188 lines
21 KiB
XML
188 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3C6D76425999A3A1C67B7E5E4C08BDCD">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FBDF7DE82072F1FDC4A770CD7A268B1D">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC5CC607B550582E5CDA8A326957AE7F">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF26EDA35B9D4BB8DDE62E38D369897A">Szlavecz, Katalin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B4D2A154D0D73366E5F01AC485F71F1A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="37016B9F3F2A525860A1BB1E2A832C62">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="4A3787AD5440A574FF3C00ED4535FC7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671397" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124560892" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671397" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD5440A574FF3C00ED4535FC7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A3787AD5440A574FF3C00ED4535FC7E" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF3C00ED4580FF41" bold="true" box="[151,670,151,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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16.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FF6800E24580FF41" authority="Perrier, 1872" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1872" box="[195,670,151,178]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF6800E246FCFF42" bold="true" box="[195,482,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Polypheretima elongata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FE5A00ED4588FF41" author="Perrier" box="[497,662,152,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Archives du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 8, 5 - 198." type="journal article" year="1872">Perrier, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305440A574FF3C00CF4650FF20" box="[151,334,186,211]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5440A574FF3C00CF4650FF20" blockId="27.[151,670,151,211]" box="[151,334,186,211]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5440A574FF3500CF4618FF20" box="[158,262,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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L, 22)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305440A574FF3C01774449FE4A" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5440A574FF3C01774537FEEB" blockId="27.[151,840,258,372]" box="[151,553,258,280]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955440A574FF3C01774537FEEB" box="[151,553,258,280]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FF3C0177453AFEEB" authority="Perrier, 1872: 124" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="124" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,548,258,280]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF3C0177467BFEEB" box="[151,357,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Perichaeta elongata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5440A574FEC00177453AFEEB" author="Perrier" box="[363,548,258,280]" page="124" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" year="1872">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FEC0017746EFFEEB" author="Perrier" box="[363,497,258,280]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Archives du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 8, 5 - 198." type="journal article" year="1872">Perrier, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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: 124
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5440A574FF3C01544560FEC4" blockId="27.[151,840,258,372]" box="[151,638,289,311]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955440A574FF3C01544560FEC4" box="[151,638,289,311]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FF3C01544640FEC4" box="[151,350,289,311]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF3C01544640FEC4" box="[151,350,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Pheretima elongata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5440A574FED30154450DFEC4" author="Gates" box="[376,531,289,311]" page="31" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" year="1958">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FED3015446F0FEC4" author="Gates" box="[376,494,289,311]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Gates, G. E. (1958) On some species of the oriental earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867, with a key to species reported from the Americas. American Museum Novitates, 1888, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1958">Gates 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 31
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 1982: 45.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5440A574FF3C01354550FE87" blockId="27.[151,840,258,372]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955440A574FF3C01354550FE87" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FF3C0135468EFEA5" box="[151,400,320,342]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metapheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF3C0135468EFEA5" box="[151,400,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Metapheretima elongata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5440A574FE02013545CFFEA5" author="Reynolds" box="[425,721,320,342]" page="88" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FE02013545B2FEA5" author="Reynolds" box="[425,684,320,342]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 88
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 2008: 181.
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||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FF3C012B4697FE87" box="[151,393,350,372]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF3C012B4697FE87" box="[151,393,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Polypheretima elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5440A574FE08012A4554FE87" author="Easton" box="[419,586,350,372]" page="53" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" year="1979">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FE08012A453AFE87" author="Easton" box="[419,548,350,372]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Easton, E. G. (1979) A revision of the ' acaecate' earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35, 1 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20451" type="journal article" year="1979">Easton 1979</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 53
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="C22136BB5440A574FF3C01D44449FE4A" blockId="27.[151,1437,417,910]" box="[151,855,417,442]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF3C01D44629FE4A" bold="true" box="[151,311,417,441]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Data sources.</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FE9601D446D7FE4A" author="Gates" box="[317,457,417,441]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FE7F01D44511FE4A" author="Gates" box="[468,527,417,441]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - Introduction to systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 5 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FDB101D44548FE4A" author="Gates" box="[538,598,417,441]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
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);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FDC101D4444DFE4A" box="[618,851,417,442]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Chang, C. - H., Shen, H. - P. & Chen, J. - H. (2009 a) Earthworm fauna of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, 174 pp." type="book">
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FD1101D745ECFE4A" box="[698,754,417,441]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305440A574FF6C01B144C9FD45" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5440A574FF6C01B144C9FD45" blockId="27.[151,1437,417,910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
|
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF6C01B1465FFE2E" bold="true" box="[199,321,452,477]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Size
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5440A574FED401B0451BFE2E" box="[383,517,453,478]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="3.55" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="215.0" valueMax="355.0" valueMin="75.0">75–355 mm</quantity>
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by
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||
<quantity id="05669B5E5440A574FD8501B04590FE2E" box="[558,654,453,478]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
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||
. Segment numbers 136–297. Color of live specimens light grey to red with pink to red anterior. Male pores paired in XVIII, on small disc. Post-clitellar genital markings widely paired on some or all of XIX–XXIV, sometimes becoming unilateral posteriorly, pre-setal, median to male pores. Spermathecal pores present or absent; when present, in some or all of 5/6/7, paired groups of 2–5. Pre-clitellar genital markings absent. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 12/13. Spermathecae present or absent; when present, polythecal, in some or all of VI–VII, with a duct shorter than ampulla, diverticulum present, genital marking glands sessile. Prostate glands XVI–XXI. Intestinal caeca absent.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305440A574FF6C02B44535FC7E" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5440A574FF6C02B44535FC7E" blockId="27.[151,1437,417,910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FF6C02B44625FD2A" bold="true" box="[199,315,705,729]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Remarks.</emphasis>
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||
The only record of
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FDB002B44436FD2A" box="[539,808,705,729]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FDB002B44436FD2A" box="[539,808,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Polypheretima elongata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in the continental
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<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5440A574FC5102B74300FD29" box="[1018,1054,706,730]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">US</collectingCountry>
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was in a PhD thesis in 1969 from
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<collectingRegion id="005AF8595440A574FF3C0290461BFD0D" box="[151,261,741,766]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FEB2029346BFFD0D" author="Gates" box="[281,417,741,766]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Gates, G. E. (1958) On some species of the oriental earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867, with a key to species reported from the Americas. American Museum Novitates, 1888, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1958">Gates 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FE1A029346F3FD0D" author="Gates" box="[433,493,742,766]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whether this species actually occurs in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5440A574FBA102934330FD0D" box="[1034,1070,742,766]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
is questionable.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FB53029047E7FCD2" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FB53029047E7FCD2" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Polypheretima elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was listed in the checklists by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FDC5037F441DFCD1" author="Gates" box="[622,771,778,802]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Gates (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FCC3037C43BCFCD1" author="Reynolds" box="[872,1186,777,802]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2008) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. Megadrilogica, 12, 157 - 208." type="journal article" year="2008">Reynolds & Wetzel (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, it was not reported in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595440A574FEEA035846B1FCB5" box="[321,431,813,838]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
earthworm study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FD3503584445FCB5" author="Reynolds" box="[670,859,813,838]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2008) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. Megadrilogica, 12, 157 - 208." type="journal article" year="2008">Reynolds (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and was not listed in the checklists by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FABD03584625FC99" author="Reynolds" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5440A574FE0E03244579FC99" author="Reynolds" box="[421,615,849,874]" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (2011) The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of Southeastern United States. Megadrilogica, 14, 175 - 320." type="journal article" year="2011">Reynolds (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, either. Both amphimictic and parthenogenetic reproduction has been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385440A574FEB30300453AFC7E" box="[280,548,885,909]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="27" pageNumber="522" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95440A574FEB30300453AFC7E" box="[280,548,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="522">Polypheretima elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |