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<document id="469341D397C6F997F87943250E8AA0ED" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274123" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c4632842-64b2-4cae-b851-3239021bd3ec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274123" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459822494138" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gültekin, Levent" docDate="2008" docId="1E1287A0AA50B129058EF94074ABFF72" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01714p018.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1714" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Larinus capsulatus Gültekin, 2008, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="E22BFFD8AA5BB1260519FFEA7563FFA8" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of the stem-inhabiting trehala-constructing Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): New species, systematics and ecology" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698221994491" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8C026BF614258B097FA72E2526B8D626">Taxonomic review of the stem-inhabiting trehala-constructing Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): New species, systematics and ecology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7653E5C035A925F0CDB43077989A6EF6">Gültekin, Levent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="70AE027494E9CDE1F4AD9DBB692BDCA5">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="686B50D21BC02D074614600D2DED7ED4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274123</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1E1287A0AA50B129058EF94074ABFF72" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6228588" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119356077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6228588" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1E1287A0AA50B129058EF94074ABFF72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E1287A0AA50B129058EF94074ABFF72" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="DEA1653DAA50B12D058EF94070EBF87F" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="960436B6AA50B12D058EF940770DF96C" blockId="11.[151,622,1706,1732]" box="[151,622,1706,1732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="CD4C81DAAA50B12D058EF940770DF96C" bold="true" box="[151,622,1706,1732]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA50B12D058EF940770DF96C" bold="true" box="[151,622,1706,1732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA50B12D058EF940741CF96C" ID-CoL="6NY45" box="[151,383,1706,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA50B12D058EF940741CF96C" bold="true" box="[151,383,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Larinus capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BFFC57DFAA50B12D049FF94074ABF96C" box="[390,456,1706,1732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA50B12D04C1F9407705F96C" box="[472,614,1706,1732]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1732,1756]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,346,1706]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. Life stages of L. capsulatus sp. n. (Aras Valley, 2003). 15 – oviposition mark; 16 – eggs in petiole; 17 – larva in capsule (trehala); 18 – capsules on stem; 19 – pupa in capsule (trehala); 20 – newly emerged adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 15–20</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA50B12D058EF91F70EBF87F" blockId="11.[151,1436,1781,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
This weevil produced only one generation a year in the Aras Valley,
<collectingCountry id="EEAC7626AA50B12D06CCF91F7148F8A7" box="[981,1067,1781,1807]" name="Turkey" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Turkey</collectingCountry>
. The season’s first adults of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA50B12D009DF91F7477F89E" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA50B12D009DF91F7477F89E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appeared on the host plant in the fourth week of May (
<date id="E2051076AA50B12D06B1F8F77137F89F" box="[936,1108,1821,1847]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2000-05-26">May 26, 2000</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA50B12D017BF8F7706AF89F" box="[1122,1289,1821,1847]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2001-05-23">May 23, 2001</date>
) (Table, 1.). They fed on the leaves and stems of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA50B12D075DF8AF77B7F8F6" box="[580,724,1861,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA50B12D075DF8AF7735F8F6" box="[580,598,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA50B12D077DF8AF77B7F8F6" box="[612,724,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Several days later, multiple mating events, each lasting 30– 60 minutes, were observed. Feeding, mating, and oviposition lasted until the end of July (
<date id="E2051076AA50B12D01B3F887702CF82F" box="[1194,1359,1901,1927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2000-07-29">July 29, 2000</date>
). Each plant had more than two individuals, their number reaching occasionally six (N=6). The females of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA50B12D0037F87F75B3F87E" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA50B12D0037F87F705DF806" box="[1326,1342,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA50B12D0054F87F75B3F87E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
laid eggs in the stem and leaf petioles (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA50B12D0786F857764EF87F" box="[671,813,1981,2007]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1732,1756]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,346,1706]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. Life stages of L. capsulatus sp. n. (Aras Valley, 2003). 15 – oviposition mark; 16 – eggs in petiole; 17 – larva in capsule (trehala); 18 – capsules on stem; 19 – pupa in capsule (trehala); 20 – newly emerged adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 15, 16</figureCitation>
), making a
<quantity id="51439B53AA50B12D06AEF857717BF87F" box="[951,1048,1981,2007]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
deep cavity with their rostrum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="C2C4663EAA57B12A058EFF77767BFF1D" box="[151,792,157,181]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A058EFF77767BFF1D" blockId="12.[151,1427,157,1300]" box="[151,792,157,181]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA57B12A058EFF77746BFF1D" bold="true" box="[151,264,157,181]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Dataset of life cycle of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA57B12A0713FF7477B6FF1D" box="[522,725,158,181]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA57B12A0713FF7477B6FF1D" box="[522,725,158,181]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Larinus capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BFFC57DFAA57B12A07C5FF77767BFF1D" box="[732,792,157,181]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="DEA1653DAA57B1290586FF3874ABFF72" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A0586FF3870F0FF41" blockId="12.[151,1427,157,1300]" box="[159,1427,210,233]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Locations Date Adult Mating Egg Larva Pupa New adult Number of observation</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A0586FF1776B6FDBC" blockId="12.[151,1427,157,1300]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<quantity id="51439B53AA57B12A0586FF177581FEBC" box="[159,226,253,276]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="21.0">21 km</quantity>
E of Horasan
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FF177772FEBC" box="[409,529,253,276]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1998-06-11">11.VI.1998</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FEC2777FFE97" box="[409,540,296,319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1998-07-15">15.VII.1998</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FEB87766FEC1" box="[409,517,338,361]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1999-06-02">2.VI.1999</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FE977765FE3C" box="[409,518,381,404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-05-26">26.V.2000</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FE427771FE17" box="[409,530,424,447]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-06-16">16.VI.2000</date>
x x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FE38777FFE41" box="[409,540,466,489]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-07-18">18.VII.2000</date>
x x x x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FE177778FDBC" box="[409,539,509,532]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-07-28">28.VII.2000</date>
x
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A0480FDC271CAFB97" blockId="12.[151,1427,157,1300]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FDC27778FD97" box="[409,539,552,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-07-29">29.VII.2000</date>
x x x
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0671FDC271CAFD97" box="[872,1193,552,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">x 1</date>
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FDB87774FDC1" box="[409,535,594,617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-08-07">7.VIII.2000</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FD977765FD3C" box="[409,518,637,660]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-05-23">23.V.2001</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FD427771FD17" box="[409,530,680,703]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-06-17">17.VI.2001</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FD387774FD41" box="[409,535,722,745]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-02">2.VIII.2001</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FD177774FCBC" box="[409,535,765,788]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-04">4.VIII.2001</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FCC27747FC97" box="[409,548,808,831]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-10">10.VIII.2001</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FCB87747FCC1" box="[409,548,850,873]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-21">21.VIII.2001</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FC977766FC3C" box="[409,517,893,916]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2002-06-01">1.VI.2002</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FC427771FC17" box="[409,530,936,959]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2002-09-21">21.IX.2002</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FC387778FC41" box="[409,539,978,1001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-07-22">22.VII.2003</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FC177771FBBC" box="[409,530,1021,1044]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-09-25">25.IX.2003</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FBC27771FB97" box="[409,530,1064,1087]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2007-06-22">22.VI.2007</date>
x 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A0586FBB871CAFBC1" blockId="12.[151,1427,157,1300]" box="[159,1193,1106,1129]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<quantity id="51439B53AA57B12A0586FBB87582FBC1" box="[159,225,1106,1129]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
W of Karakurt
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FBB87778FBC1" box="[409,539,1106,1129]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1999-07-14">14.VII.1999</date>
x 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A0586FB9771CAFB41" blockId="12.[151,1427,157,1300]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<quantity id="51439B53AA57B12A0586FB977581FB3C" box="[159,226,1149,1172]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="21.0">21 km</quantity>
SE of Horasan
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FB977774FB3C" box="[409,535,1149,1172]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2002-08-03">3.VIII.2002</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FB427770FB17" box="[409,531,1192,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-09-27">27.IX.2003</date>
x 1
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FB38749EFB41" box="[409,509,1234,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-10-06">6.X.2003</date>
x 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A0586FB1771CAFABC" blockId="12.[151,1427,157,1300]" box="[159,1193,1277,1300]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<quantity id="51439B53AA57B12A0586FB177581FABC" box="[159,226,1277,1300]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
E of Horasan
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0480FB177774FABC" box="[409,535,1277,1300]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2007-08-01">1.VIII.2007</date>
x 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA57B12A058EFA8F7169F807" blockId="12.[151,1437,1381,1967]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Subsequently the surface of the eggs and the surrounding plant tissue were covered with a secretion (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA57B12A002CFA8F75DBFA0F" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1732,1756]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,346,1706]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. Life stages of L. capsulatus sp. n. (Aras Valley, 2003). 15 – oviposition mark; 16 – eggs in petiole; 17 – larva in capsule (trehala); 18 – capsules on stem; 19 – pupa in capsule (trehala); 20 – newly emerged adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 15, 16</figureCitation>
). This oviposition secretion turns black after some time. The number of deposited eggs per plant may vary from 1 to 26 depending on the plant size and on the number of adults. The egg stage lasted 11–12 days in the laboratory (N=2). Eggs were found in the field up to the third week of July (
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0108FA3771D4FA5F" box="[1041,1207,1501,1527]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-07-18">July 18, 2000</date>
). The larvae started hatching from the middle to the last week of June (
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A07E1F9EF76C7F9B7" box="[760,932,1541,1567]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-06-26">June 26, 2000</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A06A8F9EF7138F9B7" box="[945,1115,1541,1567]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-06-17">June 17, 2001</date>
), and for some period feed inside of petiole or stem. After completing growth, they began constructing the capsule on the plant stem using a secretion and small plant fragments (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA57B12A07ADF9BF766DF9C7" box="[692,782,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1732,1756]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,346,1706]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. Life stages of L. capsulatus sp. n. (Aras Valley, 2003). 15 – oviposition mark; 16 – eggs in petiole; 17 – larva in capsule (trehala); 18 – capsules on stem; 19 – pupa in capsule (trehala); 20 – newly emerged adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). These capsules (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA57B12A06F5F9BF7120F9C7" box="[1004,1091,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1732,1756]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,346,1706]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. Life stages of L. capsulatus sp. n. (Aras Valley, 2003). 15 – oviposition mark; 16 – eggs in petiole; 17 – larva in capsule (trehala); 18 – capsules on stem; 19 – pupa in capsule (trehala); 20 – newly emerged adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
) appear to protect the insect from adverse climatic conditions such as direct sun light, rain, desiccation, and from natural enemies. One to nineteen larvae may be present in a stem (N=19). The first mature larvae of the season were observed from the third week of July to the first week of August (
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A07DCF9277608F94F" box="[709,875,1741,1767]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-07-18">July 18, 2000</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0661F9277151F94F" box="[888,1074,1741,1767]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-04">August 4, 2001</date>
). The pupae were found in the capsules from the last week of July up to late September (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA57B12A062DF91F76EBF8A7" box="[820,904,1781,1807]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1732,1756]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,346,1706]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. Life stages of L. capsulatus sp. n. (Aras Valley, 2003). 15 – oviposition mark; 16 – eggs in petiole; 17 – larva in capsule (trehala); 18 – capsules on stem; 19 – pupa in capsule (trehala); 20 – newly emerged adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
) (
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A06B9F91F7120F8A7" box="[928,1091,1781,1807]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-07-28">July 28, 2000</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0157F91F7070F8A7" box="[1102,1299,1781,1807]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-10">August 10, 2001</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0006F91F7460F89F" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-09-27">September 27, 2003</date>
). The pupal stage lasted 7–11 days when observed in the laboratory at room temperature. Adults of the new generation were recorded in the capsules from the third week of July up to beginning of October (
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0073F8AF7461F82F" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-07-22">July 22, 2003</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A0416F88774ABF82F" box="[271,456,1901,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-08-07">August 7, 2000</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A04CCF88777FEF82F" box="[469,669,1901,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-21">August 21, 2001</date>
;
<date id="E2051076AA57B12A07B3F887760CF82F" box="[682,879,1901,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-10-06">October 6, 2003</date>
). Adults of the new generation remained in the capsules several days and then emerged after opening the capsule (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA57B12A06BCF87F769DF807" box="[933,1022,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1732,1756]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,346,1706]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. Life stages of L. capsulatus sp. n. (Aras Valley, 2003). 15 – oviposition mark; 16 – eggs in petiole; 17 – larva in capsule (trehala); 18 – capsules on stem; 19 – pupa in capsule (trehala); 20 – newly emerged adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA56B12B05DCFF7D7466FF72" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,298]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B05DCFF7D743DFF19" bold="true" box="[197,350,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B0471FF72772CFF19" box="[360,591,152,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B0471FF72772CFF19" box="[360,591,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Echinops orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA56B12B077BFF7277DAFF1A" box="[610,697,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 26" captionStartId="14.[151,269,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,557,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,557,1917]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 26. Echinops orientalis, host plant of L. capsulatus sp. n. 22 – habitat of L. capsulatus sp. n. at Aras Valley. 23 – capsule (trehala) of L. rudicollis. 24 – new generation adult of L. rudicollis emerging from capsule. 25 – capsule of L. hedenborgi dorsal view; 26 – ventral view of capsule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274127/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
) is only host plant determined in the territory of Aras Valley (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA56B12B0586FF2A7594FF72" box="[159,247,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 26" captionStartId="14.[151,269,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,557,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,557,1917]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 26. Echinops orientalis, host plant of L. capsulatus sp. n. 22 – habitat of L. capsulatus sp. n. at Aras Valley. 23 – capsule (trehala) of L. rudicollis. 24 – new generation adult of L. rudicollis emerging from capsule. 25 – capsule of L. hedenborgi dorsal view; 26 – ventral view of capsule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274127/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA56B12B05DCFF0D7753FE82" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,298]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B05DCFF0D742EFEA9" bold="true" box="[197,333,231,257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parasitoid.</emphasis>
The ichneumonid wasp
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B0767FF02760BFEA9" box="[638,872,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Exeristes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roborator">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B0767FF02760BFEA9" box="[638,872,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Exeristes roborator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
F. (
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B0682FF027122FEAA" box="[923,1089,232,258]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B0149FF027064FEAA" box="[1104,1287,232,258]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
) was reared from a
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B05F2FEFA74E4FE81" box="[235,391,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B05F2FEFA74E4FE81" box="[235,391,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa in 2002.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C2C4663EAA56B12B058EF92E7194F957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274126/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[264,1322,346,1705]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="960436B6AA56B12B058EF92E7194F957" blockId="13.[151,1436,1732,1791]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B058EF92E743EF974" bold="true" box="[151,349,1732,1756]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURES 15–20.</emphasis>
Life stages of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B04E3F92F77EBF974" box="[506,648,1733,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B04E3F92F77EBF974" box="[506,648,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BFFC57DFAA56B12B0797F92E77AAF974" box="[654,713,1732,1756]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B0797F92E77AAF974" bold="true" box="[654,713,1732,1756]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sp. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Aras Valley, 2003). 15– oviposition mark; 16– eggs in petiole; 17– larva in capsule (trehala); 18– capsules on stem; 19– pupa in capsule (trehala); 20– newly emerged adult.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA56B12B058EF8B07739F8DC" blockId="13.[151,602,1882,1908]" box="[151,602,1882,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B058EF8B074D6F8DC" authority="Petri" authorityName="Petri" box="[151,437,1882,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudicollis">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B058EF8B074D6F8DC" bold="true" box="[151,437,1882,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B058EF8B07413F8DC" bold="true" box="[151,368,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Larinus rudicollis</emphasis>
Petri
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA56B12B04DCF8B07731F8DC" box="[453,594,1882,1908]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 26" captionStartId="14.[151,269,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,557,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,557,1917]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 26. Echinops orientalis, host plant of L. capsulatus sp. n. 22 – habitat of L. capsulatus sp. n. at Aras Valley. 23 – capsule (trehala) of L. rudicollis. 24 – new generation adult of L. rudicollis emerging from capsule. 25 – capsule of L. hedenborgi dorsal view; 26 – ventral view of capsule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274127/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 23, 24</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA56B128058EF84077B4FE5A" blockId="13.[151,1436,1962,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,152,498]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
This species produced one generation per year. Adults were observed on
<date id="E2051076AA56B12B06EDF84071E9F86C" box="[1012,1162,1962,1988]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2003-05-06">May 6, 2003</date>
in the Bingöl Province on
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B05A2F83974C2F844" box="[187,417,2003,2028]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphaerocephalus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B05A2F83974C2F844" box="[187,417,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E. sphaerocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Usually one or two adults were found on a single plant, whereas
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA56B12B01BDF8397023F844" box="[1188,1344,2002,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B01BDF83971D7F844" box="[1188,1204,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA56B12B01DAF8397023F844" box="[1219,1344,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually congregated in groups of 1–6 individuals. The adults are very active and quickly move from one plant to another either by crawling or flying, whereas adults of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B1280604FF2A76D9FF71" box="[797,954,192,218]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B1280604FF2A764EFF71" box="[797,813,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B1280625FF2A76D9FF71" box="[828,954,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
move more slowly. Adults of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B1280007FF2A75D0FEA9" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudicollis">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B1280007FF2A704DFF71" box="[1310,1326,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B1280024FF2A75D0FEA9" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">rudicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feed on leaves and young flowerheads, leaving circular feeding holes in the process. Females deposited indivual or more than one eggs into leaf petioles. The surface of each egg was covered by a secretion which turned black and hardened. Young larva produce a longitudinal gallery along the midrib until advancing to the main stem or lateral branches. After reaching the stem, they proceed by through the plant tissue and eventually started constructing a capsule around their body. The color of the capsule was pale brownish-gray and its texture was rough (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA55B128049FFE5A7481FE62" box="[390,482,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 26" captionStartId="14.[151,269,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,557,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,557,1917]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 26. Echinops orientalis, host plant of L. capsulatus sp. n. 22 – habitat of L. capsulatus sp. n. at Aras Valley. 23 – capsule (trehala) of L. rudicollis. 24 – new generation adult of L. rudicollis emerging from capsule. 25 – capsule of L. hedenborgi dorsal view; 26 – ventral view of capsule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274127/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). The place is used for larval feeding and as a pupal chamber. Teneral adults emerged from some time after eclosion (
<figureCitation id="0E802A33AA55B128076BFE3277A9FE5A" box="[626,714,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 26" captionStartId="14.[151,269,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,557,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[264,1323,557,1917]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 26. Echinops orientalis, host plant of L. capsulatus sp. n. 22 – habitat of L. capsulatus sp. n. at Aras Valley. 23 – capsule (trehala) of L. rudicollis. 24 – new generation adult of L. rudicollis emerging from capsule. 25 – capsule of L. hedenborgi dorsal view; 26 – ventral view of capsule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274127/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C2C4663EAA55B128058EF87D7664F85C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274127/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[264,1322,557,1915]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="960436B6AA55B128058EF87D7664F85C" blockId="14.[151,1435,1943,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B128058EF87D743DF807" bold="true" box="[151,350,1943,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURES 21–26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B128047DF8727756F807" box="[356,565,1944,1967]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B128047DF8727756F807" box="[356,565,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Echinops orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, host plant of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B12807D6F872763EF807" box="[719,861,1944,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B12807D6F872763EF807" box="[719,861,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L. capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BFFC57DFAA55B128067DF87D76C2F807" box="[868,929,1943,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B128067DF87D76C2F807" bold="true" box="[868,929,1943,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sp. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
22– habitat of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B128015AF87271B2F807" box="[1091,1233,1944,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capsulatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B128015AF87271B2F807" box="[1091,1233,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L. capsulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BFFC57DFAA55B12801C0F87D7076F807" box="[1241,1301,1943,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B12801C0F87D7076F807" bold="true" box="[1241,1301,1943,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sp. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
at Aras Valley. 23– capsule (trehala) of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B12804D0F8507728F879" box="[457,587,1978,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudicollis">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B12804D0F8507728F879" box="[457,587,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L. rudicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 24– new generation adult of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B1280697F8507172F879" box="[910,1041,1978,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudicollis">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B1280697F8507172F879" box="[910,1041,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L. rudicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emerging from capsule. 25– capsule of
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA55B12805ADF837742AF85C" box="[180,329,2013,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hedenborgi">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA55B12805ADF837742AF85C" box="[180,329,2013,2036]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">L. hedenborgi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dorsal view; 26– ventral view of capsule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="960436B6AA54B12905DFFF7D74ABFF72" blockId="15.[151,1435,151,218]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA54B12905DFFF7D743EFF19" bold="true" box="[198,349,151,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA54B129047FFF7277C3FF19" box="[358,672,152,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphaerocephalus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA54B129047FFF7277C3FF19" box="[358,672,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Echinops sphaerocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA54B12907A9FF727657FF19" box="[688,820,152,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pungens">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA54B12907A9FF727657FF19" box="[688,820,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. pungens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="51BB4D35AA54B1290676FF7276BFFF19" box="[879,988,152,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4CFEAA4AA54B1290676FF7276BFFF19" box="[879,988,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Echinops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. were determined as host plants in eastern regions of
<collectingCountry id="EEAC7626AA54B1290477FF2A74A7FF72" box="[366,452,192,218]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turkey</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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