A, specimen 1; B, C, specimen 2; D, E, specimen 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272544/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FBFD00E243BFFF43" box="[1110,1185,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Figure</collectorName>
|
||
16
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FB5F00ED427AFF5C" box="[1268,1380,152,175]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Moreover</collectorName>
|
||
, two recently collected specimens from
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FD8C00C945CBFF27" box="[551,725,188,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Baltimore, MD</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="92389EC0544CA578FD4D00C94307FF27" box="[742,1049,188,212]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<collectionCode id="A48FAE7E544CA578FD4D00C94427FF27" box="[742,825,188,212]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1421430, 1421432
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
) apparently show a male pore on one side inside a transversely slit-like copulatory pouch opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E544CA578FC0800AA430BFF0B" box="[931,1045,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1434,1456]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,558,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,555,1412]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 16. Amynthas tokioensis. (A) Right male pore and the associated genital marking (arrow). (B) Single spermathecal pore in 7 / 8 on the lower right (arrow), compared to its absence in 6 / 7 on the right and in 6 / 7 / 8 on the left; ventral view. (C) Left spermatheca in VIII. (D) Right prostate gland. (E) Right intestinal caecum. All photos from USNM 125070, three different specimens: A, specimen 1; B, C, specimen 2; D, E, specimen 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272544/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FC0800AA44F0FF0B" box="[931,1006,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Figure</collectorName>
|
||
16
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B), unambiguously supporting transferring the species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FE7F01714556FEEF" box="[468,584,260,284]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FE7F01714556FEEF" box="[468,584,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FDF701714447FEEF" box="[604,857,260,284]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FDF701714447FEEF" box="[604,857,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FB6D0171425DFEEF" box="[1222,1347,260,284]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FB6D0171425DFEEF" box="[1222,1347,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FA2F01714619FEB3" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tokioensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FA2F01714619FEB3" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">A. tokioensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the male pores usually lacking in all three species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="8F1C0300544CA578FC3F015244F7FEB3" box="[916,1001,295,320]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[125,204,639,660]" captionTargetBox="[125,1775,734,1450]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparisons of Amynthas agrestis, A. tokioensis, anđ Metaphire hilgendorfi." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" tableUuid="96E166335452A566FFD6020A44A5FD67">
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FC3F015244CAFEB3" box="[916,980,295,320]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Table</collectorName>
|
||
1
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FBA9015D43B9FEB3" box="[1026,1191,296,320]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Co-occurrence</collectorName>
|
||
of two or all three of the species may be quite common.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FDEC0139445BFE97" box="[583,837,332,356]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FDEC0139445BFE97" box="[583,837,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an epi-endogeic species.
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FB35013943A4FE97" box="[1182,1210,332,356]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">At</collectorName>
|
||
high abundance it transforms the top several centimeters of soil into granular casts.
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FCD301054497FE74" box="[888,905,368,391]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">It</collectorName>
|
||
is common in urban and suburban areas and is also invading deciduous forests in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B544CA578FDD101E14580FE5F" box="[634,670,404,428]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
(C.-
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FD7901E1445EFE5E" box="[722,832,404,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">H. Chang</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FCD201E0431DFE5E" box="[889,1027,404,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">K. Szlavecz</collectorName>
|
||
, personal observation).
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FAB801E04231FE5F" box="[1299,1327,405,428]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Its</collectorName>
|
||
spread is probably facilitated by commercial mulches, as is in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FD4301CD4341FE23" authority="Belliturk et al. 2015" authorityName="Belliturk et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[744,1119,439,464]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="agrestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FD4301CD447EFE3C" box="[744,864,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">A. agrestis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544CA578FCC501C24349FE23" author="Belliturk" box="[878,1111,439,464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" refString="Belliturk, K., Gorres, J. H., Kunkle, J. & Melnichuk, R. D. S. (2015) Can commercial mulches be reservoirs of invasive earthworms? Promotion of ligninolytic enzyme activity and survival of Amynthas agrestis (Goto and Hatai, 1899). Applied Soil Ecology, 87, 27 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2014.11.007" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Belliturk
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FC7001CC430DFE23" box="[987,1043,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FBC101CD4365FE3C" box="[1130,1147,440,463]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">It</collectorName>
|
||
has been shown to be the superior competitor when interacting with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FDD601A94447FE07" box="[637,857,476,500]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FDD601A94447FE07" box="[637,857,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Lumbricus rubellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an epi-endogeic
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FB8D01A8438CFE07" box="[1062,1170,477,500]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">European</collectorName>
|
||
earthworm common in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B544CA578FF14027547FBFDEB" box="[191,229,512,536]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
, for leaf litter.
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FE2202754684FDE4" box="[393,410,512,535]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">It</collectorName>
|
||
does not appear to affect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D38544CA578FD13027544BDFDEB" box="[696,931,512,536]" class="Oligochaeta" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Eisenoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="lonnbergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FD13027544BDFDEB" box="[696,931,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Eisenoides lonnbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a large native lumbricid common in riparian areas, wetlands, and some upland habitats in the eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B544CA578FCA40251442DFDCF" box="[783,819,548,572]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A544CA578FCEA02514302FDCE" author="Chang" box="[833,1052,548,573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" refString="Chang, C. - H., Szlavecz, K., Filley, T., Buyer, J. S., Bernard, M. J. & Pitz, S. L. (2016 a) Belowground competition among invading detritivores. Ecology, 97 (1), 160 - 170." type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<collectorName id="6F6B536D544CA578FCEA02514492FDCE" box="[833,908,548,573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Chang</collectorName>
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA9544CA578FC38025044D2FDCF" box="[915,972,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |