165 lines
18 KiB
XML
165 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C17618005C71CB1F8A2CF97A9ACBAF7C">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E7C22BBB106E1BC57AA1C6E715B42BC3">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="266B66B8AB684B393B1275135B61D708">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="063A12EA5084B332A40E84466D436B34">Szlavecz, Katalin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A0ECCC1D92C75B67BAF051A6254755C8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="82E576325B47D654DE407E9D88BD0747">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="572A976DDCA30B4F8D79F3C64BFEE3C2">4179</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C00ED457EFF41" blockId="24.[151,608,151,211]" box="[151,608,151,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<heading id="996981D75443A577FF3C00ED457EFF41" bold="true" box="[151,608,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C00ED457EFF41" bold="true" box="[151,608,151,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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13.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF6800E2457EFF41" authority="Perrier, 1872" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[195,608,151,178]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF6800E246BAFF42" bold="true" box="[195,420,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Metaphire houlleti</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE1800ED4546FF41" author="Perrier" box="[435,600,152,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Archives du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 8, 5 - 198." type="journal article" year="1872">Perrier, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF3C00CF4608FF20" box="[151,278,186,211]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C00CF4608FF20" blockId="24.[151,608,151,211]" box="[151,278,186,211]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5443A577FF3500CF4613FF20" box="[158,269,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1914,1936]" captionTargetBox="[155,1428,619,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[150,1436,613,1892]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 19. Metaphire houlleti. (A) Right male pore region (USNM 27574). (B) Right male pore region with an everted copulatory pouch. (C) Left spermathecae in VII – IX. (D) Left prostate gland and its duct (arrow). (E) Left intestinal caecum. B – E from USNM 125080." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272547/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Figure 19</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF3C01774424FE68" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C0177450FFEEB" blockId="24.[151,1384,258,342]" box="[151,529,258,280]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C0177450FFEEB" box="[151,529,258,280]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C01774512FEEB" authority="Perrier, 1872: 99" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,524,258,280]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C01774647FEEB" box="[151,345,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Perichaeta houlleti</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FECB01774512FEEB" author="Perrier" box="[352,524,258,280]" page="99" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1872">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FECB017746F8FEEB" author="Perrier" box="[352,486,258,280]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Archives du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 8, 5 - 198." type="journal article" year="1872">Perrier, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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: 99
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C0154456DFEC4" blockId="24.[151,1384,258,342]" box="[151,627,289,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C0154456DFEC4" box="[151,627,289,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C0154464DFEC4" box="[151,339,289,311]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C0154464DFEC4" box="[151,339,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Pheretima houlleti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FEC601544516FEC4" author="Gates" box="[365,520,289,311]" page="31" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1958">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FEC6015446FCFEC4" author="Gates" box="[365,482,289,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1958) On some species of the oriental earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867, with a key to species reported from the Americas. American Museum Novitates, 1888, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1958">Gates 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 31
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 1982: 52.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C01354276FEA5" blockId="24.[151,1384,258,342]" box="[151,1384,320,342]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C01354276FEA5" box="[151,1384,320,342]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C0135464DFEA5" box="[151,339,320,342]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C0135464DFEA5" box="[151,339,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Metaphire houlleti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FEC60135456AFEA5" author="Sims" box="[365,628,320,342]" page="238" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FEC60135455FFEA5" author="Sims" box="[365,577,320,342]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 238
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FDD601354452FEA5" author="Reynolds" box="[637,844,320,342]" page="127" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FDD601354407FEA5" author="Reynolds" box="[637,793,320,342]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1978) The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). IV. Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and a key to the species in the state. Megadrilogica, 3, 117 - 130." type="journal article" year="1978">Reynolds 1978</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 127
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; 2011: 279.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FC63013543EEFEA5" author="Reynolds" box="[968,1264,320,342]" page="88" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FC63013543D5FEA5" author="Reynolds" box="[968,1227,320,342]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 88
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; 2008: 180.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C01F64424FE68" blockId="24.[151,1437,386,807]" box="[151,826,386,411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C01F64629FE68" bold="true" box="[151,311,387,411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Data sources.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE9601F646D7FE68" author="Gates" box="[317,457,387,411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE7F01F64511FE68" author="Gates" box="[468,527,387,411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - Introduction to systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 5 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FDB101F64548FE68" author="Gates" box="[538,598,387,411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
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);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FDC101F7442BFE68" box="[618,821,386,411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Shen, H. - P., Tsai, S. - C. & Tsai, C. - F. (2005) Occurrence of the earthworms Pontodrilus litoralis (Grube, 1855), Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872), and Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny, 1826) from Taiwan. Taiwania, 50, 11 - 21." type="journal article">
|
||
Shen
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||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FD0201F645FFFE68" box="[681,737,387,411]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF6C01D3452FFD2D" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF6C01D3452FFD2D" blockId="24.[151,1437,386,807]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF6C01D3465FFE4C" bold="true" box="[199,321,422,447]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Size
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5443A577FED401D2450AFE4D" box="[383,532,423,447]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.535" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0699999999999998" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="mm" value="153.5" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="107.0">107–200 mm</quantity>
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by
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<quantity id="05669B5E5443A577FD9501D24580FE4D" box="[574,670,423,447]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3–8 mm</quantity>
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||
. Segment numbers 86–131. Color of live specimens unknown. Male pores paired in XVIII, each in a copulatory pouch with a C-shaped opening. Post-clitellar genital markings two in each copulatory pouch. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7/8/9, some or all missing in parthenogenetic morphs. Pre-clitellar genital markings absent or present; when present, within the intersegmental furrow, next to each spermathecal pore, one anterior, one posterior. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 9/10 or 10/11. Spermathecae three pairs in VII–IX, some or all lacking in parthenogenetic morphs, duct shorter than ampulla, diverticulum with short, slender stalk and wider, elongate, coiled seminal chamber; accessory gland stalked. Prostate glands paired, extending through some or all of XVI–XXIII. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, extending anteriorly to XXII–XXIV.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF6C029E436BFCD4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF6C029E436BFCD4" blockId="24.[151,1437,386,807]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
|
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<materialsCitation id="72F63CE65443A577FF6C029E436BFCD4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406310" location="Georgia and Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Georgia and Florida">
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||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF6C029E4625FCF0" bold="true" box="[199,315,747,771]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FEE8029E450AFCF0" box="[323,532,747,771]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FEE8029E450AFCF0" box="[323,532,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Metaphire houlleti</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was first recorded in the continental US in
|
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<collectingRegion id="005AF8595443A577FBCC029F4255FCF0" box="[1127,1355,746,771]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Georgia and Florida</collectingRegion>
|
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FAF0029E47CDFCD4" author="Gates" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Gates 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both amphimictic and parthenogenetic morphs have been reported in the species.
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |