treatments-xml/data/03/F2/AF/03F2AF175227FF8FFF0CBA22FB3CA7DC.xml

<document id="5EB92B9948E9EAB26130C4AEA8755511" ID-CLB-Dataset="22849" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4766.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7fa0297c-3296-4d76-a6b4-db78862b142d" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3763465" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A8B9071B-1DA9-436C-BD3D-131E526298E3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1587656389073" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Gautam, Neelam Kumari, Misra, Pawan Kumar, Saxena, Anand Murari &amp; Monks, Scott" docDate="2020" docId="03F2AF175227FF8FFF0CBA22FB3CA7DC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4766.1.7.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4766 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pallisentis thapari Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks 2020, n. sp." docType="treatment" docUuid="294DD60F-1233-47D0-A85E-CDC3B24FABC1" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="144" masterDocId="FFCBD76F5225FF8AFF9BBE3EFFE5A163" masterDocTitle="Description of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. and a re-description of Acanthosentis seenghalae (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae) using morphological and molecular data, with analysis on the validity of the sub-genera of Pallisentis" masterLastPageNumber="156" masterPageNumber="139" pageNumber="141" updateTime="1698835649138" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="3474E8BC365831620E770EEB1CEBEDD5">Description of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. and a re-description of Acanthosentis seenghalae (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae) using morphological and molecular data, with analysis on the validity of the sub-genera of Pallisentis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77F934F7873EFFCAE3B4CA316F715AE7">Gautam, Neelam Kumari</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5B90C9C523615B341444015D25DAA843">Misra, Pawan Kumar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="067254DB26B73112FEC191DFEB28AB51">Saxena, Anand Murari</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="14AC168936C9487A4B3F54AA0EB1DAD6">Monks, Scott</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D0ACA96D5227FF88FF0CBA22FE5BA554" bold="true" box="[151,446,1052,1079]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF0CBA22FE5BA554" bold="true" box="[151,446,1052,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FF0CBA22FE91A554" authority="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks, 2020" authorityName="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,372,1052,1079]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="thapari" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF0CBA22FE91A554" bold="true" box="[151,372,1052,1079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Pallisentis thapari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7F685227FF88FEE0BA23FE5BA554" box="[379,446,1053,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF0CBA7EFE6BA538" blockId="2.[151,942,1052,1143]" box="[151,398,1088,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
(
<figureCitation id="136002845227FF88FF04BA7EFEECA538" box="[159,265,1088,1115]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Figs. 1–8</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="136002845227FF88FEA4BA7EFE63A538" box="[319,390,1088,1115]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1606,1631]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Scanning electron micrographs: 15. Proboscis of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. showing hooks that decrease in size from anterior to posterior rings; 16. Trunk spines of P. thapari n. sp. with optically dense Y-shaped core and conical exterior; 17. Hooked point of a collar spine of P. thapari n. sp; 18. Bursa of a male worm of P. thapari n. sp.; 19. Trunk spines of a specimen of Acanthosentis seenghalae; 20. Proboscis of a male worm of A. seenghalae. Scale bars: 15 = 50 µm; 16, 18 and 19 = 100 µm; 17 = 10 µm; 20 = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763471/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">15–18</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
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294DD60F- 
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D0-A85E-CDC3B24FABC1
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<subSubSection id="C3414D8A5227FF88FF0CBA9FFB74A5D8" box="[151,1169,1184,1211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF0CBA9FFB74A5D8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1184,2039]" box="[151,1169,1184,1211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF0CBA9FFEF1A5D8" bold="true" box="[151,276,1185,1211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<typeStatus id="54E0A0A35227FF88FF0CBA9FFF37A5D8" box="[151,210,1185,1211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Type</typeStatus>
host:
</emphasis>
Spotted snakehead 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FE68BA9EFC87A5D8" authority="(Bloch, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[499,866,1184,1211]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Channidae" genus="Channa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FE68BA9EFD25A5D9" box="[499,704,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Channa punctatus</emphasis>
(Bloch, 1793)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FCEABA9EFC18A5D9" box="[881,1021,1184,1210]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Perciformes</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FB93BA9EFB60A5D8" box="[1032,1157,1184,1211]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Channidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Channidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF5CBAFBFE8CA5BC" bold="true" box="[199,361,1220,1247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<typeStatus id="54E0A0A35227FF88FF5CBAFBFEE7A5BC" box="[199,258,1221,1247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Nabi Panah Pond, Malihabad, Lucknow, 
<collectingRegion id="499FD0E35227FF88FCA7BAFBFC3CA5BD" box="[828,985,1220,1247]" country="India" name="Uttar Pradesh" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Uttar Pradesh</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34C5E915227FF88FC78BAFAFBF8A5BD" box="[995,1053,1220,1246]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">India</collectingCountry>
(
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE6F78C65227FF88FB26BAFBFADAA5BC" box="[1213,1343,1221,1247]" degrees="80.4322" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" precision="5" value="80.4322">80.4322° E</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3414D8A5227FF88FF5CBAD6FE1FA445" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF5CBAD6FBF0A460" blockId="2.[151,1437,1184,2039]" box="[199,1045,1256,1283]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF5CBAD6FE6CA460" bold="true" box="[199,393,1256,1283]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Additional host:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FE0BBAD6FD03A460" authority="(Bloch, 1793)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[400,742,1256,1283]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Channidae" genus="Channa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FE0BBAD6FDA1A461" box="[400,580,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Channa striatus</emphasis>
(Bloch, 1793)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FD6EBAD6FC64A461" box="[757,897,1256,1282]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Perciformes</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FC17BAD6FBECA460" box="[908,1033,1256,1283]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Channidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Channidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF5CBB32FE1FA445" blockId="2.[151,1437,1184,2039]" box="[199,506,1292,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF5CBB32FE6EA444" bold="true" box="[199,395,1292,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Site of infection:</emphasis>
Intestine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF5CBB0EFCD0A4D4" blockId="2.[151,1437,1184,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF5CBB0EFE2EA428" bold="true" box="[199,459,1328,1355]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Specimens deposited:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B33145C5227FF88FE4EBB0EFD4AA40C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608526669" collectionCode="ZSI, GPRC" country="India" county="Patna" location="Gangetic Plane Regional Centre" municipality="Zoological Survey" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" specimenCode="IV-4356a" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54E0A0A35227FF88FE4EBB0EFDD8A429" box="[469,573,1328,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
deposited in 
<location id="8E8448DA5227FF88FD45BB0EFBB0A428" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2AF175227FF8FFF0CBA22FB3CA7DC:8E8448DA5227FF88FD45BB0EFBB0A428" box="[734,1109,1328,1355]" country="India" county="Patna" municipality="Zoological Survey" name="Gangetic Plane Regional Centre" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Gangetic Plane Regional Centre</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B80847B5227FF88FBF8BB0EFAD3A428" box="[1123,1334,1328,1355]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Zoological Survey</collectingMunicipality>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F34C5E915227FF88FAF8BB0EFA78A429" box="[1379,1437,1328,1354]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FF04BB6BFF2BA40C" box="[159,206,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">ZSI</collectionCode>
), 
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, India- male 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FE2EBB6BFE3AA40C" box="[437,479,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">ZSI</collectionCode>
/ 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FE73BB6BFDD6A40C" box="[488,563,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">GPRC</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDB67A5227FF88FDA5BB6AFD4AA40C" box="[574,687,1364,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">IV–4356a</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
and allotype female 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FC02BB6BFC26A40C" box="[921,963,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">ZSI</collectionCode>
/ 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FC57BB6BFBF2A40C" box="[972,1047,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">GPRC</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBFDB67A5227FF88FBB9BB6AFB6CA40C" box="[1058,1161,1364,1391]" collectionCode="IV-" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">IV–4356</specimenCode>
b. 
<typeStatus id="54E0A0A35227FF88FB39BB6BFAEAA40C" box="[1186,1295,1365,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
deposited at the Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, U.P., India- males 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FB61BB47FAC5A4F0" box="[1274,1312,1401,1427]" country="Russia" name="St. Petersburg University" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">LU</collectionCode>
/Z/2019/1– 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FF0CBBA3FF59A4D4" box="[151,188,1437,1463]" country="Russia" name="St. Petersburg University" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">LU</collectionCode>
/Z/2019/07 and females 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FE56BBA3FE16A4D4" box="[461,499,1437,1463]" country="Russia" name="St. Petersburg University" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">LU</collectionCode>
/Z/2019/08– 
<collectionCode id="ED4A86C45227FF88FDE4BBA3FD40A4D4" box="[639,677,1437,1463]" country="Russia" name="St. Petersburg University" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">LU</collectionCode>
/Z/2019/014.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3414D8A5227FF88FF5CBBFFFE77A49C" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF5CBBFFFE77A49C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1184,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF5CBBFFFE30A4B8" bold="true" box="[199,469,1472,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Zoobank Registration:</emphasis>
The Life Science Identifier (LSID) 
<uri id="FFCA12035227FF88FCC0BBFEFE77A49C" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3414D8A5227FF88FF5CB837FB43A725" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF5CB837FB43A725" blockId="2.[151,1437,1184,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF5CB837FEB7A740" bold="true" box="[199,338,1545,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Etymology:</emphasis>
The new species is named in honor of the late Dr. Gobind Singh Thapar, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 
<collectingCountry id="F34C5E915227FF88FD84B812FDBEA725" box="[543,603,1580,1606]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">India</collectingCountry>
, for his outstanding contributions in Helminthology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3414D8A5227FF88FF5CB86EFD47A695" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015227FF88FF5CB86EFD47A695" blockId="2.[151,1437,1184,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FF5CB86EFEA1A708" bold="true" box="[199,324,1616,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FED7B86EFE14A709" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1920" box="[332,497,1616,1642]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="family">Quadrigyridae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FE66B86EFD6AA709" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[509,655,1616,1642]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pallisentinae">Pallisentinae</taxonomicName>
, with characters of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825227FF88FC7AB86EFBB2A709" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[993,1111,1616,1642]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="2" pageNumber="141" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FC7AB86EFBB2A709" box="[993,1111,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">Pallisentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as diagnosed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05227FF88FA80B86EFF00A7EC" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Ha, N. V. &amp; Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N." pageId="2" pageNumber="141" pagination="40 - 50" refId="ref10793" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A., Ha, N. V., Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N. (2000) Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) with erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) veitnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen n. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 40 - 50." type="journal article" year="2000">
Amin 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135227FF88FAF8B86FFA78A709" box="[1379,1437,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
. Worms cylindrical, relatively large sized, range of length of males and females overlapping but mean length of males slightly longer than females. Trunk with Y-shaped spines in rings, with anterior set of 14–17 closely spaced rings of collar spines and posterior set of 14–41 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines; posterior set reaching posteriorly only to mid body. Anterior and posterior sets of trunk spines separated by a narrow region lacking spines. Trunk spines conical with an optically-dense Y-shaped core. Proboscis short, broadly ovoid, wider anteriorly, with 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each, hooks decreasing in size posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle single-walled, with cerebral ganglion located at base. Lemnisci cylindrical, much longer than the receptacle, posterior ends hanging loose in body cavity, about equal in length. In males, testes dollioform-depressed in shape (width to length ratio 1.0:3.3), contiguous and slightly overlapping. Cement gland oblong-very depressed in shape, width to length ratio 1:6, syncytial, about as long as testicular field, containing 23–30 giant nuclei. Cement reservoir and Saefftigen’s pouch present. Parasites of freshwater fishes in 
<collectingCountry id="F34C5E915227FF88FDFAB9E2FD7BA695" box="[609,670,2012,2038]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="141">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3414D8A5226FF89FF5CBEA6FAFAA7DC" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015226FF89FF5CBEA6FABCA1D0" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2014]" box="[199,1369,152,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135226FF89FF5CBEA6FEBEA1D0" bold="true" box="[199,347,152,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Description:</emphasis>
Material examined: seven male and seven female specimens, and two specimens for SEM.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41E015226FF89FF5CBE82FC3BA571" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2014]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">
Male. Worms relatively large in size (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FDF5BE82FD4AA1B4" box="[622,687,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Trunk 4.9–8.0 (6.6) mm long, 420–560 (484) µm a widest point. Anterior part of trunk (about 1/2) (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FD81BEDEFDBFA198" box="[538,602,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) covered with 29–58 rings of tegmental spines, pointing posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FAFFBEDEFF40A07C" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FF41BF3AFF1DA07C" box="[218,248,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1606,1631]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Scanning electron micrographs: 15. Proboscis of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. showing hooks that decrease in size from anterior to posterior rings; 16. Trunk spines of P. thapari n. sp. with optically dense Y-shaped core and conical exterior; 17. Hooked point of a collar spine of P. thapari n. sp; 18. Bursa of a male worm of P. thapari n. sp.; 19. Trunk spines of a specimen of Acanthosentis seenghalae; 20. Proboscis of a male worm of A. seenghalae. Scale bars: 15 = 50 µm; 16, 18 and 19 = 100 µm; 17 = 10 µm; 20 = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763471/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">16</figureCitation>
), number of spines per ring declining in numbers from anterior to posterior. Circles of spines separated into two fields, anterior set composed of 15–17 closely spaced rings, each ring consisting of 12–22 spines, called collar spines, and posterior set of 21–41 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines, each anteriormost ring composed of 12–16 spines (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FEDBBF4EFE16A0E8" box="[320,499,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1606,1631]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Scanning electron micrographs: 15. Proboscis of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. showing hooks that decrease in size from anterior to posterior rings; 16. Trunk spines of P. thapari n. sp. with optically dense Y-shaped core and conical exterior; 17. Hooked point of a collar spine of P. thapari n. sp; 18. Bursa of a male worm of P. thapari n. sp.; 19. Trunk spines of a specimen of Acanthosentis seenghalae; 20. Proboscis of a male worm of A. seenghalae. Scale bars: 15 = 50 µm; 16, 18 and 19 = 100 µm; 17 = 10 µm; 20 = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763471/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 16 and 17</figureCitation>
). Area covered by collar spines 340–800 (457) long. Anterior and posterior groups of spines separated by narrow spine-free zone 100–180 (139) in length. Circles of trunk spines reaching posteriorly only to mid-body, ending anterior to testicular field. Individual spines 40–50 (47) long, 20–40 (30) wide at the base. Proboscis globular, broadly ovoid in shape, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, 230–280 (243) long, 220–260 (241.4) wide anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FD8CBC3EFD67A378" box="[535,642,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 1, 3</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FD20BC3EFD3FA378" box="[699,730,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1606,1631]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Scanning electron micrographs: 15. Proboscis of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. showing hooks that decrease in size from anterior to posterior rings; 16. Trunk spines of P. thapari n. sp. with optically dense Y-shaped core and conical exterior; 17. Hooked point of a collar spine of P. thapari n. sp; 18. Bursa of a male worm of P. thapari n. sp.; 19. Trunk spines of a specimen of Acanthosentis seenghalae; 20. Proboscis of a male worm of A. seenghalae. Scale bars: 15 = 50 µm; 16, 18 and 19 = 100 µm; 17 = 10 µm; 20 = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763471/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">15</figureCitation>
). Proboscis with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FF3BBC1AFF01A35C" box="[160,228,548,575]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Hooks longest in first circle, decreasing in size posteriorly in succeeding rings (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FBE0BC1AFB00A35C" box="[1147,1253,548,575]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 3, 4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FA87BC1AFADEA35C" box="[1308,1339,548,575]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1606,1631]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Scanning electron micrographs: 15. Proboscis of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. showing hooks that decrease in size from anterior to posterior rings; 16. Trunk spines of P. thapari n. sp. with optically dense Y-shaped core and conical exterior; 17. Hooked point of a collar spine of P. thapari n. sp; 18. Bursa of a male worm of P. thapari n. sp.; 19. Trunk spines of a specimen of Acanthosentis seenghalae; 20. Proboscis of a male worm of A. seenghalae. Scale bars: 15 = 50 µm; 16, 18 and 19 = 100 µm; 17 = 10 µm; 20 = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763471/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">15</figureCitation>
). Blades of hooks in anterior circles relatively straight and oriented laterally because of position of insertion point or root; blades increasingly curved posteriorly. Length of hooks from anterior to posterior, 100–130 (112), 80–110 (96), 40–70 (52), 30–50 (34); size ratios anterior to posterior 1.0:0.9:0.5:0.3. Neck short, robust, 150–290 (199) long, 160–290 (213) wide posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle 340–890 (547) long by 130–220 (161) wide. Lemnisci paired, cylindroid, much longer than the receptacle and almost equal sized; right lemniscus 730–2450 (1560) long, 40–60 (52) wide posteriorly, left lemniscus 1200–2450 (1625) long, 40–60 (52) wide. Reproductive system in posterior half of trunk. Testes dollioform-depressed in shape, contiguous with slight overlap. Anterior testis 440–720 (521) long, 140–210 (161) wide; posterior testis 440–730 (53) long, 140–220 (167) wide. Cement gland contiguous with testes, about size of testicular field, 680–1550 (1061) long by 130–240 (180) wide, containing 23–30 nuclei. Cement reservoir contiguous with cement gland, branching posteriorly into two ducts, 550–1070 (824) long, 140–230 (184) wide. Saefftigen’s pouch obdeltoid/very narrowly spatulate in shape, 160–340 (272) long, 130–200 (17) wide anteriorly. Seminal vesicle 400–800 (596) long, 70–140 (104) wide. Gonopore terminal (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FBF6BDEAFB1BA28C" box="[1133,1278,980,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 1 and 2</figureCitation>
). Bursa, when extended (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FE97BDC6FE90A570" box="[268,373,1016,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FE30BDC7FE2CA570" box="[427,457,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1606,1631]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Scanning electron micrographs: 15. Proboscis of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. showing hooks that decrease in size from anterior to posterior rings; 16. Trunk spines of P. thapari n. sp. with optically dense Y-shaped core and conical exterior; 17. Hooked point of a collar spine of P. thapari n. sp; 18. Bursa of a male worm of P. thapari n. sp.; 19. Trunk spines of a specimen of Acanthosentis seenghalae; 20. Proboscis of a male worm of A. seenghalae. Scale bars: 15 = 50 µm; 16, 18 and 19 = 100 µm; 17 = 10 µm; 20 = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763471/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">18</figureCitation>
), 200–300 (183) long and 100–240 (164) wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41E015226FF89FF5CBA22FAFAA7DC" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2014]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">
Female. Worms slightly smaller in size than males (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FC89BA22FCBDA554" box="[786,856,1052,1079]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Trunk 4.0–7.7 (6.3) mm long, 
<quantity id="4CA3B3E45226FF89FB5CBA22FABDA554" box="[1223,1368,1052,1079]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" unit="mm" value="540.0" valueMax="590.0" valueMin="490.0">490–590 µm</quantity>
(503) µm at widest point.Anterior part of trunk (approximately anterior half) (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FC2FBA7EFC13A538" box="[948,1014,1088,1115]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) covered with 30–41 rings of tegmental spines, pointing posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FD9ABA5AFDA0A51C" box="[513,581,1124,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), number of spines per ring declining in number from anterior to posterior. Circles of spines separated into two fields, anterior set composed of 14–15 closely spaced rings, called collar spines, each ring composed of 16–26 spines and posterior set of 14–40 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines, each ring made up of 12–24 spines. Length of trunk covered by collar spines 430–570 (530) long. Spine-free zone narrow 100–190 (147) in length. Circles of trunk spines reaching posteriorly only to mid-body, ending anterior to testicular field. Individual spines 40–51 (48) long, 20–40 (31) wide at the base. Proboscis globular, broadly ovoid in shape, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, 180–260 (213) long, 190–250 (220) wide anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FB02BB02FB3AA434" box="[1177,1247,1340,1367]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Proboscis with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FD12BB5EFD2EA418" box="[649,715,1376,1403]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Hooks longest in first circle, hooks decreasing in size posteriorly in succeeding rings (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FEE5BBBAFE28A4FC" box="[382,461,1412,1439]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
). Blades of hooks in anterior circles relatively straight and oriented laterally because of position of insertion point or root; blades increasingly curved posteriorly. Length of hooks of proboscis of 
<typeStatus id="54E0A0A35226FF89FAA5BB97FA79A4A0" box="[1342,1436,1449,1475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
female, from anterior to posterior, 140, 120, 70, 40; size ratios anterior to posterior 1.0:0.9:0.5:0.3. Neck short, robust, 170–460 (296) long, 160–240 (197) wide posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle 440–840 (643) long, 80–250 (173) wide. Lemnisci paired, cylindroid, much longer than the receptacle and equal in size, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE6F78C65226FF89FB80B82AFBB2A74D" box="[1051,1111,1556,1582]" degrees="1,600" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" precision="55" value="1.6">1,600</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6F78C65226FF89FBCCB82AFB41A74D" box="[1111,1188,1556,1582]" degrees="2,600" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" precision="55" value="-2.6">–2,600</geoCoordinate>
(2,110 ± 500.0) long, 40–60 (53) wide posteriorly. Reproductive system in posterior end of trunk, uterine bell cylindrical shaped, 240–330 (280) long and 50–110 (78) wide (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FD8EB862FDBCA714" box="[533,601,1628,1655]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Uterus 50–260 (110) long, 30–110 (63) wide. Vagina 30–90 (53.3 ± 20.7) long, 30–50 (38.3 ± 9.8) wide. Ovarian balls present in some females, 40–80 (59) long, 20–60 (41) wide. Eggs 15–20 (18) long, 10–10 wide (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FE02B89AFE3FA7DC" box="[409,474,1700,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) (width to length ratio about 2:3). Gonopore ventro-terminal (
<figureCitation id="136002845226FF89FB1AB89AFAF7A7DC" box="[1153,1298,1700,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Figs. 6 and 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3414D8A5226FF8FFF5CB8F7FB3CA7DC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015226FF89FF5CB8F7FE51A6BD" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2014]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135226FF89FF5CB8F7FED8A780" bold="true" box="[199,317,1737,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Remarks:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05226FF89FEDAB8F6FDEBA780" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Ha, N. V. &amp; Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N." box="[321,526,1736,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" pagination="40 - 50" refId="ref10793" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A., Ha, N. V., Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N. (2000) Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) with erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) veitnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen n. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 40 - 50." type="journal article" year="2000">
Amin 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135226FF89FE1CB8F7FE5BA781" box="[391,446,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
re-described 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825226FF89FD38B8F6FCFCA781" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[675,793,1736,1762]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135226FF89FD38B8F6FCFCA781" box="[675,793,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Pallisentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and provided a more detailed diagnosis for the genus. The new species is placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825226FF89FE34B8D2FDC0A665" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[431,549,1772,1798]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="3" pageNumber="142" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135226FF89FE34B8D2FDC0A665" box="[431,549,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="142">Pallisentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it has an anterior set of closely arranged rings of collar spines (15–17 rings) and a posterior set of more widely spaced rings of trunk spines (14–41) separated from the collar spines by a region lacking spines. Giant hypodermal nuclei are present in the trunk wall, the proboscis is broadly ovoid in shape with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks in each, and the proboscis receptacle is single-walled with the cerebral ganglion located near the base. The lemnisci are much longer than the receptacle, and the syncytial cement gland is long (about as long as the testicular field) with many giant nuclei. The new species is placed in this genus because it shares these characters.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF244E895221FF8EFF0CB975FE81A6B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="143" startId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" targetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BE41E015221FF8EFF0CB975FE81A6B3" blockId="4.[151,1436,1867,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFF0CB975FEDEA607" bold="true" box="[151,315,1867,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">FIGURES 1–8.</emphasis>
Drawing of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825221FF8EFDD7B972FCECA607" authority="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks, 2020" authorityName="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks" authorityYear="2020" box="[588,777,1868,1892]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="4" pageNumber="143" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="thapari" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFDD7B972FCECA607" box="[588,777,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">Pallisentis thapari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFC8BB972FCAFA607" bold="true" box="[784,842,1868,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7F685221FF8EFC8BB972FCAFA607" box="[784,842,1868,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFCC3B975FC8EA607" bold="true" box="[856,875,1867,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">1.</emphasis>
Male worm; 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFC6CB975FBEFA607" bold="true" box="[1015,1034,1867,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">2.</emphasis>
Posterior part of male; 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFB65B975FAF4A607" bold="true" box="[1278,1297,1867,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">3.</emphasis>
Proboscis; 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFA12B975FA79A607" bold="true" box="[1417,1436,1867,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">4.</emphasis>
Hooks of the proboscis; 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFE0DB94EFE4CA6EB" bold="true" box="[406,425,1904,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">5.</emphasis>
Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFC49B951FC00A6EB" bold="true" box="[978,997,1903,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">6.</emphasis>
Female worm containing ovarian balls; 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFA12B94EFA79A6EB" bold="true" box="[1417,1436,1904,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">7.</emphasis>
Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135221FF8EFCC1B9ADFC88A6CF" bold="true" box="[858,877,1939,1964]" pageId="4" pageNumber="143">8.</emphasis>
Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE41E015220FF8FFF5CBEA7FD20A004" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
If the subgenera of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFE39BEA7FDFDA1D0" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[418,536,153,179]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE39BEA7FDFDA1D0" box="[418,536,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">Pallisentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
established by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFD5FBEA7FC70A1D0" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Ha, N. V. &amp; Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N." box="[708,917,153,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="40 - 50" refId="ref10793" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A., Ha, N. V., Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N. (2000) Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) with erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) veitnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen n. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 40 - 50." type="journal article" year="2000">
Amin 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC90BEA4FCD9A1D0" box="[779,828,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al</emphasis>
. (2000)
</bibRefCitation>
is accepted, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFBBDBEA4FB71A1D0" authority="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks, 2020" authorityName="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks" authorityYear="2020" box="[1062,1172,153,179]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="thapari" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFBBDBEA4FB71A1D0" box="[1062,1172,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. thapari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFB00BEA7FB3FA1D0" bold="true" box="[1179,1242,153,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7F685220FF8FFB00BEA7FB3FA1D0" box="[1179,1242,153,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is similar to species previously assigned to the subgenus 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDFCBE80FD99A1B4" box="[615,636,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFD17BE83FCEEA1B4" box="[652,779,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFD17BE83FCE6A1B4" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[652,771,189,215]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">Pallisentis</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFC89BE83FAF7A1B4" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Ha, N. V. &amp; Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N." box="[786,1298,189,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="40 - 50" refId="ref10793" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A., Ha, N. V., Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N. (2000) Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) with erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) veitnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen n. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 40 - 50." type="journal article" year="2000">Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc, and Doanh, 2000</bibRefCitation>
because the longest hooks are in first circle and the hooks of succeeding circles decrease in size posteriorly (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFB57BEDFFA74A198" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Ha, N. V. &amp; Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N." box="[1228,1425,225,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="40 - 50" refId="ref10793" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A., Ha, N. V., Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N. (2000) Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) with erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) veitnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen n. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 40 - 50." type="journal article" year="2000">
Amin 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFA8EBEDCFAA8A198" box="[1301,1357,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
). The new species can be distinguished from all known species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFCF5BF3BFC01A07C" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[878,996,261,287]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFCF5BF3BFC01A07C" box="[878,996,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">Pallisentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the trunk spines do not extend to the posterior end of either sex, the proboscis hooks in first circles are more than 100 long, and the average length of the proboscis receptacle is more than 500 long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41E015220FF8FFF5CBF4FFD32A2E0" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFF5CBF4FFE70A0E8" authority="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks, 2020" authorityName="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks" authorityYear="2020" box="[199,405,369,395]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="thapari" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFF5CBF4FFE70A0E8" box="[199,405,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">Pallisentis thapari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE07BF4FFE3CA0E8" bold="true" box="[412,473,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7F685220FF8FFE07BF4FFE3CA0E8" box="[412,473,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is most similar in form to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFD60BF4CFB80A0E8" authority="Gupta and Gupta, 1979" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[763,1125,369,395]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFD60BF4CFCBCA0E8" box="[763,857,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFCFBBF4FFB80A0E8" author="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Gupta, R. C." box="[864,1125,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="135 - 156" refId="ref13139" refString="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Gupta, R. C. (1979) On six new acanthocephalan parasites from marine fishes of Arabian Sea, at Quilon, Kerala. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 31, 135 - 156." type="journal article" year="1979">Gupta and Gupta, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
); the length of the first hook in both is about 100, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFE2BBFA8FDEAA0CC" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[432,527,405,431]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE2BBFA8FDEAA0CC" box="[432,527,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reported to have conical trunk spines and the new species has spines with a Yshaped core (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFEB0BF87FDFBA0B0" author="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Gupta, R. C." box="[299,542,441,467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="135 - 156" refId="ref13139" refString="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Gupta, R. C. (1979) On six new acanthocephalan parasites from marine fishes of Arabian Sea, at Quilon, Kerala. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 31, 135 - 156." type="journal article" year="1979">Gupta &amp; Gupta 1979</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDCBBF84FD52A0B0" box="[592,695,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFDCBBF84FD56A0B0" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[592,691,441,467]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">P. clupei</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the number of circles of collar spines (12–13 circles in males and 
<quantity id="4CA3B3E45220FF8FFF0CBFE3FF1EA094" box="[151,251,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.429" metricValueMax="3.556" metricValueMin="3.302" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="13.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="13.0">13–14 in</quantity>
females) is similar bit less than that of the new species (
<quantity id="4CA3B3E45220FF8FFCE0BFE2FC3AA094" box="[891,991,476,503]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.064" metricValueMax="4.318" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="16.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="15.0">15–17 in</quantity>
males and 
<quantity id="4CA3B3E45220FF8FFBFBBFE2FB21A094" box="[1120,1220,476,503]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.683" metricValueMax="3.81" metricValueMin="3.556" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="14.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="14.0">14–15 in</quantity>
females), although the number of spines per circle in males of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFDE0BC3CFD3FA378" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[635,730,513,539]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDE0BC3CFD3FA378" box="[635,730,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlaps with that of the new species (14–20 spines vs. 12–22, respectively). The number of circles of trunk spines in males in both species overlaps (
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFBF4BC18FB2AA35C" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[1135,1231,549,575]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFBF4BC18FB2AA35C" box="[1135,1231,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
28–30; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFAB6BC18FA79A35C" authority="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks, 2020" authorityName="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks" authorityYear="2020" box="[1325,1436,549,575]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="thapari" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFAB6BC18FA79A35C" box="[1325,1436,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. thapari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFF0CBC77FF32A300" bold="true" box="[151,215,585,611]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7F685220FF8FFF0CBC77FF32A300" box="[151,215,585,611]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
21–41), but the number of circles of trunk spines in females of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFC29BC74FBF6A300" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[946,1043,585,611]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC29BC74FBF6A300" box="[946,1043,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(61) is greater than for females of the new species (14–40). The number of trunk spines in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFC8FBC50FC91A3E4" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[788,884,621,647]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC8FBC50FC91A3E4" box="[788,884,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and that of the new species also overlaps (males 8–16; females 10–16 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE15BCACFE40A3C8" box="[398,421,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">vs</emphasis>
. males 12–16; females 12–24, respectively). Additionally, the new species can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFEAEBC88FE73A3AC" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[309,406,693,719]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFEAEBC88FE73A3AC" box="[309,406,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that the trunk spines of the new species extend only to mid-body but they extend to the posterior end in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFED6BCE4FE49A390" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[333,428,729,755]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFED6BCE4FE49A390" box="[333,428,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The number of spines in each circle of trunk spines in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFB8EBCE4FB91A390" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[1045,1140,729,755]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFB8EBCE4FB91A390" box="[1045,1140,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CA3B3E45220FF8FFB18BCE7FB3CA390" box="[1155,1241,729,755]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="12.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="8.0">8–16 in</quantity>
males and 
<quantity id="4CA3B3E45220FF8FFACDBCE7FF48A274" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="13.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="10.0">10–16 in</quantity>
females) is less than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFE25BCC0FDC9A274" authority="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks, 2020" authorityName="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks" authorityYear="2020" box="[446,556,765,791]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="thapari" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE25BCC0FDC9A274" box="[446,556,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. thapari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDAFBCC3FD96A274" bold="true" box="[564,627,765,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7F685220FF8FFDAFBCC3FD96A274" box="[564,627,765,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<quantity id="4CA3B3E45220FF8FFD18BCC3FD0DA274" box="[643,744,765,791]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="3.048" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="14.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="12.0">12–16 in</quantity>
males and 12–24) in females, although there is some overlap in range. Finally, in males, the size and position of testes and the size of the cement gland are similar in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFAA0BD1CFA79A258" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[1339,1436,801,827]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFAA0BD1CFA79A258" box="[1339,1436,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1390–1550 long) and the new species (680–1550 long), but in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFCFDBD78FC23A23C" authorityName="Gupta and Gupta" authorityYear="1979" box="[870,966,837,863]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="clupei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFCFDBD78FC23A23C" box="[870,966,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. clupei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there are 9–16 giant nuclei in the cement gland and that of the new species has 23–30 nuclei.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41E015220FF8FFF5CBDB3FE3EA51C" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
Seven species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFE12BDB3FE1AA2C4" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[393,511,909,935]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE12BDB3FE1AA2C4" box="[393,511,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">Pallisentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported to have spines that are Y-shaped (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFBC2BDB3FAF8A2C4" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Ha, N. V. &amp; Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N." box="[1113,1309,909,935]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="40 - 50" refId="ref10793" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A., Ha, N. V., Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N. (2000) Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) with erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) veitnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen n. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 40 - 50." type="journal article" year="2000">
Amin 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFB39BDB0FB3FA2C4" box="[1186,1242,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFAB3BDB3FF1DA2A8" author="Gautam, N. K. &amp; Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="71 - 85" refId="ref12584" refString="Gautam, N. K., Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M. (2019) Four new species of the genus Pallisentis (Quadrigyridae, Van Cleave, 1920) from freshwater fish in Uttar Pradesh, India. Acta Parasitologica, 64, 71 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11686 - 018 - 00010 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">
Gautam 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFA13BDB0FF51A2A8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
): 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFE90BD8CFDEAA2A8" authority="Farooqi, 1958" authorityName="Farooqi" authorityYear="1958" box="[267,527,944,971]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="basiri">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE90BD8CFE8DA2A8" box="[267,360,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. basiri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFEF4BD8FFDEAA2A8" author="Farooqi, H. U." box="[367,527,944,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="457 - 464" refId="ref12284" refString="Farooqi, H. U. (1958) A new species of the genus Pallisentis from a fresh-water eel. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 18, 457 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00260248" type="journal article" year="1958">Farooqi, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFD80BD8CFC7FA2A8" authority="Gupta and Verma, 1980" authorityName="Gupta and Verma" authorityYear="1980" box="[539,922,945,971]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="cavasii">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFD80BD8CFD63A2A8" box="[539,646,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. cavasii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFD16BD8FFC7FA2A8" author="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Verma, S. L." box="[653,922,945,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="269 - 282" refId="ref13183" refString="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Verma, S. L. (1980) On three new Acanthocephala parasites of the genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 from freshwater fishes of Lucknow. Helminthologia, 17, 269 - 282." type="journal article" year="1980">Gupta and Verma, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFC3EBD8CFAC8A2A8" authority="Gupta and Verma, 1980" authorityName="Gupta and Verma" authorityYear="1980" box="[933,1325,945,971]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC3EBD8CFBFFA2A8" box="[933,1050,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. fasciata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFBBABD8FFAC8A2A8" author="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Verma, S. L." box="[1057,1325,945,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="269 - 282" refId="ref13183" refString="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Verma, S. L. (1980) On three new Acanthocephala parasites of the genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 from freshwater fishes of Lucknow. Helminthologia, 17, 269 - 282." type="journal article" year="1980">Gupta and Verma, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFAA2BD8CFE41A28C" authority="Gupta and Fatma, 1986" authorityName="Gupta and Fatma" authorityYear="1986" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="guptai">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFAA2BD8CFA78A2A8" box="[1337,1437,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. guptai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFF0CBDEBFE41A28C" author="Gupta, V. &amp; Fatma, S." box="[151,420,981,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="137 - 148" refId="ref13226" refString="Gupta, V. &amp; Fatma, S. (1986) Three acanthocephalan parasites of amphibian and mammalian hosts from Lucknow. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 37, 137 - 148." type="journal article" year="1986">Gupta and Fatma, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFE2ABDE8FCEBA28C" authority="Mithal and Lai, 1981" authorityName="Mithal and Lai" authorityYear="1981" box="[433,782,981,1007]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE2ABDE8FDF6A28C" box="[433,531,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. indica</emphasis>
Mithal and Lai, 1981
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFC81BDE8FB7EA28C" authority="Gupta and Fatma, 1986" authorityName="Gupta and Fatma" authorityYear="1986" box="[794,1179,981,1007]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="mehrai">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC81BDE8FC63A28C" box="[794,902,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. mehrai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFC15BDEBFB7EA28C" author="Gupta, V. &amp; Fatma, S." box="[910,1179,981,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="137 - 148" refId="ref13226" refString="Gupta, V. &amp; Fatma, S. (1986) Three acanthocephalan parasites of amphibian and mammalian hosts from Lucknow. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 37, 137 - 148." type="journal article" year="1986">Gupta and Fatma, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFB33BDE8FA72A28C" authority="Rai, 1967" authorityName="Rai" authorityYear="1967" box="[1192,1431,981,1007]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="panadei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFB33BDE8FAFBA28C" box="[1192,1310,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. panadei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFABCBDEBFA72A28C" author="Rai, P." box="[1319,1431,981,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="27 - 44" refId="ref14142" refString="Rai, P. (1967) On four Acanthocephalan parasite in fresh water fishes with a description of 3 new species. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 19, 27 - 44." type="journal article" year="1967">Rai, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFF5DBDC4FD07A570" authority="Gautam, Misra, and Saxena, 2019" authorityName="Gautam, Misra, and Saxena" authorityYear="2019" box="[198,738,1017,1043]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="unnaoensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFF5DBDC4FE85A570" box="[198,352,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. unnaoensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFEFCBDC7FD07A570" author="Gautam, N. K. &amp; Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M." box="[359,738,1017,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="71 - 85" refId="ref12584" refString="Gautam, N. K., Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M. (2019) Four new species of the genus Pallisentis (Quadrigyridae, Van Cleave, 1920) from freshwater fish in Uttar Pradesh, India. Acta Parasitologica, 64, 71 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11686 - 018 - 00010 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">Gautam, Misra, and Saxena, 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFD6BBDC7FC6EA570" author="Farooqi, H. U." box="[752,907,1016,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="457 - 464" refId="ref12284" refString="Farooqi, H. U. (1958) A new species of the genus Pallisentis from a fresh-water eel. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 18, 457 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00260248" type="journal article" year="1958">Farooqi 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFC0CBDC7FC1AA570" author="Rai, P." box="[919,1023,1017,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="27 - 44" refId="ref14142" refString="Rai, P. (1967) On four Acanthocephalan parasite in fresh water fishes with a description of 3 new species. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 19, 27 - 44." type="journal article" year="1967">Rai 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFB90BDC7FB18A570" author="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Verma, S. L." box="[1035,1277,1017,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="269 - 282" refId="ref13183" refString="Gupta, S. P. &amp; Verma, S. L. (1980) On three new Acanthocephala parasites of the genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 from freshwater fishes of Lucknow. Helminthologia, 17, 269 - 282." type="journal article" year="1980">Gupta &amp; Verma 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFA92BDC7FF37A554" author="Mithal, R. P. &amp; Lal, S. S." pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="165 - 175" refId="ref13702" refString="Mithal, R. P. &amp; Lal, S. S. (1981) Two new Acanthocephalan worms Pallisentis croftoni n. sp. and P. indicus n. sp. from fresh water fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus. Indian Journal of Zoology, 17, 165 - 175." type="journal article" year="1981">Mithal &amp; Lal 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFF45BA23FE28A554" author="Gupta, V. &amp; Fatma, S." box="[222,461,1053,1079]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="137 - 148" refId="ref13226" refString="Gupta, V. &amp; Fatma, S. (1986) Three acanthocephalan parasites of amphibian and mammalian hosts from Lucknow. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 37, 137 - 148." type="journal article" year="1986">Gupta &amp; Fatma 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFE43BA23FD56A554" author="Gautam, N. K. &amp; Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M." box="[472,691,1053,1079]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="71 - 85" refId="ref12584" refString="Gautam, N. K., Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M. (2019) Four new species of the genus Pallisentis (Quadrigyridae, Van Cleave, 1920) from freshwater fish in Uttar Pradesh, India. Acta Parasitologica, 64, 71 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11686 - 018 - 00010 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">
Gautam 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDACBA20FD8AA554" box="[567,623,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
). In some species the spines are more flattened and evidence of the Y-shape core can be seen externally (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFDACBA7FFCF0A538" author="Gautam, N. K. &amp; Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M." box="[567,789,1089,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="71 - 85" refId="ref12584" refString="Gautam, N. K., Misra, P. K. &amp; Saxena, A. M. (2019) Four new species of the genus Pallisentis (Quadrigyridae, Van Cleave, 1920) from freshwater fish in Uttar Pradesh, India. Acta Parasitologica, 64, 71 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11686 - 018 - 00010 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">
Gautam 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFD02BA7CFD34A538" box="[665,721,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
). In the new species the spines are conical but with the Yshaped core (
<figureCitation id="136002845220FF8FFEB0BA5BFE9CA51C" box="[299,377,1124,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1867,1892]" captionTargetBox="[171,1408,191,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Drawing of specimens of Pallisentis thapari n. sp.: 1. Male worm; 2. Posterior part of male; 3. Proboscis; 4. Hooks of the proboscis; 5. Trunk spines with optically dense Y-shaped core; 6. Female worm containing ovarian balls; 7. Posterior end and gonopore with ovarian balls shown in uterine bell; 8. Eggs. Scale bars: 1, 2 and 6 = 1.0 mm; 3, 4, 5 and 7 = 100 µm; 8 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763467/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="136002845220FF8FFE34BA5BFE2BA51C" box="[431,462,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1606,1631]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Scanning electron micrographs: 15. Proboscis of Pallisentis thapari n. sp. showing hooks that decrease in size from anterior to posterior rings; 16. Trunk spines of P. thapari n. sp. with optically dense Y-shaped core and conical exterior; 17. Hooked point of a collar spine of P. thapari n. sp; 18. Bursa of a male worm of P. thapari n. sp.; 19. Trunk spines of a specimen of Acanthosentis seenghalae; 20. Proboscis of a male worm of A. seenghalae. Scale bars: 15 = 50 µm; 16, 18 and 19 = 100 µm; 17 = 10 µm; 20 = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3763471/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41E015220FF8FFF5CBAB7FB3CA7DC" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
Comparisons among species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFDABBAB7FD43A5C0" authorityName="Van Cleave" authorityYear="1928" box="[560,678,1161,1187]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDABBAB7FD43A5C0" box="[560,678,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">Pallisentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are difficult because many of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0A0A35220FF8FFBB7BAB7FBB9A5C0" box="[1068,1116,1161,1187]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">type</typeStatus>
specimens are not available and one must rely on descriptions in the literature. However, the new species can be distinguished from the abovementioned species by various features. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFDD2BAEFFCF3A588" authority="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks, 2020" authorityName="Gautam &amp; Misra &amp; Saxena &amp; Monks" authorityYear="2020" box="[585,790,1233,1259]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="thapari" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDD2BAEFFCF3A588" box="[585,790,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">Pallisentis thapari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC86BAEFFCBFA588" bold="true" box="[797,858,1233,1259]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C7F685220FF8FFC86BAEFFCBFA588" box="[797,858,1233,1259]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is larger than 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC6EBAECFB3BA588" box="[1013,1246,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFC6EBAECFB84A588" authorityName="Gupta and Verma" authorityYear="1980" box="[1013,1121,1234,1259]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="cavasii">P. cavasii</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFBF0BAECFB3BA588" authorityName="Gupta and Verma" authorityYear="1980" box="[1131,1246,1233,1259]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="fasciata">P. fasciata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFA83BAECFF50A46C" authorityName="Gautam, Misra, and Saxena" authorityYear="2019" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="unnaoensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFA83BAECFF50A46C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. unnaoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(4.9–8.0 mm vs. 2.1–3.0, 2.9–4.0, and 3.4–4.4, respectively) and the new species has more nuclei in the cement gland (23–30 vs. 6–8, 8–10, and 7–8, respectively), and the proboscis hooks of the first row of the new species are longer (100–130) than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFE62BB00FD86A434" authorityName="Gupta and Verma" authorityYear="1980" box="[505,611,1342,1367]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="cavasii">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFE62BB00FD86A434" box="[505,611,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. cavasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(50–51), 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFD4ABB00FCA3A434" authorityName="Gupta and Verma" authorityYear="1980" box="[721,838,1341,1367]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFD4ABB00FCA3A434" box="[721,838,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(60–70), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFC79BB00FBBDA434" authorityName="Rai" authorityYear="1967" box="[994,1112,1341,1367]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="panadei">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC79BB00FBBDA434" box="[994,1112,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. panadei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(70–50) and they are shorter than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFEB4BB5CFE2DA418" authorityName="Gautam, Misra, and Saxena" authorityYear="2019" box="[303,456,1378,1403]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="unnaoensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFEB4BB5CFE2DA418" box="[303,456,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. unnaoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(220). The hooks in the first row of the new species and those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFB33BB5CFAE1A418" authorityName="Farooqi" authorityYear="1958" box="[1192,1284,1377,1403]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="basiri">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFB33BB5CFAE1A418" box="[1192,1284,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. basiri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are about the same size (approximately 100), but the roots of the hooks of the new species are elongate and those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFA8DBBB8FA96A4FC" authorityName="Farooqi" authorityYear="1958" box="[1302,1395,1413,1439]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="basiri">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFA8DBBB8FA96A4FC" box="[1302,1395,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. basiri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are described as being knob-like (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFE78BB97FD40A4A0" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Ha, N. V. &amp; Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N." box="[483,677,1449,1475]" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="40 - 50" refId="ref10793" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A., Ha, N. V., Luc, P. V. &amp; Doanh, P. N. (2000) Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) with erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) veitnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen n. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 40 - 50." type="journal article" year="2000">
Amin 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFDB0BB94FD87A4A0" box="[555,610,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
). The cement gland of males of the new species is longer than that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFF0CBBF0FF1FA484" authorityName="Gupta and Fatma" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,250,1486,1511]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="guptai">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFF0CBBF0FF1FA484" box="[151,250,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. guptai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(680–1550 vs. 500–580, respectively) and the number of nuclei is greater (28–30 vs. 10–12, respectively). Males of the new species have more nuclei in the cement gland than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFC77BBCCFBA8A768" authorityName="Mithal and Lai" authorityYear="1981" box="[1004,1101,1521,1547]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFC77BBCCFBA8A768" box="[1004,1101,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(23–30 vs. 9–18) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA63F05220FF8FFA86BBCFFF04A74C" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Zargar, U. R." pageId="5" pageNumber="144" pagination="458 - 470" refId="ref11023" refString="Amin, O. M., Heckmann, R. A. &amp; Zargar, U. R. (2017 a) Description of a New Quadrigyrid Acanthocephalan from Kashmir, with Notes on Metal Analysis and Histopathology, and a Key to Species of the Subgenus Acanthosentis from the Indian Subcontinent. Journal of Parasitology, 103, 458 - 470. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / 17 - 27" type="journal article" year="2017">
Amin 
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFAFEBBCCFA78A768" box="[1381,1437,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2017a
</bibRefCitation>
). The trunk spines of the new species reach posteriorly only to about mid-body but those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFB4FB828FADBA74C" authorityName="Gupta and Fatma" authorityYear="1986" box="[1236,1342,1557,1583]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="mehrai">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFB4FB828FADBA74C" box="[1236,1342,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. mehrai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reach to the posterior end in both males and females. Finally, in results of the molecular analysis, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFBE6B804FAF2A730" authorityName="Gautam, Misra, and Saxena" authorityYear="2019" box="[1149,1303,1594,1619]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="unnaoensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFBE6B804FAF2A730" box="[1149,1303,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. unnaoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the sister taxa to the clade comprised of the three specimens of the new species. The new species is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B65825220FF8FFB73B860FA65A714" authorityName="Gautam, Misra, and Saxena" authorityYear="2019" box="[1256,1408,1630,1655]" class="Eoacanthocephala" family="Quadrigyridae" genus="Pallisentis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gyracanthocephala" pageId="5" pageNumber="144" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="unnaoensis">
<emphasis id="B92FC2135220FF8FFB73B860FA65A714" box="[1256,1408,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="144">P. unnaoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the number of rings and spines per ring of collar and trunk spines, but the cement gland is longer in the new species (680–1550 vs. 380–520) and the number of nuclei in the cement gland is greater (23–30 vs. 7–8).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>