339 lines
44 KiB
XML
339 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689487" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c3128d24-5293-4125-bc85-0678753fc483" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154520569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689487" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:67171236-00A2-428B-8194-584BF52E84E6" checkinTime="1553770082828" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Scherz, Mark D., Hutter, Carl R., Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Riemann, Jana C., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ndriantsoa, Serge H., Glos, Julian, Roberts, Sam Hyde, Crottini, Angelica, Vences, Miguel & Glaw, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03F887F6FF940A43FD8B046CDFAC6E37" docLanguage="en" docName="journal.pone.0213314.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE 213314" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Mini Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw 2019, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="67171236-00A2-428B-8194-584BF52E84E6" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFC1FF8EFF930A48FF9E0658DC6D6955" masterDocTitle="Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1636786376000" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Scherz, Mark D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hutter, Carl R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Rakotoarison, Andolalao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Riemann, Jana C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Rödel, Mark-Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ndriantsoa, Serge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Glos, Julian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Roberts, Sam Hyde</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Crottini, Angelica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Glaw, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>PLoS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2019-03-27</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>213314</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689487" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154520569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689487" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:67171236-00A2-428B-8194-584BF52E84E6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887F6FF940A43FD8B046CDFAC6E37" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[533,597,564,592]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,597,564,592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[605,724,563,591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<subSubSection box="[565,761,647,671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[533,1515,612,810]" box="[565,761,647,671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[572,663,647,671]" captionStart-0="Fig 2" captionStart-1="Fig 3" captionStart-2="Fig 4" captionStart-3="Fig 5" captionStart-4="Fig 6" captionStart-5="Fig 7" captionStart-6="Fig 8" captionStart-7="Fig 9" captionStartId-0="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionStartId-1="8.[461,489,1766,1785]" captionStartId-2="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionStartId-3="10.[200,228,1285,1304]" captionStartId-4="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" captionStartId-5="18.[533,561,1432,1451]" captionStartId-6="19.[115,143,1159,1178]" captionStartId-7="24.[115,143,1247,1266]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetBox-1="[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetBox-2="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetBox-3="[200,1536,208,1263]" captionTargetBox-4="[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetBox-5="[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetBox-6="[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetBox-7="[115,1536,208,1225]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId-3="figure@10.[200,1536,208,1263]" captionTargetId-4="figure@11.[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetId-5="figure@18.[533,1493,208,1410]" captionTargetId-6="figure@19.[115,1536,195,1137]" captionTargetId-7="figure@24.[115,1536,208,1225]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionTargetPageId-5="18" captionTargetPageId-6="19" captionTargetPageId-7="24" captionText-0="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" captionText-1="Fig 3. Currently known localities of the new taxa described in this paper. The base map is USGS SRTM 1-Arc second digital elevation model. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g003" captionText-2="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" captionText-3="Fig 5. One-second spectrograms and oscillograms of the calls of the new species described here. Insets represent the respective species but not the calling specimens. (a) Mini mum gen. et sp. nov., paratype ZMB 81993 from Manombo, (b) Mini scule gen. et sp. nov., ZSM 265/2018 from Sainte Luce, (c) Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov., part of a call (note series) of a specimen from Bepia campsite, Tsaratanana (not collected), (d) Anodonthyla eximia sp. nov., specimen not collected, from Maharira (Ranomafana). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g005" captionText-4="Fig 6. Osteology of Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 861/2014). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g006" captionText-5="Fig 7. Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Sainte Luce Reserve. (a, b) ZSM 5943/2005, holotype, in (a) dorsolateral and (b) ventral view. Black lines in the two pictures are scanning artefacts from damaged analogue slides. (c) Probably ZSM 5942/2005, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (d-f) ZSM 265/2018 (SHR 09112018) in (d) dorsal, (e) dorsolateral, and (f) ventral view. Note the numerous pink cf. Endotrombicula mites on the abdomen and legs. (g) Habitat in Sainte Luce Special Reserve. (h, i) Mini cf. scule from Nahampoana, ZFMK 53775 in (h) lateral and (i) ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g007" captionText-6="Fig 8. Osteology of Mini scule gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 5943/2005). (a, b) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral view. (c-f) Skull in (c) lateral, (d) ventral, (e) anterior, and (f) dorsal view. (g) Foot in ventral view. (h) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g008" captionText-7="Fig 9. Osteology of Mini ature gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 86/2004). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. For abbreviations, see Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g009" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2614089/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2614093/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/2614097/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/2614099/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/2614101/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 2–9</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation box="[675,753,647,671]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="12.[96,146,518,537]" captionText="Table 1. Morphological measurements (in mm) of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Measurement abbreviations are listed in the Materials and Methods. A = Adult, M = Male, F = Female (lowercase indicates probable subadult), p = paratype, h = holotype (holotypes are also bolded), na = not available." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[565,918,681,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[533,1515,612,810]" box="[565,918,681,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,711,681,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<typeStatus box="[565,621,681,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[716,830,682,705]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="mum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[716,830,682,705]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mini mum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[836,918,681,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[565,1301,716,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[533,1515,612,810]" box="[565,1301,716,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,673,716,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Contents.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[679,793,717,740]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="mum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[679,793,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mini mum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[799,882,716,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[892,977,716,740]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scule" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[892,915,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[927,977,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">scule</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[983,1067,716,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[1123,1213,716,740]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ature" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[1123,1146,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[1158,1213,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ature</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1219,1301,716,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[533,1515,612,810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,692,751,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The genus name is derived from English prefix ‘mini-’, denoting a small version of an object. We treat this name as an arbitrary combination of letters in the sense of the
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" targetBox="[192,1536,851,1796]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[192,1511,1818,1904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,853,1818,1837]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands.</emphasis>
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Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g00 2
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614089/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[461,489,1766,1785]" targetBox="[461,1535,208,1744]" targetPageId="8">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[461,1529,1766,1851]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[461,1100,1766,1785]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig 3. Currently known localities of the new taxa described in this paper.</emphasis>
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The base map is USGS SRTM 1-Arc second digital elevation model. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g003
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" targetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[533,1537,1275,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,1268,1275,1295]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Fig 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[589,682,1276,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="mum" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[589,682,1276,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mini mum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[687,817,1275,1294]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g0 0 4
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[533,1535,1471,1877]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Articles 30.1.4.1 and 30.2.2, and we assign it the feminine gender. We have searched all available taxonomic databases and could not find any evidence that this name has ever been used to refer to a genus of animals, and we therefore conclude that it is available.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[533,1535,1471,1877]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,682,1610,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Diminutive terrestrial frogs (adult SVL
|
||
<quantity box="[1105,1247,1610,1634]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.155" metricValueMax="1.49" metricValueMin="0.82" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="11.55" valueMax="14.9" valueMin="8.2">8.2–14.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
), assigned to the Madagascar-endemic subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1889" box="[783,905,1645,1669]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cophylinae">Cophylinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of divided vomers, procoelous vertebral column, divided sphenethmoids, and genetic affinities. Skin smooth to slightly granular, occasionally iridescent. A lateral colour border is present but varies in intensity among species. Highly reduced fingers and toes, fusion or loss of carpal 2, and paedomorphic skull morphology: laterally displaced narrow nasals, teeth absent from vomer, in some species present on the maxilla and premaxilla, otic capsule sometimes dorsally ossified, brain case comprising most of the skull’s length and width.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614093/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[200,228,1285,1304]" targetBox="[200,1536,208,1263]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[200,1519,1285,1422]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[200,1037,1285,1304]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig 5. One-second spectrograms and oscillograms of the calls of the new species described here.</emphasis>
|
||
Insets represent the respective species but not the calling specimens. (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[325,416,1311,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="mum" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,416,1311,1329]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mini mum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[421,548,1311,1330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, paratype ZMB 81993 from Manombo, (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[912,998,1311,1330]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="scule" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[912,998,1311,1330]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mini scule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1003,1130,1311,1330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, ZSM 265/2018 from Sainte Luce, (c)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[200,449,1336,1355]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Rhombophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="proportionalis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,449,1336,1355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhombophryne proportionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[454,522,1336,1355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, part of a call (note series) of a specimen from Bepia campsite, Tsaratanana (not collected), (d)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[1319,1490,1336,1355]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Anodonthyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="eximia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1319,1490,1336,1355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Anodonthyla eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, specimen not collected, from Maharira (Ranomafana). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g0 0 5
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[533,1535,1475,1880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
All members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[842,894,1476,1499]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,894,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[900,997,1475,1499]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
resemble miniaturised to extremely miniaturised members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[773,876,1510,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,876,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, all species can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1388,1491,1510,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1388,1491,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of their curving clavicles and a fused or lost carpal 2. In the species accounts below, we provide detailed distinctions from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[936,1039,1579,1603]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[936,1039,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relevant to each species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[533,1535,1475,1880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,708,1614,1638]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Justification.</emphasis>
|
||
The erection of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[989,1041,1614,1637]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[989,1041,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is justified by significant genetic differentiation from all other major cophyline lineages (see
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1052,1104,1648,1672]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="2.[192,220,1354,1373]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig 1. Stylised representation of the latest phylogeny of the microhylid subfamily Cophylinae. Based on the phylogenetic tree of Tu et al. [20] (reconstructed from a concatenated multi-gene DNA sequence data set) with numerous nomenclatural updates. See that paper for support values and phylogenetic context. The sister species of Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov. is an undescribed candidate species (R. sp. Ca7) that is not included in this phylogeny; its taxonomy will be treated elsewhere. Taxa highlighted in red are those described herein. Inset photos show a selection of the new species described herein, and representatives of the other small-bodied genera, Stumpffia and Anilany. Inset photos are not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614085/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), by the fact that it does not form a monophyletic group with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[917,1020,1683,1707]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[917,1020,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and furthermore by the strong morphological differences (including but not restricted to the much smaller size) to all species of its sister clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[600,771,1752,1776]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Plethodontohyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[600,771,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plethodontohyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The following characters distinguish the genus from all
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Plethodontohyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plethodontohyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, including juveniles: digital reduction of the fingers and toes (vs no reduction), laterally displaced and reduced nasals (vs large nasals situated anterior to frontal), parasphenoid cultriform process shorter than frontoparietals (vs roughly equal in length to the
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" subCaptionStartIDs="11.[1139,1199,1289,1308]" subCaptionStarts="figures" targetBox="[96,1536,211,1242]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[96,1531,1263,1501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,730,1263,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig 6. Osteology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[268,361,1263,1283]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="mum" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[268,361,1263,1283]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mini mum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[365,495,1263,1282]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype (ZSM 861/2014).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g00 6
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[533,1531,1554,1890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
frontoparietals) and considerably narrower than alary processes (vs as wide or wider), vomerine teeth absent (vs present), carpal 2 absent (vs present). Uncorrected p-distances between
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[533,585,1625,1648]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,585,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[637,808,1624,1648]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Plethodontohyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,808,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plethodontohyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
range from 8.3–13.3% in the 3’ fragment of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1275,1380,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
analysed here, and they have been found to be sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[1017,1188,1658,1682]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Plethodontohyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1017,1188,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plethodontohyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all phylogenetic analysis since their first inclusion in genetic datasets [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scherz MD & Vences M & Rakotoarison A & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F" box="[1010,1035,1693,1717]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="372 - 81" part="100" refId="ref23908" refString="15. Scherz MD, Vences M, Rakotoarison A, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2016; 100: 372 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 20 16.04. 0 19 PMID: 270856 71" title="et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">15</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wollenberg KC & Vieites DR & van der Meijden A & Glaw F & Cannatella DC & Vences M." box="[1047,1072,1693,1717]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1890 - 907" part="62" refId="ref24053" refString="17. Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, van der Meijden A, Glaw F, Cannatella DC, Vences M. Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation. Evolution. 2008; 62 (8): 1890 - 907. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00420. x PMID: 18485110" title="Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation" type="journal article" year="2008">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tu N & Yang M & Liang D & Zhang P." box="[1085,1110,1693,1717]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="85 - 91" part="126" refId="ref24267" refString="20. Tu N, Yang M, Liang D, Zhang P. A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2018; 126: 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 201 8.03. 0 36 PMID: 2964958 1" title="A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa" type="journal article" year="2018">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peloso PLV & Raxworthy CJ & Wheeler WC & Frost DR" box="[1122,1147,1693,1717]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="56 - 64" part="111" refId="ref24408" refString="22. Peloso PLV, Raxworthy CJ, Wheeler WC, Frost DR. Nomenclatural stability does not justify recognition of paraphyletic taxa: A response to Scherz et al. (2016). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2017; 111 (2017): 56 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.03. 0 16 PMID: 28336422" title="Nomenclatural stability does not justify recognition of paraphyletic taxa: A response to Scherz et al. (2016)" type="journal article" year="2017">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] (except the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1284,1341,1693,1717]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="Herbarium">DNA</collectionCode>
|
||
barcoding study of Vieites et al. [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vieites DR & Wollenberg KC & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F & Vences M." box="[703,728,1728,1752]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="8267 - 72" part="106" refId="ref25409" refString="40. Vieites DR, Wollenberg KC, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, Vences M. Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2009; 106 (20): 8267 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 08 10821106 PMID: 194168 18" title="Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory" type="journal article" year="2009">40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], where they were placed at the base of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1146,1525,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1146,1307,1728,1752]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Rhombophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhombophryne</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1321,1428,1728,1752]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stumpffia</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw & Crottini" authorityYear="2016" box="[1441,1525,1728,1752]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Anilany" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Metazoa" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anilany</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but that study lacks any resolution at deep nodes, and was not intended to provide phylogenetic hypotheses at deep levels).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[533,1531,1554,1890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,712,1832,1856]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[833,885,1832,1855]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[833,885,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently endemic to low-elevation habitats (
|
||
<quantity box="[1403,1497,1832,1856]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="175.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="0.0">0–350 m</quantity>
|
||
a. s. l.) of southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[751,878,1866,1890]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[893,946,1866,1890]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="8.[461,489,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox="[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig 3. Currently known localities of the new taxa described in this paper. The base map is USGS SRTM 1-Arc second digital elevation model. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614089/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |