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<mods:title id="748424B4505A10E0BDA4D876A739E32D">Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03FBB532FF82170FFF6A0C063E9FFA13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415484" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194469062" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6415484" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBB532FF82170FFF6A0C063E9FFA13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBB532FF82170FFF6A0C063E9FFA13" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<subSubSection id="C34857AFFF821704FF6A0C063BFCF89F" box="[151,470,1873,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF821704FF6A0C063BFCF89F" blockId="7.[151,470,1873,1899]" box="[151,470,1873,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0A5B348FF821704FF6A0C063BFCF89F" bold="true" box="[151,470,1873,1899]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF821704FF6A0C063BFCF89F" ID-CoL="7J4N" ID-ENA="280435" authority="Simon, 1890" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,470,1873,1899]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF821704FF6A0C063BFCF89F" bold="true" box="[151,470,1873,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF821704FF6A0C063B1CF89F" bold="true" box="[151,310,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Smeringopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF821704FEC30C063BFCF89F" author="Simon, E." box="[318,470,1873,1899]" firstAuthor="Simon" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="77 - 124" part="6" refId="ref81481" refString="Simon, E. (1890) Etude sur les arachnides de l'Yemen. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 6, 77 - 124." title="Etude sur les arachnides de l'Yemen" type="journal article" year="1890">Simon, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF32235FF821704FF6A0CCF3BF9F85A" author="Simon, E." box="[151,467,1944,1966]" page="94" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1890">
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF821704FF6A0CCF3BF9F85A" ID-CoL="7J4N" authority="Simon 1890: 94" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="94" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,467,1944,1966]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF821704FF6A0CCF3B31F85A" box="[151,283,1944,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Smeringopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF821704FEDB0CCF3BF9F85A" author="Simon, E." box="[294,467,1944,1966]" firstAuthor="Simon" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France" page="94" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="77 - 124" part="6" refId="ref81481" refString="Simon, E. (1890) Etude sur les arachnides de l'Yemen. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 6, 77 - 124." title="Etude sur les arachnides de l'Yemen" type="journal article" year="1890">Simon 1890: 94</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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;
<typeStatus id="54E9BA86FF821704FE1E0CCE3825F85A" box="[483,527,1945,1966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
species by original designation:
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF821704FC8F0CCF3EE2F85A" ID-CoL="9397Y" authority="Vinson, 1863" authorityName="Vinson" authorityYear="1863" box="[882,1224,1944,1966]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongatus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF821704FC8F0CCF3E1AF85A" box="[882,1072,1944,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pholcus elongatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF821704FBC10CCF3EE2F85A" author="Vinson, A." bookContentInfo="337 pp." box="[1084,1224,1944,1966]" firstAuthor="Vinson" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref82346" refString="Vinson, A. (1863) Araneides des iles de la Reunion, Maurice et Madagascar. Paris, 337 pp." title="Araneides des iles de la Reunion, Maurice et Madagascar" type="book" year="1863">Vinson, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B926D836FF821704FB2F0CCE3EC9F85A" box="[1234,1251,1945,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF821704FB130CCF3B5AF839" authority="Blackwall, 1858" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1858" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF821704FB130CCF3FB1F85A" box="[1262,1435,1944,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pholcus pallidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF821704FF3A0CE03B5AF839" author="Blackwall, J." box="[199,368,1975,1997]" firstAuthor="Blackwall" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="331 - 335" part="3" refId="ref78935" refString="Blackwall, J. (1858) Characters of a new genus and descriptions of three recently discovered species of Araneidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (3) 2, 331 - 335." title="Characters of a new genus and descriptions of three recently discovered species of Araneidea" type="journal article" year="1858">Blackwall, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AF32235FF821704FE840CE03801F839" author="Simon, E." box="[377,555,1975,1997]" page="476" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF821704FE840CE03801F839" author="Simon, E." box="[377,555,1975,1997]" firstAuthor="Simon" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" page="476" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="256 - 488" part="1" refId="ref81509" refString="Simon, E. (1893) Histoire Naturelle des Araignees. 2 e edit, 1 (2): 256 - 488. Roret, Paris." title="Histoire Naturelle des Araignees. 2 e edit" type="journal article" year="1893">Simon 1893: 476</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AF32235FF821704FDC90CE038CAF839" author="Kraus, O." box="[564,736,1975,1997]" page="217" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1957">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF821704FDC90CE038CAF839" author="Kraus, O." box="[564,736,1975,1997]" firstAuthor="Kraus" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana biologica" page="217" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="217 - 243" part="38" refId="ref80247" refString="Kraus, O. (1957) Araneenstudien 1. Pholcidae (Smeringopodinae, Ninetinae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 38 (3 / 4), 217 - 243." title="Araneenstudien 1. Pholcidae (Smeringopodinae, Ninetinae)" type="journal article" year="1957">Kraus 1957: 217</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AF32235FF821704FD170CE03985F839" author="Timm, H." box="[746,943,1975,1997]" page="70" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF821704FD170CE03985F839" author="Timm, H." box="[746,943,1975,1997]" firstAuthor="Timm" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Germanica" page="70 - 72" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="69 - 76" part="3" refId="ref82254" refString="Timm, H. (1976) Die Bedeutung von Genitalstrukturen fur die Klarung systematischer Fragen bei Zitterspinnen (Arachnida: Araneae: Pholcidae). Entomologica Germanica, 3 (1 / 2), 69 - 76." title="Die Bedeutung von Genitalstrukturen fur die Klarung systematischer Fragen bei Zitterspinnen (Arachnida: Araneae: Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="1976">Timm 1976: 70–72</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34857AFFF8D170FFF6A0BC03E9FFA13" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8D170BFF6A0BC0393BFE3B" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Diagnosis. Relatively large pholcids (body length usually about
<quantity id="4CAAA9C1FF8D170BFC820BC039CBFF5B" box="[895,993,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 mm</quantity>
) with elongate abdomen (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFAEC0BC03FA4FF5B" box="[1297,1422,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–13" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1583,1604]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-136@7.[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–13. Smeringopus, alive specimens in their natural habitats. 2. S. bwindi, female with eggsac (Uganda, Bwindi). 3–4. S. chogoria, females with eggsac and spiderlings (Kenya, Mau Mau and Chogoria). 5. S. mpanga, female with spiderlings (Uganda, Kalinzu). 6–7. S. ngangao, male and web with silk-balls (Kenya, Ngangao). 8–10. S. peregrinus, web with silk-balls (Kenya, Gonkonyi), female (Kenya, Hell’s Gate), female with eggsac (Gonkonyi). 11. S. pallidus, female with eggsac (Uganda, Semuliki). 12. S. lesserti, male (Gabon, Mayebout). 13. S. cylindrogaster (Guinea, Dieke)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415663/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 2–13</figureCitation>
), usually with vivid dark pattern, deep thoracic pit (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFD330BEB3907FF20" box="[718,813,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–93" captionStartId="20.[151,258,1886,1907]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,432,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-221@20.[151,1436,432,1864]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 81–93. Smeringopus mgahinga. 81–82. Male prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 83–84. Right palp, retrolateral and retrolatero-dorsal views. 85. Left procursus and embolus, prolateral view. 86. Tip of right procursus. 87. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. 88. Trichobothria on male tibia 1. 89. Male tarsus 1 pseudosegmentation. 90. Male tarsus 1 claws. 91. Male gonopore. 92. Epigynum. 93. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (86), 30 µm (87, 93), 40 µm (89), 50 µm (90), 100 µm (85, 88, 91), 200 µm (83, 84, 92), 500 µm (82), 600 µm (81)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415683/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 82</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFCC70BEB3942FF20" box="[826,872,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">414</figureCitation>
), male palpal femur usually with deep retrolateral furrow with distinct proximal rim (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFDDE0B8838BAFF03" box="[547,656,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 343–356" captionStartId="59.[151,258,1782,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-160@59.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 343–356. Smeringopus natalensis (343–349) and S. hanglip (350–356). 343. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 344. Left palpal femur, ventral view. 345. Male cheliceral apophysis. 346. Tarsal pseudosegments. 347. Male gonopore. 348. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 349. Detail of pore plate. 350. Left procursus, dorsal view. 351. Male cheliceral apophysis. 352. Bulbal processes. 353. Male ALS and PMS. 354. Male gonopore. 355. Epigynum. 356. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (345, 351), 30 µm (346, 356), 40 µm (353), 50 µm (349), 60 µm (343), 80 µm (347), 100 µm (344, 352), 200 µm (348, 350, 354), 300 µm (355)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 344</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFD610B8838E2FF03" box="[668,712,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">411</figureCitation>
; absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFCBF0BB73993FF0C" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[834,953,224,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mpanga">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFCBF0BB73993FF0C" box="[834,953,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. mpanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFC350BB73E06FF0C" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[968,1068,224,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruhiza">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFC350BB73E06FF0C" box="[968,1068,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. ruhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFB910BB73EFBFF0C" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1132,1233,224,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFB910BB73EFBFF0C" box="[1132,1233,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), cymbium with macrotrichia (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE8E0A533BC8FEE8" box="[371,482,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 155–168" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1717,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetId="figure-170@31.[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 155–168. Smeringopus chogoria (155–164) and S. ngangao (165–168). 155–156. Right palp, retrolatero-dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 157–158. Left palp, dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 159. Male gonopore. 160–161. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis (arrow points to modified hair). 162–163. Male and female ALS. 164. Epigynum. 165. Male gonopore. 166. Modified hair on male cheliceral apophysis. 167. Female ALS. 168. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (166), 20 µm (161, 167), 30 µm (162, 163), 50 µm (165), 80 µm (159), 100 µm (160), 200 µm (155–158, 168), 300 µm (164)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415699/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 158</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE0F0A53380AFEE8" box="[498,544,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 791–804" captionStartId="126.[151,258,1721,1742]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-158@126.[151,1436,181,1700]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="FIGURES 791–804. Smeringopus roeweri (791–800) and S. carli (801–804). 791. Male prosoma, frontal view. 792–793. Left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views. 794. Left embolus. 795. Male gonopore. 796. Male ocular area. 797. Cymbial macrotrichia. 798. Epigynum. 799. Female ALS. 800. Female PMS. 801. Epigynum. 802. Left palp, retrolateral view. 803–804. Male and female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (799–800, 803–804), 50 µm (797), 80 µm (792–793), 100 µm (794–795), 200 µm (796, 798, 801–802), 500 µm (791)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415846/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">797</figureCitation>
), legs usually with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFAD10A533FB6FEE8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[1324,1436,260,284]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFAD10A533FB6FEE8" box="[1324,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFEEA0A7F3B93FEB4" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[279,441,296,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFEEA0A7F3B93FEB4" box="[279,441,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), without spines on male femora (present in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFBDD0A7F3E89FEB4" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1056,1187,296,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saruanle">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFBDD0A7F3E89FEB4" box="[1056,1187,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. saruanle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFF6A0A1B3B1EFE90" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,308,332,356]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFF6A0A1B3B1EFE90" box="[151,308,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by absence of proximal lateral apophyses on male chelicerae, by barely modified male palpal trochanter, and by low number of modified hairs on male chelicerae (usually one on each side, rarely zero). Distinguished from other
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFE430AC3384DFE58" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[446,615,404,428]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
genera by male gonopore with only two epiandrous spigots (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFAD70AC33FBDFE58" box="[1322,1431,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURES 155–168" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1717,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetId="figure-170@31.[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 155–168. Smeringopus chogoria (155–164) and S. ngangao (165–168). 155–156. Right palp, retrolatero-dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 157–158. Left palp, dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 159. Male gonopore. 160–161. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis (arrow points to modified hair). 162–163. Male and female ALS. 164. Epigynum. 165. Male gonopore. 166. Modified hair on male cheliceral apophysis. 167. Female ALS. 168. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (166), 20 µm (161, 167), 30 µm (162, 163), 50 µm (165), 80 µm (159), 100 µm (160), 200 µm (155–158, 168), 300 µm (164)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415699/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 159</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFF6A0AE03AE8FE3B" box="[151,194,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 343–356" captionStartId="59.[151,258,1782,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-160@59.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 343–356. Smeringopus natalensis (343–349) and S. hanglip (350–356). 343. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 344. Left palpal femur, ventral view. 345. Male cheliceral apophysis. 346. Tarsal pseudosegments. 347. Male gonopore. 348. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 349. Detail of pore plate. 350. Left procursus, dorsal view. 351. Male cheliceral apophysis. 352. Bulbal processes. 353. Male ALS and PMS. 354. Male gonopore. 355. Epigynum. 356. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (345, 351), 30 µm (346, 356), 40 µm (353), 50 µm (349), 60 µm (343), 80 µm (347), 100 µm (344, 352), 200 µm (348, 350, 354), 300 µm (355)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">347</figureCitation>
) and by absence of stridulatory ridges on chelicerae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8D170BFF3A0A8B3E3FFC50" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Description. Male: Total body length ~3.5–10 (usually ~5–8); carapace width 1.2–3.3 (usually 1.5–2.5). Carapace with deep pit; ocular area weakly raised, eye triads relatively close together (distance PME-PME usually about same as PME diameter), each secondary eye accompanied by more or less distinct elevation (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFB0E09733F75FDC8" box="[1267,1375,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 210–218" captionStartId="37.[151,258,1133,1154]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,1111]" captionTargetId="figure-363@37.[151,1436,155,1111]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 210–218. Smeringopus arambourgi. 210. Left procursus tip, retrolatero-distal view. 211. Left bulbal processes, prolaterodistal view. 212–213. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis. 214. Male ALS. 215. Female ocular area (arrows point to ‘pseudolenses’). 216. Female ALS. 217. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 218. Detail of pore plate. Scale lines: 10 µm (213), 20 µm (214, 216), 30 µm (218), 80 µm (212), 100 µm (210, 211, 215), 200 µm (217)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415711/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 215</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFA9709733FBDFDC8" box="[1386,1431,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 530–544" captionStartId="87.[151,257,1914,1935]" captionTargetBox="[178,1402,360,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-144@87.[178,1402,360,1903]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 530–544. Smeringopus cylindrogaster group. S. luki (530–533, 538–541) and S. isangi (534–537, 542–544). 530–531, 534–535. Males, dorsal and ventral views. 532–533, 536–537. Left male palps, prolateral and retrolateral views. 538. Male prosoma, frontal oblique view. 539. Male ocular area. 540–544. Female epigyna and cleared female genitalia, dorsal (541, 544) and ventral (543) views (arrows point to median and lateral pockets)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415786/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">539</figureCitation>
; ‘pseudo-lenses’; cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8D170BFE8209103821FDAB" author="Huber, B. A." box="[383,523,583,607]" firstAuthor="Huber" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="2491 - 2523" part="43" refId="ref79748" refString="Huber, B. A. (2009) Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2491 - 2523." title="Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Huber 2009</bibRefCitation>
), AME relatively large, in low position. Clypeus high, never modified, usually with pair of dark stripes (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE3E093B3818FD70" box="[451,562,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–183" captionStartId="33.[151,258,1809,1830]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,291,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-150@33.[151,1436,291,1788]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 169–183. Smeringopus arambourgi group, habitus and male prosomata, oblique frontal views. 169–170. S. arambourgi, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 171–172. S. turkana, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 173–174. S. oromia, male, dorsal and ventral views. 175–176. S. saruanle, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 177–178. S. lineiventris, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 179. S. arambourgi. 180. S. turkana. 181. S. oromia. 182. S. saruanle. 183. S. lineiventris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415701/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 179</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFDBF093B385AFD70" box="[578,624,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 558–571" captionStartId="92.[151,258,1884,1905]" captionTargetBox="[166,1435,427,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-148@92.[151,1436,427,1863]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURES 558–571. Smeringopus peregrinus group, habitus and male prosomata, oblique frontal views. 558–559. S. peregrinus, male, dorsal and ventral views. 560–561. S. peregrinoides, female, dorsal view and male, ventral view. 562. S. butare, male dorsal view. 563. S. similis, male, dorsal view. 564–565. S. kalomo, male and female, dorsal views. 566–567. S. chibububo, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 568. S. katanga, male, dorsal view. 569. S. moxico, male, dorsal view. 570. S. chibububo. 571. S. kalomo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415794/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">570</figureCitation>
). Chelicerae never with stridulatory ridges, usually with pair of small apophyses near fang-joints, each provided with one modified hair (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFC3109D83E15FD53" box="[972,1087,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURES 210–218" captionStartId="37.[151,258,1133,1154]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,1111]" captionTargetId="figure-363@37.[151,1436,155,1111]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 210–218. Smeringopus arambourgi. 210. Left procursus tip, retrolatero-distal view. 211. Left bulbal processes, prolaterodistal view. 212–213. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis. 214. Male ALS. 215. Female ocular area (arrows point to ‘pseudolenses’). 216. Female ALS. 217. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 218. Detail of pore plate. Scale lines: 10 µm (213), 20 µm (214, 216), 30 µm (218), 80 µm (212), 100 µm (210, 211, 215), 200 µm (217)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415711/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 213</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFBAE09D83EABFD53" box="[1107,1153,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">417</figureCitation>
); representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFF6A09E33B0BFD38" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,289,692,716]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFF6A09E33B0BFD38" box="[151,289,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group with larger apophyses and without modified hairs (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFC4909E33E38FD38" box="[948,1042,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–93" captionStartId="20.[151,258,1886,1907]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,432,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-221@20.[151,1436,432,1864]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 81–93. Smeringopus mgahinga. 81–82. Male prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 83–84. Right palp, retrolateral and retrolatero-dorsal views. 85. Left procursus and embolus, prolateral view. 86. Tip of right procursus. 87. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. 88. Trichobothria on male tibia 1. 89. Male tarsus 1 pseudosegmentation. 90. Male tarsus 1 claws. 91. Male gonopore. 92. Epigynum. 93. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (86), 30 µm (87, 93), 40 µm (89), 50 µm (90), 100 µm (85, 88, 91), 200 µm (83, 84, 92), 500 µm (82), 600 µm (81)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415683/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 87</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFBE209E33E67FD38" box="[1055,1101,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURES 106–114" captionStartId="24.[151,263,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,902,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-416@24.[151,1436,902,1892]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 106–114. Smeringopus mpanga. 106. Male cheliceral apophyses. 107. Left male palpal femur. 108. Tip of left procursus. 109. Male gonopore. 110–111. Epigynum, ‘closed’ and ‘open’. 112. Female ALS and PMS. 113. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view. 114. Detail of pore plate. Scale lines: 20 µm (112), 30 µm (114), 60 µm (106, 108), 80 µm (109), 200 µm (107, 113), 300 µm (110, 111)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415689/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">106</figureCitation>
). Palpal coxa with or without retrolateral apophysis, trochanter barely modified, femur usually with deep retrolateral furrow with distinct proximal rim (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFEBB09AB3B92FCE0" box="[326,440,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 343–356" captionStartId="59.[151,258,1782,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-160@59.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 343–356. Smeringopus natalensis (343–349) and S. hanglip (350–356). 343. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 344. Left palpal femur, ventral view. 345. Male cheliceral apophysis. 346. Tarsal pseudosegments. 347. Male gonopore. 348. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 349. Detail of pore plate. 350. Left procursus, dorsal view. 351. Male cheliceral apophysis. 352. Bulbal processes. 353. Male ALS and PMS. 354. Male gonopore. 355. Epigynum. 356. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (345, 351), 30 µm (346, 356), 40 µm (353), 50 µm (349), 60 µm (343), 80 µm (347), 100 µm (344, 352), 200 µm (348, 350, 354), 300 µm (355)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 344</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE3709AB3BDCFCE0" box="[458,502,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">411</figureCitation>
; absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFD7C09AB38D7FCE0" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[641,765,764,788]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mpanga">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFD7C09AB38D7FCE0" box="[641,765,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. mpanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFCEF09AB3951FCE0" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[786,891,764,788]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruhiza">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFCEF09AB3951FCE0" box="[786,891,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. ruhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFC3B09AB3E01FCE0" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[966,1067,764,788]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFC3B09AB3E01FCE0" box="[966,1067,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), cymbium always with macrotrichia (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFECA08483B8FFCC3" box="[311,421,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 155–168" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1717,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetId="figure-170@31.[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 155–168. Smeringopus chogoria (155–164) and S. ngangao (165–168). 155–156. Right palp, retrolatero-dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 157–158. Left palp, dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 159. Male gonopore. 160–161. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis (arrow points to modified hair). 162–163. Male and female ALS. 164. Epigynum. 165. Male gonopore. 166. Modified hair on male cheliceral apophysis. 167. Female ALS. 168. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (166), 20 µm (161, 167), 30 µm (162, 163), 50 µm (165), 80 µm (159), 100 µm (160), 200 µm (155–158, 168), 300 µm (164)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415699/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 158</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE4908483BCBFCC3" box="[436,481,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 791–804" captionStartId="126.[151,258,1721,1742]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-158@126.[151,1436,181,1700]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="FIGURES 791–804. Smeringopus roeweri (791–800) and S. carli (801–804). 791. Male prosoma, frontal view. 792–793. Left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views. 794. Left embolus. 795. Male gonopore. 796. Male ocular area. 797. Cymbial macrotrichia. 798. Epigynum. 799. Female ALS. 800. Female PMS. 801. Epigynum. 802. Left palp, retrolateral view. 803–804. Male and female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (799–800, 803–804), 50 µm (797), 80 µm (792–793), 100 µm (794–795), 200 µm (796, 798, 801–802), 500 µm (791)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415846/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">797</figureCitation>
), sometimes with process near palpal tarsal organ (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFBCB08483E8FFCC3" box="[1078,1189,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 357–366" captionStartId="61.[151,258,1831,1852]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,499,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-165@61.[149,1434,487,1813]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURES 357–366. Smeringopus lydenberg (357–361) and S. mlilwane (362–366). 357, 362. Left cymbia and procursi, retrolateral views. 358, 363. Left procursi, dorsal views. 359–360, 364–365. Left bulbal processes, prolateral and dorsal views. 361, 366. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal views (arrows point to internal pockets). Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415746/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 357</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFB4908483ECBFCC3" box="[1204,1249,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 367–371" captionStartId="63.[151,257,1949,1970]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,776,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-287@63.[153,1438,763,1919]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURES 367–371. Smeringopus ndumo. 367. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 368. Left procursus, dorsal view. 369–370. Left bulbal processes, prolateral and dorsal views. 371. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415748" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415748/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">367</figureCitation>
; very long in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFA7A08773AD6FCA8" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFA7A08773AD6FCA8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFECB08133BEFFCA8" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[310,453,836,860]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bujongolo">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFECB08133BEFFCA8" box="[310,453,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. bujongolo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE2B08133857FCA8" box="[470,637,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 131–137" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1593,1616]" captionTargetBox="[207,1396,158,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-222@26.[178,1422,155,1571]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 131–137. Smeringopus chogoria (131–136) and S. bujongolo (137). 131. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 132. Left procursus, dorsal view. 133–134. Left embolus, prolateral and dorsal views. 135. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 136–137. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (133–134), 0.5 mm (131–132, 135–137)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415693/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 131, 132</figureCitation>
), palpal, tarsal organ capsulate (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFC1208133E77FCA8" box="[1007,1117,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 394–400" captionStartId="68.[151,258,1020,1041]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,999]" captionTargetId="figure-424@68.[151,1436,195,999]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 394–400. Smeringopus pallidus. 394. Left procursus tip, retrolatero-dorsal view. 395. Male palpal tarsal organ. 396. Female ALS. 397. Detail of pore plate. 398. Male gonopore. 399. Epigynum. 400. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 10 µm (395), 20 µm (396–397), 60 µm (394), 100 µm (398, 400), 200 µm (399)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415756/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 395</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFB9708133EBDFCA8" box="[1130,1175,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">421</figureCitation>
), procursus never with hinge, tip usually with spine-like process and membranous structures, bulb with usually rather complex embolus and one or two processes arising from embolus or fused proximally to embolus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8D170BFF3A08E73825FB6B" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Legs long and thin, leg 1 length ~25–80 (usually ~35–60), tibia 1 ~6–20 (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFBD308F83EAFFC33" box="[1070,1157,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–16" captionStartId="9.[151,257,1559,1580]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,191,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-224@9.[151,1436,180,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 14–16. Scatter diagram and histograms of specific measurements in Smeringopus. 14. Representatives of the cylindrogaster group have relatively slender legs in relation to their length. 15. Of the 26 species with at least 5 males and 5 females measured, only S. natalensis has shorter male than female legs. 16. In most species, tibia 2 is shorter than tibia 4, which is unusual in long-legged pholcids; rather usual values are found in representatives of the cylindrogaster group (c) and the thomensis group (t)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415665/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
; usually ~7–15), tibia 2 usually shorter than tibia 4 (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE1908833811FC18" box="[484,571,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–16" captionStartId="9.[151,257,1559,1580]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,191,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-224@9.[151,1436,180,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 14–16. Scatter diagram and histograms of specific measurements in Smeringopus. 14. Representatives of the cylindrogaster group have relatively slender legs in relation to their length. 15. Of the 26 species with at least 5 males and 5 females measured, only S. natalensis has shorter male than female legs. 16. In most species, tibia 2 is shorter than tibia 4, which is unusual in long-legged pholcids; rather usual values are found in representatives of the cylindrogaster group (c) and the thomensis group (t)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415665/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
), especially in small species (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFC6108833E34FC18" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[924,1054,980,1004]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saruanle">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFC6108833E34FC18" box="[924,1054,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. saruanle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFBCD08833E8AFC18" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1072,1184,980,1004]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oromia">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFBCD08833E8AFC18" box="[1072,1184,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. oromia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Tibia 1 L/d usually ~40–70, higher only in leaf-dwelling species (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFD4408AF3971FBE4" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[697,859,1016,1040]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFD4408AF3971FBE4" box="[697,859,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group: ~80–95). Legs usually without spines on femora (present in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFE7D0F4B382FFBC0" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[384,517,1052,1076]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saruanle">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFE7D0F4B382FFBC0" box="[384,517,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. saruanle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFB5B0F4B3F3CFBC0" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[1190,1302,1052,1076]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFB5B0F4B3F3CFBC0" box="[1190,1302,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFF6A0F173B13FBAC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,313,1088,1112]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFF6A0F173B13FBAC" box="[151,313,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), retrolateral trichobothrium very proximal (at 1.5–3.0%), prolateral trichobothrium always present (also on tibiae 1;
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE520F33383AFB88" box="[431,528,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURES 634–646" captionStartId="101.[151,258,1634,1655]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-208@101.[151,1436,183,1610]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURES 634–646. Smeringopus peregrinoides. 634. Male prosoma, frontal view. 635. Left male palp, dorsal view. 636. Left procursus tip, retrolatero-dorsal view. 637. Left bulb, prolateral view. 638. Male ocular area. 639. Left embolus, prolatero-distal view. 640. Male gonopore. 641–642. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis. 643. Male ALS. 644. Male tibia 1, trichobothria. 645. Epigynum. 646. Female ALS. Scale lines: 10 µm (642), 20 µm (643, 646), 50 µm (636), 80 µm (639–641), 100 µm (637, 638, 644), 200 µm (635, 645), 400 µm (634)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415810/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 644</figureCitation>
). Tarsal pseudosegments very indistinct, apparently never regular rings but rather irregular platelets (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE960FD03BE2FB6B" box="[363,456,1159,1183]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–93" captionStartId="20.[151,258,1886,1907]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,432,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-221@20.[151,1436,432,1864]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 81–93. Smeringopus mgahinga. 81–82. Male prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 83–84. Right palp, retrolateral and retrolatero-dorsal views. 85. Left procursus and embolus, prolateral view. 86. Tip of right procursus. 87. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. 88. Trichobothria on male tibia 1. 89. Male tarsus 1 pseudosegmentation. 90. Male tarsus 1 claws. 91. Male gonopore. 92. Epigynum. 93. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (86), 30 µm (87, 93), 40 µm (89), 50 µm (90), 100 µm (85, 88, 91), 200 µm (83, 84, 92), 500 µm (82), 600 µm (81)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415683/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 89</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE290FD03828FB6B" box="[468,514,1159,1183]" captionStart="FIGURES 343–356" captionStartId="59.[151,258,1782,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-160@59.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 343–356. Smeringopus natalensis (343–349) and S. hanglip (350–356). 343. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 344. Left palpal femur, ventral view. 345. Male cheliceral apophysis. 346. Tarsal pseudosegments. 347. Male gonopore. 348. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 349. Detail of pore plate. 350. Left procursus, dorsal view. 351. Male cheliceral apophysis. 352. Bulbal processes. 353. Male ALS and PMS. 354. Male gonopore. 355. Epigynum. 356. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (345, 351), 30 µm (346, 356), 40 µm (353), 50 µm (349), 60 µm (343), 80 µm (347), 100 µm (344, 352), 200 µm (348, 350, 354), 300 µm (355)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">346</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8D170BFF3A0FFB3E65FA83" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Abdomen elongate, posteriorly rather pointed, never elevated above spinnerets, usually with distinct dark pattern dorsally, oblique lines or marks laterally, and distinctive ventral pattern usually consisting of dark epigastric area, two or three black lines in median part and two lines in posterior part (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFC180FA33EA0FAF8" box="[997,1162,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURES 558–571" captionStartId="92.[151,258,1884,1905]" captionTargetBox="[166,1435,427,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-148@92.[151,1436,427,1863]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURES 558–571. Smeringopus peregrinus group, habitus and male prosomata, oblique frontal views. 558–559. S. peregrinus, male, dorsal and ventral views. 560–561. S. peregrinoides, female, dorsal view and male, ventral view. 562. S. butare, male dorsal view. 563. S. similis, male, dorsal view. 564–565. S. kalomo, male and female, dorsal views. 566–567. S. chibububo, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 568. S. katanga, male, dorsal view. 569. S. moxico, male, dorsal view. 570. S. chibububo. 571. S. kalomo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415794/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 559, 567</figureCitation>
). Male gonopore always with two spigots (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE910E403BF1FADB" box="[364,475,1303,1327]" captionStart="FIGURES 155–168" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1717,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetId="figure-170@31.[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 155–168. Smeringopus chogoria (155–164) and S. ngangao (165–168). 155–156. Right palp, retrolatero-dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 157–158. Left palp, dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 159. Male gonopore. 160–161. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis (arrow points to modified hair). 162–163. Male and female ALS. 164. Epigynum. 165. Male gonopore. 166. Modified hair on male cheliceral apophysis. 167. Female ALS. 168. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (166), 20 µm (161, 167), 30 µm (162, 163), 50 µm (165), 80 µm (159), 100 µm (160), 200 µm (155–158, 168), 300 µm (164)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415699/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 159</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE110E403833FADB" box="[492,537,1303,1327]" captionStart="FIGURES 343–356" captionStartId="59.[151,258,1782,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-160@59.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 343–356. Smeringopus natalensis (343–349) and S. hanglip (350–356). 343. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 344. Left palpal femur, ventral view. 345. Male cheliceral apophysis. 346. Tarsal pseudosegments. 347. Male gonopore. 348. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 349. Detail of pore plate. 350. Left procursus, dorsal view. 351. Male cheliceral apophysis. 352. Bulbal processes. 353. Male ALS and PMS. 354. Male gonopore. 355. Epigynum. 356. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (345, 351), 30 µm (346, 356), 40 µm (353), 50 µm (349), 60 µm (343), 80 µm (347), 100 µm (344, 352), 200 µm (348, 350, 354), 300 µm (355)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">347</figureCitation>
), each ALS with large widened spigot, pointed spigot, and 5–6 cylindrically shaped spigots (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFEAF0E6B3BEBFAA0" box="[338,449,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 419</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE2D0E6B3BD7FAA0" box="[464,509,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURES 663–672" captionStartId="107.[151,263,1269,1292]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1248]" captionTargetId="figure-352@107.[151,1436,183,1248]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURES 663–672. Smeringopus butare (663–666) and S. kalomo (667–672). 663. Male cheliceral apophysis. 664. Male gonopore. 665. Male ALS. 666. Epigynum. 667. Male cheliceral apophysis. 668–669. Left procursus, retrolatero-dorsal and dorsal views. 670. Male gonopore. 671. Male ALS. 672. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (663, 667), 20 µm (671), 30 µm (665), 60 µm (668), 80 µm (664, 669), 100 µm (670), 200 µm (666, 672)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415816/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">665</figureCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFDF00E6B38B6FAA0" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[525,668,1340,1364]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFDF00E6B38B6FAA0" box="[525,668,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with only two small cylindrically shaped spigots:
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFB120E6B3F79FAA0" box="[1263,1363,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURES 732–744" captionStartId="119.[151,263,1718,1741]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-181@119.[151,1436,155,1695]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="FIGURES 732–744. Smeringopus thomensis (732–740) and S. principe (741–744). 732. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 733. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 734. Male cheliceral apophysis. 735. Left embolus, distal view. 736. Male gonopore. 737. Female ALS. 738. Epigynum. 739. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 740. Detail of pore plate. 741. Left embolus, distal view. 742. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 743. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 744. Detail of pore plate. Scale lines: 10 µm (734, 737), 20 µm (740), 30 µm (744), 80 µm (733, 735–736), 100 µm (739, 741–742), 200 µm (732, 738, 743)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415834/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 737</figureCitation>
; other species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFECB0E373B8CFA8C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[310,422,1376,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFECB0E373B8CFA8C" box="[310,422,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group also with reduced number but not studied with SEM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8D170BFF3A0ED33F3FF9BB" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Female usually very similar to male, no sexual dimorphism in PME-PME distance, chelicerae unmodified, legs usually slightly shorter than in males, only in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFD630EFF3907FA34" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1947" box="[670,813,1448,1472]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFD630EFF3907FA34" box="[670,813,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on average longer (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFBF20EF03E4EFA4B" box="[1039,1124,1447,1471]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–16" captionStartId="9.[151,257,1559,1580]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,191,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-224@9.[151,1436,180,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 14–16. Scatter diagram and histograms of specific measurements in Smeringopus. 14. Representatives of the cylindrogaster group have relatively slender legs in relation to their length. 15. Of the 26 species with at least 5 males and 5 females measured, only S. natalensis has shorter male than female legs. 16. In most species, tibia 2 is shorter than tibia 4, which is unusual in long-legged pholcids; rather usual values are found in representatives of the cylindrogaster group (c) and the thomensis group (t)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415665/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). Epigynum either a simple plate (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFF230E9B3B60FA10" box="[222,330,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURES 155–168" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1717,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetId="figure-170@31.[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 155–168. Smeringopus chogoria (155–164) and S. ngangao (165–168). 155–156. Right palp, retrolatero-dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 157–158. Left palp, dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 159. Male gonopore. 160–161. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis (arrow points to modified hair). 162–163. Male and female ALS. 164. Epigynum. 165. Male gonopore. 166. Modified hair on male cheliceral apophysis. 167. Female ALS. 168. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (166), 20 µm (161, 167), 30 µm (162, 163), 50 µm (165), 80 µm (159), 100 µm (160), 200 µm (155–158, 168), 300 µm (164)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415699/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 168</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFEAA0E9B3BA8FA10" box="[343,386,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURES 394–400" captionStartId="68.[151,258,1020,1041]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,999]" captionTargetId="figure-424@68.[151,1436,195,999]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 394–400. Smeringopus pallidus. 394. Left procursus tip, retrolatero-dorsal view. 395. Male palpal tarsal organ. 396. Female ALS. 397. Detail of pore plate. 398. Male gonopore. 399. Epigynum. 400. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 10 µm (395), 20 µm (396–397), 60 µm (394), 100 µm (398, 400), 200 µm (399)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415756/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">399</figureCitation>
) or provided with pair of pockets (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFCED0E9B399DFA10" box="[784,951,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURES 663–672" captionStartId="107.[151,263,1269,1292]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1248]" captionTargetId="figure-352@107.[151,1436,183,1248]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURES 663–672. Smeringopus butare (663–666) and S. kalomo (667–672). 663. Male cheliceral apophysis. 664. Male gonopore. 665. Male ALS. 666. Epigynum. 667. Male cheliceral apophysis. 668–669. Left procursus, retrolatero-dorsal and dorsal views. 670. Male gonopore. 671. Male ALS. 672. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (663, 667), 20 µm (671), 30 µm (665), 60 µm (668), 80 µm (664, 669), 100 µm (670), 200 µm (666, 672)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415816/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 666, 672</figureCitation>
), very derived in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFB820E9B3ECBFA10" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1151,1249,1484,1508]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isangi">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFB820E9B3ECBFA10" box="[1151,1249,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. isangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with additional pair of pockets on lateral membranous processes;
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFD360EB83904F9F3" box="[715,814,1519,1543]" captionStart="FIGURES 530–544" captionStartId="87.[151,257,1914,1935]" captionTargetBox="[178,1402,360,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-144@87.[178,1402,360,1903]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 530–544. Smeringopus cylindrogaster group. S. luki (530–533, 538–541) and S. isangi (534–537, 542–544). 530–531, 534–535. Males, dorsal and ventral views. 532–533, 536–537. Left male palps, prolateral and retrolateral views. 538. Male prosoma, frontal oblique view. 539. Male ocular area. 540–544. Female epigyna and cleared female genitalia, dorsal (541, 544) and ventral (543) views (arrows point to median and lateral pockets)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415786/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 542</figureCitation>
). Internal genitalia with frontal valve that is sometimes widened and divided medially (e.g.
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFDCC0D4338B4F9D8" box="[561,670,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURES 609–616" captionStartId="97.[151,258,1837,1858]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,254,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-101@97.[151,1436,245,1831]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURES 609–616. Smeringopus peregrinus. 609. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 610. Left procursus, prolateral view. 611–613. Left embolus, prolateral, dorsal, and ventral (slightly prolateral) views (arrow points to variable structure; see text). 614–615. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 616. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415804/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 616</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFD560D4338F3F9D8" box="[683,729,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURES 782–790" captionStartId="125.[151,258,1881,1902]" captionTargetBox="[199,1393,479,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-183@125.[191,1396,469,1860]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="FIGURES 782–790. Smeringopus carli. 782. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 783–784. Left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views. 785–787. Left embolus, prolateral, prolatero-ventral, and retrolatero-ventral views. 788–789. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 790. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (782–787, 790), 0.5 mm (788–789)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415844/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">790</figureCitation>
); pores of pore plates either homogeneously distributed (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFA990D433A9FF9BB" captionStart="FIGURES 94–99" captionStartId="22.[151,258,1687,1708]" captionTargetBox="[239,1389,265,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-131@22.[178,1422,254,1677]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 94–99. Smeringopus ruhiza. 94. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view (arrow points to variable structure, see text). 95. Left procursus, dorsal view. 96–97. Left embolus, prolateral and dorsal views. 98. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 99. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (96–97), 0.5 mm (94–95, 98–99)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415685/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 99</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFF3C0D603AC1F9BB" box="[193,235,1591,1615]" captionStart="FIGURES 106–114" captionStartId="24.[151,263,1913,1936]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,902,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-416@24.[151,1436,902,1892]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 106–114. Smeringopus mpanga. 106. Male cheliceral apophyses. 107. Left male palpal femur. 108. Tip of left procursus. 109. Male gonopore. 110–111. Epigynum, ‘closed’ and ‘open’. 112. Female ALS and PMS. 113. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view. 114. Detail of pore plate. Scale lines: 20 µm (112), 30 µm (114), 60 µm (106, 108), 80 µm (109), 200 µm (107, 113), 300 µm (110, 111)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415689/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">114</figureCitation>
) or in groups (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFE6D0D603BD6F9BB" box="[400,508,1591,1615]" captionStart="FIGURES 343–356" captionStartId="59.[151,258,1782,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-160@59.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 343–356. Smeringopus natalensis (343–349) and S. hanglip (350–356). 343. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 344. Left palpal femur, ventral view. 345. Male cheliceral apophysis. 346. Tarsal pseudosegments. 347. Male gonopore. 348. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 349. Detail of pore plate. 350. Left procursus, dorsal view. 351. Male cheliceral apophysis. 352. Bulbal processes. 353. Male ALS and PMS. 354. Male gonopore. 355. Epigynum. 356. Female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (345, 351), 30 µm (346, 356), 40 µm (353), 50 µm (349), 60 µm (343), 80 µm (347), 100 µm (344, 352), 200 µm (348, 350, 354), 300 µm (355)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 349</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFDF50D60381CF9BB" box="[520,566,1591,1615]" captionStart="FIGURES 394–400" captionStartId="68.[151,258,1020,1041]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,999]" captionTargetId="figure-424@68.[151,1436,195,999]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURES 394–400. Smeringopus pallidus. 394. Left procursus tip, retrolatero-dorsal view. 395. Male palpal tarsal organ. 396. Female ALS. 397. Detail of pore plate. 398. Male gonopore. 399. Epigynum. 400. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 10 µm (395), 20 µm (396–397), 60 µm (394), 100 µm (398, 400), 200 µm (399)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415756/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">397</figureCitation>
); rarely with internal pockets in female genitalia (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFB9E0D603EE5F9BB" box="[1123,1231,1591,1615]" captionStart="FIGURES 336–342" captionStartId="58.[151,257,1951,1972]" captionTargetBox="[208,1388,535,1924]" captionTargetId="figure-187@58.[202,1389,523,1940]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURES 336–342. Smeringopus hanglip. 336. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 337. Left procursus, dorsal view. 338–339. Left bulbal processes, prolateral and dorsal views. 340–341. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 342. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view (arrow points to internal pocket). Scale lines: 0.3 mm (336–339), 0.5 mm (340–342)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415742/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 342</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8D170BFB260D603F23F9BB" box="[1243,1289,1591,1615]" captionStart="FIGURES 357–366" captionStartId="61.[151,258,1831,1852]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,499,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-165@61.[149,1434,487,1813]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURES 357–366. Smeringopus lydenberg (357–361) and S. mlilwane (362–366). 357, 362. Left cymbia and procursi, retrolateral views. 358, 363. Left procursi, dorsal views. 359–360, 364–365. Left bulbal processes, prolateral and dorsal views. 361, 366. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal views (arrows point to internal pockets). Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415746/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">361</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8D170AFF3A0D0B3B11F8E5" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,2012]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,1713,2026]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Monophyly. In this monograph, I follow a conservative approach, keeping
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFBE60D0B3EE8F980" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[1051,1218,1628,1652]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFBE60D0B3EE8F980" box="[1051,1218,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and close relatives (the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFF330DD73B7DF96C" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[206,343,1664,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFF330DD73B7DF96C" box="[206,343,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group) in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFDCA0DD738E3F96C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[567,713,1664,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFDCA0DD738E3F96C" box="[567,713,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even though preliminary molecular data (Dimitrov, Astrin &amp; Huber, in press) suggest that these taxa (together with the two species comprising the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFBB30DF33E99F948" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1102,1203,1700,1724]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFBB30DF33E99F948" box="[1102,1203,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) may be more closely related with
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFE620D9F3816F914" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[415,572,1736,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFE620D9F3816F914" box="[415,572,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than with
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFD240D9F3941F914" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[729,875,1736,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFD240D9F3941F914" box="[729,875,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Following this conservative delimitation of
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFF6A0DBB3B03F8F0" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,297,1772,1796]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFF6A0DBB3B03F8F0" box="[151,297,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all cladistic analyses above agree on two synapomorphies for the genus: (1) the presence of curved hairs on the legs (char. 20); and (2) the presence of macrotrichia on the male palpal cymbium (char. 24). The analyses using equal and implied character weighting at K=6 identify one or two further synapomorphies, none of them convincing (char. 25: presence of process on cymbium near palpal tarsal organ; char. 35: epigynum with large posterior indentation). A re-delimited
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFDBD0C2B38F8F860" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[576,722,1916,1940]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFDBD0C2B38F8F860" box="[576,722,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as suggested by molecular data, i.e. excluding the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFAEE0C2B3FB6F860" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[1299,1436,1916,1940]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFAEE0C2B3FB6F860" box="[1299,1436,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8D170BFEC00CF73B88F84C" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[317,418,1952,1976]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8D170BFEC00CF73B88F84C" box="[317,418,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) would also be supported by two morphological characters: (1) male palpal femur with retrolateral furrow (char. 23); and (2) pore plates in female internal genitalia with pores arranged in groups (char. 36). Further analyses (including a more complete sample of
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFC5E0DE53E6AF93E" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[931,1088,1714,1738]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFC5E0DE53E6AF93E" box="[931,1088,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and DNA sequences of more species) are needed to decide if the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFDA50D8138CBF91A" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[600,737,1750,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFDA50D8138CBF91A" box="[600,737,1750,1774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFCDB0D8139A1F91A" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[806,907,1750,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFCDB0D8139A1F91A" box="[806,907,1750,1774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups belong either to
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFB3D0D813F78F91A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[1216,1362,1750,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFB3D0D813F78F91A" box="[1216,1362,1750,1774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or to
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFF6A0DAD3B1EF8E6" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,308,1786,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFF6A0DAD3B1EF8E6" box="[151,308,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2D54ACFF8C170AFF6A0D403F45F971" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415665" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6415665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415665/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[151,257,1559,1580]" targetBox="[157,1434,191,1535]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8C170AFF6A0D403F45F971" blockId="9.[151,1436,1559,1669]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFF6A0D403B78F9D8" bold="true" box="[151,338,1559,1580]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURES 14–16.</emphasis>
Scatter diagram and histograms of specific measurements in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFC090D4F3E5BF9D9" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[1012,1137,1560,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFC090D4F3E5BF9D9" box="[1012,1137,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 14. Representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFF6A0D623B08F9BE" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,290,1589,1610]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFF6A0D623B08F9BE" box="[151,290,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group have relatively slender legs in relation to their length. 15. Of the 26 species with at least 5 males and 5 females measured, only
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFECD0D043B80F99C" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1947" box="[304,426,1619,1640]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFECD0D043B80F99C" box="[304,426,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has shorter male than female legs. 16. In most species, tibia 2 is shorter than tibia 4, which is unusual in long-legged pholcids; rather usual values are found in representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFC890D2739D5F971" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[884,1023,1648,1669]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFC890D2739D5F971" box="[884,1023,1648,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFBB70D273E7FF971" box="[1098,1109,1648,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c</emphasis>
) and the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFB520D273F25F971" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[1199,1295,1648,1669]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFB520D273F25F971" box="[1199,1295,1648,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFAA60D273F48F971" box="[1371,1378,1648,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">t</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8C170AFF3A0C4A3947F81D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1713,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Generic relationships. All analyses, under all weighting regimes used, agree on a sister group relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFEF90C153BBCF8AE" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[260,406,1858,1882]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFEF90C153BBCF8AE" box="[260,406,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFE230C153851F8AE" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[478,635,1858,1882]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFE230C153851F8AE" box="[478,635,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Three morphological characters support this relationship: (1) an elongated abdomen (char. 3); (2) the unique (among
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFD160C323971F889" box="[747,859,1893,1917]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcidae</taxonomicName>
) reduction of epiandrous spigots from 4 to 2 (char. 8); (3) the loss of cheliceral stridulation (char. 9). Preliminary molecular data support this close relationship (Dimitrov, Astrin &amp; Huber, in press), but the details need further investigation (especially regarding the positions of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFF230C853B4DF81E" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[222,359,2002,2026]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFF230C853B4DF81E" box="[222,359,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8C170AFE630C853829F81E" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[414,515,2002,2026]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8C170AFE630C853829F81E" box="[414,515,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups; see Monophyly above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A0BC03874FE96" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The outgroup sample is too small to allow well-founded conclusions about relationships among the other
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF6A0BEC3B69FF27" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[151,323,187,211]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
, but it is noteworthy that
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FD960BEB38F8FF20" authorityName="Saaristo" authorityYear="2001" box="[619,722,188,212]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FD960BEB38F8FF20" box="[619,722,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cenemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which is endemic to the
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8F1709FC000BEC3E5CFF27" box="[1021,1142,187,211]" name="Seychelles" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
) consistently groups with these other genera (which are geographically restricted to northern Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East) rather than with
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FEB00A543BF5FEEF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[333,479,259,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FEB00A543BF5FEEF" box="[333,479,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FDE90A54389BFEEF" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[532,689,259,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FDE90A54389BFEEF" box="[532,689,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the two sub-Saharan genera).
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FBF10A543E59FEEF" authorityName="Saaristo" authorityYear="2001" box="[1036,1139,259,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Cenemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FBF10A543E59FEEF" box="[1036,1139,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cenemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with these northern genera the reduction of ALS spigots from 7–8 to 2, but it also shares a derived character with the two sub-Saharan genera (the elongated abdomen, char. 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A0A393877FD74" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Specific relationships. Based on the cladistic analyses above and partly also on superficial similarity and geographic closeness,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE590AC5381CFE5E" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[420,566,402,426]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE590AC5381CFE5E" box="[420,566,402,426]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here divided into twelve operational species groups, three of them monospecific. Some of these groups are likely monophyletic (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FC1A0AE13E5BFE3A" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[999,1137,438,462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FC1A0AE13E5BFE3A" box="[999,1137,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FB210AE13F6BFE3A" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1244,1345,438,462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FB210AE13F6BFE3A" box="[1244,1345,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF6A0A8E3B13FE05" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,313,473,497]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF6A0A8E3B13FE05" box="[151,313,473,497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE6C0A8E382BFE05" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[401,513,473,497]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE6C0A8E382BFE05" box="[401,513,473,497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), one may be monophyletic even though the cladograms suggest otherwise (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF5D0AAA3B21FDE1" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1910" box="[160,267,509,533]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypocrita">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF5D0AAA3B21FDE1" box="[160,267,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hypocrita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group), and at least one is very probably not monophyletic (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FC2B0AA93E64FDE1" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" box="[982,1102,510,533]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FC2B0AA93E64FDE1" box="[982,1102,510,533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">peregrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group). This grouping, even though preliminary and not strictly cladistic, structures the existing diversity and reflects biogeographic patterns. In the descriptive section below, species are ordered according to species groups in the order used here (which in turn is derived from the cladogram in
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FDF1093F3866FD74" box="[524,588,616,640]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,244,1765,1786]" captionTargetBox="[180,1247,171,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[151,1436,167,1738]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. One of the four most parsimonious cladograms resulting from the analysis of the matrix in Appendix 1 using successive weighting in NONA. See Cladistic analysis for discussion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415659/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A09DB3E61FCC7" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
1.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF1909DB3B47FD50" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[228,365,652,676]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF1909DB3B47FD50" box="[228,365,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. This group includes five species (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FCBA09DB39C7FD50" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[839,1005,652,676]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FCBA09DB39C7FD50" box="[839,1005,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FC0009DB3EA0FD50" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1021,1162,652,676]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mgahinga">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FC0009DB3EA0FD50" box="[1021,1162,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. mgahinga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FB6709DB3F29FD50" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1178,1283,652,676]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bwindi">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FB6709DB3F29FD50" box="[1178,1283,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. bwindi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FAEE09DB3F5DFD50" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1299,1399,652,676]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruhiza">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FAEE09DB3F5DFD50" box="[1299,1399,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. ruhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FA7A09DB3ADBFD3C" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mpanga">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FA7A09DB3ADBFD3C" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. mpanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with an epigynum with posterior indentation (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FCF609F839BEFD33" box="[779,916,687,711]" captionStart="FIGURES 38–57" captionStartId="15.[151,258,1758,1779]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1737]" captionTargetId="figure-115@15.[151,1436,193,1737]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 38–57. Smeringopus rubrotinctus group, epigyna, ventral views (47: lateral view) and cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. 38–41. S. rubrotinctus (38: syntype, 39: Karisimbi, 40–41: Rwegura). 42–45. S. bwindi (Buhoma). 46–49. S. mgahinga (46–47: Ruhiza, 48–49: Mgahinga). 50–53. S. ruhiza (50: Kitahurira, 51–53: Buhoma). 54–57. S. mpanga (Kanyanchu)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415673/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 38–57</figureCitation>
; char. 35). In the analyses above, the group is always sister to all other
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE4409833861FD18" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[441,587,724,748]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE4409833861FD18" box="[441,587,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but molecular data (Dimitrov, Astrin &amp; Huber, in press) suggest a closer relationship with the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE7109A03BDBFCFB" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[396,497,759,783]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE7109A03BDBFCFB" box="[396,497,759,783]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group than with other groups. These two groups also share a rather dark, almost purplish coloration (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FE87084C3828FCC7" box="[378,514,795,819]" captionStart="FIGURES 18–27" captionStartId="13.[151,257,1343,1364]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-330@13.[151,1436,155,1321]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 18–27. Smeringopus rubrotinctus group, habitus and male prosomata, oblique frontal views. 18. S. rubrotinctus, female, ventral view. 19. S. bwindi, male, dorsal view. 20–21. S. ruhiza, male and female, dorsal views. 22–23. S. mpanga, male and female, dorsal views. 24. S. rubrotinctus. 25. S. mgahinga. 26. S. ruhiza. 27. S. mpanga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415669/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 18–23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FDF3084C3845FCC7" box="[526,623,795,819]" captionStart="FIGURES 115–130" captionStartId="25.[151,258,1904,1925]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure-56@25.[151,1436,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 115–130. Smeringopus chogoria group, habitus, left male palps (prolateral and retrolateral views), male prosomata (oblique frontal views), epigyna (ventral views), and cleared female genitalia (ventral and dorsal views). 115–116, 119–120, 123–126. S. chogoria. 117–118, 121–122, 127–130. S. bujongolo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415691/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">115–118</figureCitation>
) and the geographic distribution (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FC17084C3E14FCC7" box="[1002,1086,795,819]" captionStart="FIGURE 58" captionStartId="16.[151,244,1122,1143]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,408,1100]" captionTargetId="figure-419@16.[151,1436,408,1100]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 58. Known distributions of the rubrotinctus group, the chogoria group, and S. ngangao. Squares: further undescribed species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415675/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A086839B8FC8E" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
2.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF1F08683B6DFCA3" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[226,327,831,855]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chogoria">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF1F08683B6DFCA3" box="[226,327,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">chogoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. This group includes two species that are extremely similar in most respects and share a very long process on the male palpal cymbium (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FD84083538CEFC8E" box="[633,740,866,890]" captionStart="FIGURES 131–137" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1593,1616]" captionTargetBox="[207,1396,158,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-222@26.[178,1422,155,1571]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 131–137. Smeringopus chogoria (131–136) and S. bujongolo (137). 131. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 132. Left procursus, dorsal view. 133–134. Left embolus, prolateral and dorsal views. 135. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 136–137. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (133–134), 0.5 mm (131–132, 135–137)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415693/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 131</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FD0D08353937FC8E" box="[752,797,866,890]" captionStart="FIGURES 155–168" captionStartId="31.[151,258,1717,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetId="figure-170@31.[151,1436,193,1696]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 155–168. Smeringopus chogoria (155–164) and S. ngangao (165–168). 155–156. Right palp, retrolatero-dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 157–158. Left palp, dorsal and prolatero-dorsal views. 159. Male gonopore. 160–161. Male chelicerae and cheliceral apophysis (arrow points to modified hair). 162–163. Male and female ALS. 164. Epigynum. 165. Male gonopore. 166. Modified hair on male cheliceral apophysis. 167. Female ALS. 168. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (166), 20 µm (161, 167), 30 µm (162, 163), 50 µm (165), 80 µm (159), 100 µm (160), 200 µm (155–158, 168), 300 µm (164)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415699/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">157</figureCitation>
; char. 26).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A08D13979FC35" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
3.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF1F08D13B75FC6A" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[226,351,902,926]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ngangao">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF1F08D13B75FC6A" box="[226,351,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. ngangao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species appears very isolated morphologically, especially by the absence of curved hairs on legs and by the absence of a distal apophysis on the procursus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A089938F9FB80" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
4.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF1B08993B41FC12" authorityName="Fage" authorityYear="1936" box="[230,363,974,998]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arambourgi">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF1B08993B41FC12" box="[230,363,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">arambourgi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Three species (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FD8508993936FC12" authorityName="Fage" authorityYear="1936" box="[632,796,974,998]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arambourgi">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FD8508993936FC12" box="[632,796,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. arambourgi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FCD0089939B6FC12" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[813,924,974,998]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oromia">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FCD0089939B6FC12" box="[813,924,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. oromia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FC5008993E0EFC12" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[941,1060,974,998]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FC5008993E0EFC12" box="[941,1060,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. turkana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) of this largely Ethiopian group share a transversal dark band ventrally on the abdomen (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FCB308A63E15FBFD" box="[846,1087,1009,1033]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–183" captionStartId="33.[151,258,1809,1830]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,291,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-150@33.[151,1436,291,1788]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 169–183. Smeringopus arambourgi group, habitus and male prosomata, oblique frontal views. 169–170. S. arambourgi, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 171–172. S. turkana, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 173–174. S. oromia, male, dorsal and ventral views. 175–176. S. saruanle, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 177–178. S. lineiventris, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 179. S. arambourgi. 180. S. turkana. 181. S. oromia. 182. S. saruanle. 183. S. lineiventris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415701/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 170, 172, 174</figureCitation>
; char. 6). In two species (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FA7A08A63B3FFBD9" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineiventris">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FA7A08A63B3FFBD9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lineiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FED90F423B8EFBD9" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[292,420,1045,1069]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saruanle">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FED90F423B8EFBD9" box="[292,420,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. saruanle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) the ventral abdominal pigment is largely or entirely reduced and the transversal band is thus barely visible or absent. Two further species are very likely part of this group but the
<typeStatus id="54E9BA86FF8F1709FB7F0F6D3E97FBA6" box="[1154,1213,1082,1106]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">types</typeStatus>
are lost and no new material is known to me (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE4B0F0A3869FB81" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" box="[438,579,1117,1141]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinitatus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE4B0F0A3869FB81" box="[438,579,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. affinitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FDAC0F0A38E8FB80" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" box="[593,706,1117,1141]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonatus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FDAC0F0A38E8FB80" box="[593,706,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. zonatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A0FD73EF4FAD3" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
5.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF1F0FD73B7EFB6C" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1947" box="[226,340,1152,1176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF1F0FD73B7EFB6C" box="[226,340,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Most species of this large southern African group (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FC230FD73E46FB6C" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1947" box="[990,1132,1152,1176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FC230FD73E46FB6C" box="[990,1132,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FB840FD73EC0FB6C" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1145,1258,1152,1176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koppies">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FB840FD73EC0FB6C" box="[1145,1258,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. koppies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FB0A0FD73F53FB6C" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1271,1401,1152,1176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="badplaas">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FB0A0FD73F53FB6C" box="[1271,1401,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. badplaas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FA7A0FD73AD6FB48" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florisbad">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FA7A0FD73AD6FB48" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. florisbad</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FEF70FF33B4DFB48" authorityName="Lessert" authorityYear="1936" box="[266,359,1188,1212]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesnei">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FEF70FF33B4DFB48" box="[266,359,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lesnei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE880FF33BF6FB48" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[373,476,1188,1212]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harare">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE880FF33BF6FB48" box="[373,476,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. harare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE170FF33868FB48" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[490,578,1188,1212]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blyde">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE170FF33868FB48" box="[490,578,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. blyde</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FDAC0FF338EBFB48" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[593,705,1188,1212]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hanglip">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FDAC0FF338EBFB48" box="[593,705,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. hanglip</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FD2D0FF33971FB48" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[720,859,1188,1212]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lydenberg">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FD2D0FF33971FB48" box="[720,859,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lydenberg</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are characterized by three (rather than one or two) processes arising from the genital bulb (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FDA30F90392EFB2B" box="[606,772,1223,1247]" captionStart="FIGURES 300–309" captionStartId="51.[151,257,1955,1976]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,612,1938]" captionTargetId="figure-240@51.[202,1382,610,1952]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURES 300–309. Smeringopus natalensis (300–304) and S. koppies (305–309). 300, 305. Left cymbia and procursi, retrolateral views. 301, 306. Left procursi, prolateral views. 302–303, 307–308. Left bulbal processes, prolateral and dorsal views. 304, 309. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415734/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 302, 307</figureCitation>
; char. 32). Two species (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FBE20F9F3E89FB14" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1055,1187,1224,1248]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mlilwane">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FBE20F9F3E89FB14" box="[1055,1187,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. mlilwane</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FB4F0F9F3F31FB14" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1202,1307,1224,1248]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ndumo">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FB4F0F9F3F31FB14" box="[1202,1307,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. ndumo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have only two processes arising from the genital bulb but are tentatively assigned to this group because of other specific similarities (e.g., ventrally strongly curved procursus; female genitalia) and geographic closeness.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A0E643B5BFA66" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
6.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF190E643B76FABF" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1858" box="[228,348,1331,1355]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF190E643B76FABF" box="[228,348,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="54E9BA86FF8F1709FE620E643BE5FABF" box="[415,463,1331,1355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus appears very similar to representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FB300E643F78FABF" authorityName="Fage" authorityYear="1936" box="[1229,1362,1331,1355]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arambourgi">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FB300E643F78FABF" box="[1229,1362,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">arambourgi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group above but shares with the following groups a distinct retrolateral apophysis on the male palpal coxa (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FAD40E003FBDFA9B" box="[1321,1431,1367,1391]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 413</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FF6A0E2D3AEEFA66" box="[151,196,1402,1426]" captionStart="FIGURES 732–744" captionStartId="119.[151,263,1718,1741]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-181@119.[151,1436,155,1695]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="FIGURES 732–744. Smeringopus thomensis (732–740) and S. principe (741–744). 732. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 733. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 734. Male cheliceral apophysis. 735. Left embolus, distal view. 736. Male gonopore. 737. Female ALS. 738. Epigynum. 739. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 740. Detail of pore plate. 741. Left embolus, distal view. 742. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 743. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 744. Detail of pore plate. Scale lines: 10 µm (734, 737), 20 µm (740), 30 µm (744), 80 µm (733, 735–736), 100 µm (739, 741–742), 200 µm (732, 738, 743)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415834/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">732</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FF320E2D3AD6FA66" box="[207,252,1402,1426]" captionStart="FIGURES 791–804" captionStartId="126.[151,258,1721,1742]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-158@126.[151,1436,181,1700]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="FIGURES 791–804. Smeringopus roeweri (791–800) and S. carli (801–804). 791. Male prosoma, frontal view. 792–793. Left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views. 794. Left embolus. 795. Male gonopore. 796. Male ocular area. 797. Cymbial macrotrichia. 798. Epigynum. 799. Female ALS. 800. Female PMS. 801. Epigynum. 802. Left palp, retrolateral view. 803–804. Male and female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (799–800, 803–804), 50 µm (797), 80 µm (792–793), 100 µm (794–795), 200 µm (796, 798, 801–802), 500 µm (791)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415846/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">802</figureCitation>
; char. 21).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A0EC83EBEFA2E" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
7.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF180EC93B7EFA42" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[229,340,1438,1462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lesserti">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF180EC93B7EFA42" box="[229,340,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lesserti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species shares with all the following groups the presence of epigynal pockets (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FAD40EC93FB2FA42" box="[1321,1432,1438,1462]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–423" captionStartId="71.[151,258,1574,1595]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-239@71.[151,1436,153,1563]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 411–423. Smeringopus lesserti. 411. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 412–413. Left procursus tip, distal and retrolateral views. 414. Female prosoma. 415. Male bulbal processes, prolatero-dorsal view. 416–417. Male cheliceral apophyses. 418. Male gonopore. 419. Male ALS. 420. Male PMS. 421. Male palpal tarsal organ. 422. Female ocular area. 423. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (416–417), 20 µm (419–421), 80 µm (412–413, 418), 100 µm (411, 415), 200 µm (422–423), 500 µm (414)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415762/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 423</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FF6A0E953AD6FA2E" box="[151,252,1474,1498]" captionStart="FIGURES 663–672" captionStartId="107.[151,263,1269,1292]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1248]" captionTargetId="figure-352@107.[151,1436,183,1248]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURES 663–672. Smeringopus butare (663–666) and S. kalomo (667–672). 663. Male cheliceral apophysis. 664. Male gonopore. 665. Male ALS. 666. Epigynum. 667. Male cheliceral apophysis. 668–669. Left procursus, retrolatero-dorsal and dorsal views. 670. Male gonopore. 671. Male ALS. 672. Epigynum. Scale lines: 10 µm (663, 667), 20 µm (671), 30 µm (665), 60 µm (668), 80 µm (664, 669), 100 µm (670), 200 µm (666, 672)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415816/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">666, 672</figureCitation>
; char. 33) but otherwise (bulbal apophyses, procursus tip) it appears very isolated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A0EB1392FF944" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
8.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF190EB13B65FA0A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1910" box="[228,335,1510,1534]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypocrita">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF190EB13B65FA0A" box="[228,335,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hypocrita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. This group is restricted to southern Africa but in contrast to the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FB860EB13EC7FA0A" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1947" box="[1147,1261,1510,1534]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FB860EB13EC7FA0A" box="[1147,1261,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group rather to the western than to the eastern side (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FDC50D5E38B6F9D5" box="[568,668,1545,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 475" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1492,1515]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1472]" captionTargetId="figure-241@76.[151,1436,445,1472]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 475. Known distribution of the hypocrita group. Squares: further undescribed species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 475</figureCitation>
). The cladistic analyses never resolved this group as monophyletic, but apart from their geographic distribution, the species share a procursus tip that is strongly bent towards prolateral (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FEEB0D063BE9F99D" box="[278,451,1617,1641]" captionStart="FIGURES 476–486" captionStartId="77.[151,258,1852,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,202,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-76@77.[151,1436,193,1831]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURES 476–486. Smeringopus hypocrita (476–482) and S. sederberg (483–486). 476, 483. Left cymbia and procursi, retrolateral views. 477, 484. Left procursi, dorsal views (arrows point to variable structures; see text). 478–479. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 480–481, 485–486. Left emboli, prolateral and dorsal views (arrow points to variable structure; see text). 482. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415774/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 477, 484</figureCitation>
; char. 18). The cladistic analyses separate the group into a more southern clade (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FA7A0D063B28F979" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1910" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypocrita">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FA7A0D063B28F979" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. hypocrita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FEEC0D223BB7F979" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[273,413,1653,1677]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sederberg">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FEEC0D223BB7F979" box="[273,413,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. sederberg</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE510D223830F979" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[428,538,1653,1677]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dehoop">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE510D223830F979" box="[428,538,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. dehoop</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; probably also
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FD360D223932F979" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[715,792,1653,1677]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lotzi">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FD360D223932F979" box="[715,792,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lotzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FCAD0D223998F979" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[848,946,1653,1677]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ubicki">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FCAD0D223998F979" box="[848,946,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. ubicki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were not included in the matrix) and a more northern clade (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE740DCF383CF944" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1910" box="[393,534,1688,1712]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE740DCF383CF944" box="[393,534,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. atomarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FDD90DCF385CF944" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[548,630,1688,1712]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uisib">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FDD90DCF385CF944" box="[548,630,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. uisib</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FD790DCF38DFF944" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[644,757,1688,1712]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tombua">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FD790DCF38DFF944" box="[644,757,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. tombua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1709FF3A0DEB3F77F897" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
9.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF180DEB3BADF920" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[229,391,1724,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF180DEB3BADF920" box="[229,391,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. This group is unique (among
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FCCB0DEB39E2F920" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[822,968,1724,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FCCB0DEB39E2F920" box="[822,968,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in its pale coloration, resulting from its unique biology (high in the vegetation rather than near the ground; see Natural history below). The three species (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FA7A0DB73AEBF8E8" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luki">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FA7A0DB73AEBF8E8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. luki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF330C533B04F8EF" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[206,302,1796,1820]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isangi">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF330C533B04F8EF" box="[206,302,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. isangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FEC10C533BD3F8E8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[316,505,1796,1820]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FEC10C533BD3F8E8" box="[316,505,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) share a distinctive color pattern (abdomen dorsally monochromous, ventrally with black spots), an elongated cymbium, and a prominent proximal ventral process of the procursus. Two species occur in central Africa; the third is the only
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FDC30C1C38FAF897" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[574,720,1867,1891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FDC30C1C38FAF897" box="[574,720,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(other than
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FCA50C1C39E4F897" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1858" box="[856,974,1867,1891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FCA50C1C39E4F897" box="[856,974,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) that also occurs in western Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8F1708FF3A0C38384AFF27" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2034]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
10.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FF090C273B46F873" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" box="[244,364,1904,1927]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FF090C273B46F873" box="[244,364,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">peregrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Representatives of this large group share with the two following groups a distinctive structure in the female internal genitalia (part of the valve appears medially widened and divided;
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FB0C0CC53F74F85E" box="[1265,1374,1938,1962]" captionStart="FIGURES 609–616" captionStartId="97.[151,258,1837,1858]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,254,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-101@97.[151,1436,245,1831]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURES 609–616. Smeringopus peregrinus. 609. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 610. Left procursus, prolateral view. 611–613. Left embolus, prolateral, dorsal, and ventral (slightly prolateral) views (arrow points to variable structure; see text). 614–615. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 616. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415804/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 616</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8F1709FA970CC53FBDF85E" box="[1386,1431,1938,1962]" captionStart="FIGURES 782–790" captionStartId="125.[151,258,1881,1902]" captionTargetBox="[199,1393,479,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-183@125.[191,1396,469,1860]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="FIGURES 782–790. Smeringopus carli. 782. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 783–784. Left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views. 785–787. Left embolus, prolateral, prolatero-ventral, and retrolatero-ventral views. 788–789. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 790. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (782–787, 790), 0.5 mm (788–789)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415844/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">790</figureCitation>
; char. 37) but the group itself is probably not monophyletic. It is widely distributed in central and eastern Africa (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FA7A0CE13B25F806" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FA7A0CE13B25F806" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. peregrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FEE30C8D3BFDF806" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[286,471,2010,2034]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinoides">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FEE30C8D3BFDF806" box="[286,471,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. peregrinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FE180C8D3877F806" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[485,605,2010,2034]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="katanga">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FE180C8D3877F806" box="[485,605,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. katanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FD910C8D38F8F806" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[620,722,2010,2034]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="butare">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FD910C8D38F8F806" box="[620,722,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. butare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FD1C0C8D396EF806" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[737,836,2010,2034]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dundo">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FD1C0C8D396EF806" box="[737,836,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. dundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but reaches further south until
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8F1709FB4E0C8D3F39F806" box="[1203,1299,2010,2034]" name="Namibia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Namibia</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8F1709FAD80C8D3FA6F806" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[1317,1420,2010,2034]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8F1709FAD80C8D3FA6F806" box="[1317,1420,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FF6A0BC03B38FF5B" box="[151,274,151,175]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FEB60BC03BF5FF5B" box="[331,479,151,175]" name="Mozambique" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FE130BCF3871FF44" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[494,603,152,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kalomo">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FE130BCF3871FF44" box="[494,603,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. kalomo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FD940BCF38D0FF44" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[617,762,152,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chibububo">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FD940BCF38D0FF44" box="[617,762,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. chibububo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCEC0BCF3954FF5B" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[785,894,152,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moxico">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCEC0BCF3954FF5B" box="[785,894,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. moxico</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is tentatively assigned to this group even though the cladistic analysis suggests otherwise.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A0B883E1BFE5E" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
11.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF0C0B883B4BFF03" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[241,353,223,247]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF0C0B883B4BFF03" box="[241,353,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. The three species of this group (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCDB0B883999FF03" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[806,947,223,247]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCDB0B883999FF03" box="[806,947,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FC3F0B883E16FF03" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[962,1084,223,247]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="principe">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FC3F0B883E16FF03" box="[962,1084,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. principe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBB60B883EF9FF03" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1099,1235,223,247]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayombe">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FBB60B883EF9FF03" box="[1099,1235,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. mayombe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) share the loss of curved hairs on the legs (char. 20) and the reduction of ALS spigots (char. 7; in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBEA0A543E89FEEF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[1047,1187,259,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FBEA0A543E89FEEF" box="[1047,1187,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. thomensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
two tiny cylindrically shaped spigots are still present:
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FDE10A7038AEFECB" box="[540,644,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURES 732–744" captionStartId="119.[151,263,1718,1741]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-181@119.[151,1436,155,1695]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="FIGURES 732–744. Smeringopus thomensis (732–740) and S. principe (741–744). 732. Left male palpal femur, retrolateral view. 733. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 734. Male cheliceral apophysis. 735. Left embolus, distal view. 736. Male gonopore. 737. Female ALS. 738. Epigynum. 739. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 740. Detail of pore plate. 741. Left embolus, distal view. 742. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 743. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 744. Detail of pore plate. Scale lines: 10 µm (734, 737), 20 µm (740), 30 µm (744), 80 µm (733, 735–736), 100 µm (739, 741–742), 200 µm (732, 738, 743)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415834/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 737</figureCitation>
; in the other two species the spinnerets were studied in the light microscope only and it remains unknown if the spigots are entirely reduced or if two tiny spigots are still present too). They also share a distinctive pattern dorsally on the abdomen (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FC390A393E84FE72" box="[964,1198,366,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 699–708" captionStartId="114.[151,263,1415,1438]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,153,1388]" captionTargetId="figure-308@114.[151,1436,153,1401]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 699–708. Smeringopus thomensis group. S. thomensis (699–700, 705–706), S. principe (702–704, 707–708), and S. mayombe (701). 699, 701, 703. Males, dorsal views. 700, 702. Male prosomata, oblique frontal views. 704. Female, ventral view. 705–708. Left male palps, prolateral and retrolateral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418204" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6418204/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 699, 701, 703</figureCitation>
; not coded) and the geographic distribution (
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FE570AC53885FE5E" box="[426,687,402,426]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">São Tomé and Príncipe</collectingCountry>
Islands and western
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FC660AC539CFFE5E" box="[923,997,402,426]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Congo</collectingCountry>
D.R.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A0AE13870FDE1" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
12.
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF080AE03B61FE3A" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[245,331,439,462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roeweri">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF080AE03B61FE3A" box="[245,331,439,462]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">roeweri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. The four species of this group (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCD80AE139B1FE3A" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[805,923,438,462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roeweri">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCD80AE139B1FE3A" box="[805,923,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. roeweri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FC530AE13E1BFE3A" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[942,1073,438,462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lubondai">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FC530AE13E1BFE3A" box="[942,1073,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. lubondai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBB90AE13EB0FE3A" authorityName="Lessert" authorityYear="1915" box="[1092,1178,438,462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carli">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FBB90AE13EB0FE3A" box="[1092,1178,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. carli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FB510AE13F66FE3A" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[1196,1356,438,462]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sambesicus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FB510AE13F66FE3A" box="[1196,1356,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. sambesicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) share rounded light projections proximally on the male chelicerae (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FC920A8E39CAFE05" box="[879,992,473,497]" captionStart="FIGURES 765–773" captionStartId="122.[151,263,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,163,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-153@122.[196,1401,157,1593]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURES 765–773. Smeringopus roeweri. 765. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 766–767. Left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views. 768–770. Left embolus, prolateral, prolatero-ventral, and prolatero-dorsal views. 771–772. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 773. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415840/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 771</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FC0F0A8E3E35FE05" box="[1010,1055,473,497]" captionStart="FIGURES 774–781" captionStartId="123.[151,258,1914,1935]" captionTargetBox="[195,1370,577,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-177@123.[187,1374,567,1907]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURES 774–781. Smeringopus lubondai. 774. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view (arrow points to variable structure; see text). 775–776. Left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views. 777–778. Left embolus, prolateral and dorsal views. 779–780. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 781. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (777–778), 0.5 mm (774–776, 779–781)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415842/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">779</figureCitation>
; char. 10). The group is widely distributed in central and eastern Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A0976385DFCA3" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Natural history. Even though
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FDDC097638B1FDCD" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1858" box="[545,667,545,569]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FDDC097638B1FDCD" box="[545,667,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a pantropical species, very few studies have been dedicated to exploring its biology in any detail.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FDE2091338E2FDA8" author="Jackson, R. R." box="[543,712,580,604]" firstAuthor="Jackson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology, London" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="531 - 536" part="227" refId="ref80016" refString="Jackson, R. R. (1992) Predator-prey interactions between web-invading jumping spiders and two species of tropical webbuilding pholcid spiders, Psilochorus sphaeroides and Smeringopus pallidus. Journal of Zoology, London, 227, 531 - 536." title="Predator-prey interactions between web-invading jumping spiders and two species of tropical webbuilding pholcid spiders, Psilochorus sphaeroides and Smeringopus pallidus" type="journal article" year="1992">Jackson (1992)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FD02091339CDFDA8" author="Jackson, R. R. &amp; Rowe, R. J. &amp; Campbell, G. E." box="[767,999,580,605]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jackson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology, London" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="227 - 232" part="228" refId="ref80058" refString="Jackson, R. R., Rowe, R. J. &amp; Campbell, G. E. (1992) Anti-predator defenses of Psilochorus sphaeroides and Smeringopus pallidus (Araneae, Pholcidae), tropical web-building spiders. Journal of Zoology, London, 228, 227 - 232." title="Anti-predator defenses of Psilochorus sphaeroides and Smeringopus pallidus (Araneae, Pholcidae), tropical web-building spiders" type="journal article" year="1992">
Jackson
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCA3091239BDFDA9" box="[862,919,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
(1992)
</bibRefCitation>
studied whirling behavior as a defense mechanism against predators such as web-invading jumping spiders. It is remarkable that in many places
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FA7A093F3ADBFD50" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1858" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FA7A093F3ADBFD50" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to have been largely replaced by other synanthropic species such a
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FB9709DB3F48FD50" baseAuthorityName="Taczanowski" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1130,1378,652,676]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FB9709DB3F48FD50" box="[1130,1378,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Physocyclus globosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For example,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FEF909F83BC5FD33" author="Sanchez Roig, M." box="[260,495,687,711]" firstAuthor="Sanchez Roig" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Facultad de Letras y Ciencia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="349 - 363" part="12" refId="ref81231" refString="Sanchez Roig, M. (1911) Los aracnidos de la isla de Cuba. Revista de la Facultad de Letras y Ciencia, 12, 349 - 363." title="Los aracnidos de la isla de Cuba" type="journal article" year="1911">Sánchez Roig (1911)</bibRefCitation>
cites
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FDCC09E7388DFD3C" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1858" box="[561,679,688,712]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FDCC09E7388DFD3C" box="[561,679,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(under
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FD0209E739E5FD3C" authorityName="L. Koch" authorityYear="1872" box="[767,975,688,712]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tipuloides">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FD0209E739E5FD3C" box="[767,975,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pholcus tipuloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as “una de las especies más vulgares de
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FF6A09843AFDFD1F" box="[151,215,723,747]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cuba</collectingCountry>
”, but this does no longer seem to be the case (A. Pérez G. &amp; B. A. Huber, unpubl. obs.); also,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FAF509843AF0FCFB" author="Mello-Leitao, C. de" firstAuthor="Mello-Leitao" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="85 - 144" part="10" refId="ref80695" refString="Mello-Leitao, C. de (1918) Scytodidas e Pholcidas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 10, 85 - 144." title="Scytodidas e Pholcidas do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1918">Mello-Leitão (1918</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FF1409A03B08FCFB" author="Mello-Leitao, C. de" box="[233,290,759,783]" firstAuthor="Mello-Leitao" journalOrPublisher="Anales da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="39 - 83" part="18" refId="ref80720" refString="Mello-Leitao, C. de (1946) Notas sobre os Filistatidae e Pholcidae. Anales da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 18, 39 - 83." title="Notas sobre os Filistatidae e Pholcidae" type="journal article" year="1946">1946</bibRefCitation>
) reports the species (under
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FD9909A0392EFCFB" baseAuthorityName="White" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[612,772,759,783]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculatus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FD9909A0392EFCFB" box="[612,772,759,783]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. geniculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to occur in “todo o
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FC0009A03E6EFCFB" box="[1021,1092,759,783]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, no littoral” and to be “muito comum no interior das habitações” in
<collectingRegion id="4996CAC6FF8E1708FDBF084C38CDFCC7" box="[578,743,795,819]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, but the species does no longer seem to be common along the Brazilian coast (B.A. Huber, unpubl. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A08343F4DFBA5" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
For most other species, label data and observations by the author in
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FC3B08353E72FC8E" box="[966,1112,866,890]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FB9808343E9AFC8F" box="[1125,1200,867,891]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FB4108353F3FFC8E" box="[1212,1301,866,890]" name="Uganda" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Uganda</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FADC08353FBDFC8E" box="[1313,1431,866,890]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FF6A08D13ACEFC6A" box="[151,228,902,926]" name="Gabon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FEE108D13B46FC6A" box="[284,364,902,926]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Guinea</collectingCountry>
are the only sources of information. Most species prefer the same
<typeStatus id="54E9BA86FF8E1708FBB808D03E5FFC6B" box="[1093,1141,903,927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
of shady, protected habitat that is typical for pholcid spiders: holes and caverns, undersides of overhangs, dark spaces under logs and rocks and between buttresses. Here the spiders build their sheet webs that are more or less domed, with the animal hanging from the apex of the dome. Unlike most other pholcids but like many other
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBEB08A63EEBFBFD" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1046,1217,1009,1033]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
, several species of
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF6A0F423B02FBD9" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,296,1045,1069]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF6A0F423B02FBD9" box="[151,296,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seem to be fairly tolerant against aridity. This may explain to some degree the fact that several species have invaded human constructions and it is thus remarkable that only one species has spread all over the world.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A0F0A3E9FFB48" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF3A0F0A3B73FB81" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[199,345,1117,1141]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF3A0F0A3B73FB81" box="[199,345,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs from sea level to over
<quantity id="4CAAA9C1FF8E1708FD4D0F0B3922FB80" box="[688,776,1116,1140]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3700.0">3700 m</quantity>
, but only representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FB8C0F0A3ED1FB81" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[1137,1275,1117,1141]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FB8C0F0A3ED1FB81" box="[1137,1275,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group have been found beyond
<quantity id="4CAAA9C1FF8E1708FE4F0FD73820FB6C" box="[434,522,1152,1176]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2300.0">2300 m</quantity>
. Most species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FD050FD739ABFB6C" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1913" box="[760,897,1152,1176]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrotinctus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FD050FD739ABFB6C" box="[760,897,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">rubrotinctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group appear restricted to high altitudes, and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FA7A0FD73B22FB48" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bujongolo">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FA7A0FD73B22FB48" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. bujongolo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently the pholcid spider with the highest known record in Africa (at
<quantity id="4CAAA9C1FF8E1708FBAD0FF33E83FB48" box="[1104,1193,1188,1212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.78" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3780.0">3780 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A0F9F3B89FA42" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Most exceptional both in its morphology and behavior is
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCA20F9F3E35FB14" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1907" box="[863,1055,1224,1248]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCA20F9F3E35FB14" box="[863,1055,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(its two close relatives share the morphology but their behavior has not been studied).
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCFC0FBB3E14FAF0" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[769,1086,1260,1284]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCFC0FBB3E14FAF0" box="[769,1086,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopus cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has shifted its microhabitat to the undersides of alive (green) leaves where it rests in an unusual lamp-shade web in an inverted position (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FABE0E583FBCFAD3" box="[1347,1430,1295,1319]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–13" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1583,1604]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-136@7.[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–13. Smeringopus, alive specimens in their natural habitats. 2. S. bwindi, female with eggsac (Uganda, Bwindi). 3–4. S. chogoria, females with eggsac and spiderlings (Kenya, Mau Mau and Chogoria). 5. S. mpanga, female with spiderlings (Uganda, Kalinzu). 6–7. S. ngangao, male and web with silk-balls (Kenya, Ngangao). 8–10. S. peregrinus, web with silk-balls (Kenya, Gonkonyi), female (Kenya, Hell’s Gate), female with eggsac (Gonkonyi). 11. S. pallidus, female with eggsac (Uganda, Semuliki). 12. S. lesserti, male (Gabon, Mayebout). 13. S. cylindrogaster (Guinea, Dieke)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415663/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FF6A0E643B08FABF" author="Huber, B. A." box="[151,290,1331,1355]" firstAuthor="Huber" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="2491 - 2523" part="43" refId="ref79748" refString="Huber, B. A. (2009) Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2491 - 2523." title="Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Huber 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The entire spider has changed to a pale whitish coloration with black spots that break the contours. Only the dorsal side of the abdomen (that is pressed against the leaf) is monochromous (cf.
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FB650E003F16FA9B" box="[1176,1340,1367,1391]" captionStart="FIGURES 530–544" captionStartId="87.[151,257,1914,1935]" captionTargetBox="[178,1402,360,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-144@87.[178,1402,360,1903]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 530–544. Smeringopus cylindrogaster group. S. luki (530–533, 538–541) and S. isangi (534–537, 542–544). 530–531, 534–535. Males, dorsal and ventral views. 532–533, 536–537. Left male palps, prolateral and retrolateral views. 538. Male prosoma, frontal oblique view. 539. Male ocular area. 540–544. Female epigyna and cleared female genitalia, dorsal (541, 544) and ventral (543) views (arrows point to median and lateral pockets)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415786/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 530, 534</figureCitation>
). Unlike other
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF210E2C3BE0FA66" box="[220,458,1402,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF210E2C3B44FA67" box="[220,366,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
that whirl or vibrate their bodies when disturbed,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBDC0E2C3EC9FA67" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1057,1251,1403,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FBDC0E2C3EC9FA67" box="[1057,1251,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains tightly pressed against the leaf.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A0E9539D5F944" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The facultative construction of silk balls that are attached to the domed webs appears to be plesiomorphic for
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF6A0EB13B03FA0A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,297,1510,1534]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF6A0EB13B03FA0A" box="[151,297,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Cladistic analysis, char. 40), but only in a few species have such silk balls actually been observed: in
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FED20D5E393AF9D5" authority="(Japyassu &amp; Macagnan 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Japyassu &amp; Macagnan" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[303,784,1545,1570]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FED20D5E3B83F9D5" box="[303,425,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FE400D5E3922F9D5" author="Japyassu, H. F. &amp; Macagnan, C. R." box="[445,776,1545,1570]" firstAuthor="Japyassu" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Etologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="79 - 94" part="6" refId="ref80111" refString="Japyassu, H. F. &amp; Macagnan, C. R. (2004) Fishing for prey: the evolution of a new predatory tactic among spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae). Revista de Etologia, 6 (2), 79 - 94." title="Fishing for prey: the evolution of a new predatory tactic among spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">Japyassú &amp; Macagnan 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCE30D5E3EA3F9D5" authority="(Huber 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[798,1161,1545,1569]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCE30D5E39CAF9D5" box="[798,992,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. cylindrogaster</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FC0E0D5E3EABF9D5" author="Huber, B. A." box="[1011,1153,1545,1569]" firstAuthor="Huber" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="2491 - 2523" part="43" refId="ref79748" refString="Huber, B. A. (2009) Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2491 - 2523." title="Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Huber 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FB640D5E3F1AF9D5" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" box="[1177,1328,1545,1569]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FB640D5E3F1AF9D5" box="[1177,1328,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. peregrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FAB90D5E3FBCF9D5" box="[1348,1430,1545,1569]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–13" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1583,1604]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-136@7.[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–13. Smeringopus, alive specimens in their natural habitats. 2. S. bwindi, female with eggsac (Uganda, Bwindi). 3–4. S. chogoria, females with eggsac and spiderlings (Kenya, Mau Mau and Chogoria). 5. S. mpanga, female with spiderlings (Uganda, Kalinzu). 6–7. S. ngangao, male and web with silk-balls (Kenya, Ngangao). 8–10. S. peregrinus, web with silk-balls (Kenya, Gonkonyi), female (Kenya, Hell’s Gate), female with eggsac (Gonkonyi). 11. S. pallidus, female with eggsac (Uganda, Semuliki). 12. S. lesserti, male (Gabon, Mayebout). 13. S. cylindrogaster (Guinea, Dieke)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415663/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FF6A0D7A3AD0F9B1" box="[151,250,1581,1605]" captionStart="FIGURES 617–625" captionStartId="98.[151,258,1314,1335]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-368@98.[151,1436,193,1293]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURES 617–625. Smeringopus peregrinus. 617. Left embolus, ventral (slightly prolateral) view. 618. Male gonopore. 619. Male ALS. 620. Epigynum. 621. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 622. Detail of pore plate. 623. Silk ball (from web shown in Fig. 8). 624–625. Details of silk ball. Scale lines: 8 µm (625), 10 µm (624), 30 µm (619), 40 µm (622), 60 µm (618), 80 µm (623), 100 µm (617), 200 µm (620–621)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415806/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">623–625</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FEBB0D7A3BE1F9B1" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[326,459,1581,1605]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ngangao">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FEBB0D7A3BE1F9B1" box="[326,459,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. ngangao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FE1F0D7A3807F9B1" box="[482,557,1581,1605]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–13" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1583,1604]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-136@7.[151,1436,193,1563]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–13. Smeringopus, alive specimens in their natural habitats. 2. S. bwindi, female with eggsac (Uganda, Bwindi). 3–4. S. chogoria, females with eggsac and spiderlings (Kenya, Mau Mau and Chogoria). 5. S. mpanga, female with spiderlings (Uganda, Kalinzu). 6–7. S. ngangao, male and web with silk-balls (Kenya, Ngangao). 8–10. S. peregrinus, web with silk-balls (Kenya, Gonkonyi), female (Kenya, Hell’s Gate), female with eggsac (Gonkonyi). 11. S. pallidus, female with eggsac (Uganda, Semuliki). 12. S. lesserti, male (Gabon, Mayebout). 13. S. cylindrogaster (Guinea, Dieke)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415663/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Silk balls also occur in other genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBCA0D7A3ECAF9B1" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1079,1248,1581,1605]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FB050D7A3FBFF9B1" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1908" box="[1272,1429,1581,1605]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FB050D7A3FBFF9B1" box="[1272,1429,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF6A0D063B09F99D" authorityName="Brenske" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,291,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF6A0D063B09F99D" box="[151,291,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FEC90D063BE2F99D" author="Wiehle, H." box="[308,456,1617,1641]" firstAuthor="Wiehle" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="241 - 252" part="104" refId="ref82400" refString="Wiehle, H. (1933) Holocnemus hispanicus sp. n. und die Gattungen Holocnemus Simon und Crossoprisa Simon. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 104, 241 - 252." title="Holocnemus hispanicus sp. n. und die Gattungen Holocnemus Simon und Crossoprisa Simon" type="journal article" year="1933">Wiehle 1933</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FE2B0D0638E0F99D" author="Sedey, K. A. &amp; Jakob, E. M." box="[470,714,1617,1641]" firstAuthor="Sedey" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="385 - 388" part="26" refId="ref81292" refString="Sedey, K. A. &amp; Jakob, E. M. (1998) A description of an unusual dome web occupied by egg-laying Holocnemus pluchei (Araneae, Pholcidae). Journal of Arachnology, 26, 385 - 388." title="A description of an unusual dome web occupied by egg-laying Holocnemus pluchei (Araneae, Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="1998">Sedey &amp; Jakob 1998</bibRefCitation>
; J. &amp;. F. Murphy, unpubl. obs.), but they have been studied in more detail in only two species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FDE40D23391DF978" author="Hajer, J. &amp; Rehakova, D." box="[537,823,1647,1676]" firstAuthor="Hajer" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British arachnological Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="345 - 354" part="12" refId="ref79511" refString="Hajer, J. &amp; Rehakova, D. (2003) Spotted dome-shaped webs of the pholcids Crossopriza sp. and Holocnemus pluchei (Araneae: Pholcidae). Bulletin of the British arachnological Society, 12, 345 - 354." title="Spotted dome-shaped webs of the pholcids Crossopriza sp. and Holocnemus pluchei (Araneae: Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="2003">Hajer &amp; Řeháková 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FCBA0D233EA6F978" author="Japyassu, H. F. &amp; Macagnan, C. R." box="[839,1164,1652,1677]" firstAuthor="Japyassu" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Etologia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="79 - 94" part="6" refId="ref80111" refString="Japyassu, H. F. &amp; Macagnan, C. R. (2004) Fishing for prey: the evolution of a new predatory tactic among spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae). Revista de Etologia, 6 (2), 79 - 94." title="Fishing for prey: the evolution of a new predatory tactic among spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae)" type="journal article" year="2004">Japyassú &amp; Macagnan 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The conditions under which such structures are incorporated into the web seem to vary among taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF8E1708FF3A0DEB3F60F83A" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Distribution. With the exception of the pantropical
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCE60DEB39BEF920" baseAuthorityName="Japyassu &amp; Macagnan" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[795,916,1724,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCE60DEB39BEF920" box="[795,916,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FC580DEB3E1DF920" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[933,1079,1724,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FC580DEB3E1DF920" box="[933,1079,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is largely restricted to central, eastern, and southern Africa (
<figureCitation id="136918A1FF8E1708FE050D88387BF903" box="[504,593,1759,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1202,1225]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-224@12.[151,1436,187,1181]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 17. Known distribution of Smeringopus. Excluded is Smeringopus pallidus which has a worldwide distribution and whose distribution in Africa is shown in Fig 386." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415667/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). Other than
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FD090DB73945F90C" baseAuthorityName="Japyassu &amp; Macagnan" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[756,879,1760,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FD090DB73945F90C" box="[756,879,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only two species occur outside Africa: (1)
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FA7A0DB73B23F8E8" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1947" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FA7A0DB73B23F8E8" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(originally from southern Africa) has been able to establish stable populations in Western Australia and New South Wales (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC379D5FF8E1708FE920C703BD0F8CB" author="Huber, B. A." box="[367,506,1831,1855]" firstAuthor="Huber" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 144" part="260" refId="ref79671" refString="Huber, B. A. (2001) The pholcids of Australia (Araneae; Pholcidae): taxonomy, biogeography, and relationships. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 260, 1 - 144." title="The pholcids of Australia (Araneae; Pholcidae): taxonomy, biogeography, and relationships" type="journal article" year="2001">Huber 2001</bibRefCitation>
); (2)
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FDCB0C7038FBF8CB" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[566,721,1831,1855]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineiventris">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FDCB0C7038FBF8CB" box="[566,721,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. lineiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FC410C7F3E24F8CB" box="[956,1038,1832,1855]" name="Yemen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Yemen</collectingCountry>
. Only two species occur in western Africa (
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FF130C1C3B49F897" baseAuthorityName="Japyassu &amp; Macagnan" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[238,355,1867,1891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FF130C1C3B49F897" box="[238,355,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FE640C1C387CF897" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[409,598,1867,1891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrogaster">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FE640C1C387CF897" box="[409,598,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. cylindrogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), where
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FD450C1C3960F897" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[696,842,1867,1891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FD450C1C3960F897" box="[696,842,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is largely replaced by
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBB90C1C3ECBF897" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1957" box="[1092,1249,1867,1891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FBB90C1C3ECBF897" box="[1092,1249,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Smeringopina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two genera have a wide range of overlap in central Africa. The same occurs with
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FC5F0C383E00F873" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[930,1066,1903,1927]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FC5F0C383E00F873" box="[930,1066,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Crossopriza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Sahel and in north-eastern Africa. At least four species occur on
<collectingCountry id="F34544B4FF8E1708FDC00CC538EEF85E" box="[573,708,1938,1962]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FD280CC43961F85F" baseAuthorityName="Japyassu &amp; Macagnan" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[725,843,1939,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FD280CC43961F85F" box="[725,843,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FCA40CC43980F85F" authorityName="Lessert" authorityYear="1915" box="[857,938,1939,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carli">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FCA40CC43980F85F" box="[857,938,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. carli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FC4A0CC43E61F85E" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1906" box="[951,1099,1939,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FC4A0CC43E61F85E" box="[951,1099,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. peregrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF8E1708FBA40CC43EECF85F" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2012" box="[1113,1222,1939,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kalomo">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF8E1708FBA40CC43EECF85F" box="[1113,1222,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. kalomo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but none of them is endemic to the island and it is likely that at least three of them are recent (possibly human) introductions.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2D54ACFF89170FFF6A0FE538A3FB1F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6415667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6415667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6415667/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,250,1202,1225]" targetBox="[151,1436,187,1181]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF89170FFF6A0FE538A3FB1F" blockId="12.[151,1436,1202,1259]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF89170FFF6A0FE53B0AFB3D" bold="true" box="[151,288,1202,1225]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
Known distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF89170FFDEF0FE538BCFB3C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[530,662,1202,1224]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF89170FFDEF0FE538BCFB3C" box="[530,662,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Excluded is
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF89170FFCDE0FE53E2AFB3C" baseAuthorityName="Blackwall" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[803,1024,1202,1224]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF89170FFCDE0FE53E2AFB3C" box="[803,1024,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Smeringopus pallidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has a worldwide distribution and whose distribution in Africa is shown in Fig 386.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BED0424FF89170FFF3A0E683E9FFA13" blockId="12.[151,1436,1343,1512]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Composition. As delimited here,
<taxonomicName id="4C527FA7FF89170FFDB10E1738F4FAAC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[588,734,1344,1368]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B926D836FF89170FFDB10E1738F4FAAC" box="[588,734,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Smeringopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
now includes 55 described species, 36 of which are newly described below. The collections seen include about 20 further undescribed species that are not treated for various reasons: some are very similar to species treated herein; some are only represented by poorly preserved specimens; most are represented by only one sex. Considering the patchiness of collecting efforts and known distribution patterns in the genus, it appears likely that 50% of the actual species may remain undescribed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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