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<document id="DAECC7D905B441961C6F2F1256F57D0E" ID-CLB-Dataset="22516" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4685.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="77e441b5-2bdc-4c26-b6fc-b007d8d9ca25" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3772829" ID-ZooBank="5A946337-6921-45CB-B6F8-F64BC48F2D5A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588058821214" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lobato-Vila, Irene &amp; Pujade-Villar, Juli" docDate="2019" docId="03E287CBB222FF91F3D0877BFD0EFE12" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4685.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4685 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Buffingtonella Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2019, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFDBFFB3B22BFF9BF347856CFF91FFDD" masterDocTitle="Revision of world Ceroptresini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) with the description of a new genus and five new species" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698837771968" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="879D7DE08B33E0C318090A15EA064DEF">Revision of world Ceroptresini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) with the description of a new genus and five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="14416A0659D091468E225847E64AEF9D">Lobato-Vila, Irene</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F7D2E0F6EA959F5D1544E1D635E7251E">Pujade-Villar, Juli</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FF4E4F0A5896C35D03CAEFF55E016BD4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EEBDDC9D3F0576A6349F8DA629B9D4CA">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="302BB0D9041DD06CB15342F889A1FA0C">2019-10-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4302D945900EE53F51C7622954453781">4685</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="66C185AEAEF49E894496B9DF18CD21D5">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="F79E3FC154F8FA954C3E2FC9C518F20F" type="CLB-Dataset">22516</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A9A9B8D718FD5B33A8108F8C22D43AE2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4685.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E287CBB222FF91F3D0877BFD0EFE12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3797545" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163830186" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3797545" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287CBB222FF91F3D0877BFD0EFE12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E287CBB222FF91F3D0877BFD0EFE12" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="C3516556B222FF92F3D0877BFCBDFDEF" box="[151,812,535,562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F3D0877BFCBDFDEF" blockId="9.[151,993,535,634]" box="[151,812,535,562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0BC81B1B222FF92F3D0877BFCBDFDEF" bold="true" box="[151,812,535,562]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F3D0877BFCBDFDEF" bold="true" box="[151,812,535,562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F3D0877BFD27FDEC" authority="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,694,535,562]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F3D0877BFED9FDEF" bold="true" box="[151,328,535,562]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57B4B222FF92F1F98774FCBDFDEF" box="[702,812,536,562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516556B222FF92F3D08757FC70FDA7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F3D08757FE99FD8B" blockId="9.[151,993,535,634]" box="[151,264,571,598]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
(
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F3D88757FE91FD8B" box="[159,256,571,598]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F3D08733FC70FDA7" blockId="9.[151,993,535,634]" box="[151,993,607,634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<uri id="FFDA3ADFB222FF92F3D08733FC70FDA7" box="[151,993,607,634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FFED0C08B222FF92F2EF8733FC70FDA7" box="[424,993,607,634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B76257BC-095D-43AA-95C8-1DA2ADF3FEFD</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516556B222FF92F3D087F1FB9AFD6B" box="[151,1035,668,694]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F3D087F1FB9AFD6B" blockId="9.[151,1035,668,694]" box="[151,1035,668,694]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F3D087F1FEB2FD68" bold="true" box="[151,291,668,693]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="54F0887FB222FF92F3D087F1FF5DFD68" box="[151,204,669,693]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F26D87F2FDEEFD68" authority="Ashmead, 1896" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" box="[298,639,668,693]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F26D87F2FE48FD68" box="[298,473,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres politus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B2CB222FF92F29A87F0FDEEFD68" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[477,639,668,693]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="179 - 234" refId="ref55364" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1896) Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 23 (2), 179 - 234." type="journal article" year="1896">Ashmead, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by present designation and monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516556B222FF92F3D087B1FE16FCBC" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F3D087B1FEAFFCE0" blockId="9.[151,1437,732,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F3D087B1FE8FFD2A" bold="true" box="[151,286,733,759]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named in honor of Dr. Matthew L. Buffington (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
<collectingRegion id="498FF83FB222FF92F1C4866CFCD4FCC7" box="[643,837,768,794]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Washington D.C.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35C764DB222FF92F016866CFC1CFCC7" box="[849,909,768,794]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
), who has widely contributed to the knowledge of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F3F1864FFEAAFCE0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[182,315,803,829]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Cynipoidea">Cynipoidea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F380862AFE16FCBC" blockId="9.[151,1437,732,2036]" box="[199,391,838,865]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F380862AFEB7FCBC" bold="true" box="[199,294,838,865]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gender.</emphasis>
Female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516556B222FF92F3808605FEACFB19" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F3808605FEACFB19" blockId="9.[151,1437,732,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F3808605FED3FC59" bold="true" box="[199,322,873,900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F20B8606FE7DFC59" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[332,492,874,900]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F20B8606FE7DFC59" box="[332,492,874,900]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F1CD8607FD69FC58" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[650,760,875,901]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F1CD8607FD69FC58" box="[650,760,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the total absence of vertical carinae on the lower face running from the inner ventral margin of the toruli, and by the absence of a pubescent depressed area more or less extending between or below the toruli (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F11786DDFD33FC16" box="[592,674,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2e</figureCitation>
), whereas a depressed area is always present, even if the carinae are very short or almost absent, in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F2AB86B9FDCBFC32" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[492,602,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F2AB86B9FDCBFC32" box="[492,602,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for example,
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F1BB86B9FCE9FC32" box="[764,888,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,947]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,174,948]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Ceroptres cerri a) head in anterior view, b) mesosoma in lateral view and c) metasoma in lateral view; C. clavicornis d) head in anterior view, e) mesosoma in lateral view and f) metasoma in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772858/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 11a, d</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F0C486B9FC3EFC32" box="[899,943,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1442,1467]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,337,1422]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ceroptres junquerasi sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) propodeum; f) female metasoma in lateral view; g) mesosoma in lateral view; h) mesosoma in dorsal view; i) tarsal claws." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772860/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">12a</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F0FE86B9FC75FC32" box="[953,996,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1719,1744]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1700]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,265,1700]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 13. Ceroptres lenis sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in lateral view; d) propodeum; e) female antenna; f) tarsal claws; g) mesosoma in dorsal view; h) female metasoma in lateral view; i) radial cell of the forewing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772862/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">13a</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F0B786B9FB8AFC32" box="[1008,1051,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1939,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,166,1882]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 14. Ceroptres mexicanus sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) mesosoma in lateral view; e) female metasoma in lateral view; f) propodeum; g) tarsal claws; h) female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772864/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">14a</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F76186B8FBC0FC32" box="[1062,1105,980,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1910,1935]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1436,445,1890]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Ceroptres nigricrus sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in lateral view; d) mesosoma in dorsal view; e) female antenna; f) radial cell of the forewing; g) propodeum; h) tarsal claws; i) female metasoma in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772866/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">15a</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F71B86B9FB19FC32" box="[1116,1160,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,181,1821]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 16. Ceroptres quadratifacies sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) detail of the last segments of female antenna; f) female antenna; g) tarsal claws; h) mesosoma in lateral view; i) mesosoma in dorsal view; j) propodeum; k) radial cell of the forewing; l) female metasoma in lateral view; m) detail of the micropunctuation of the metasoma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772868/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16a</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F7D486B9FB2FFC32" box="[1171,1214,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[201,1387,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 17. Ceroptres snellingi (material from Mexico): a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) female antenna; f) male antenna (with a detail of the last segments, inset image); g) mesosoma in dorsal view; h) mesosoma in lateral view; i) female metasoma in lateral view; j) tarsal claws; k) propodeum; l) radial cell of the forewing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772872/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">17a</figureCitation>
); by having the first metasomal tergum ring-shaped and longitudinally sulcate like most members of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F7658694FB1FFBCF" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" box="[1058,1166,1016,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">Synergini</taxonomicName>
(inset image in
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F6018694FF42FBEB" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2c; 2d, k</figureCitation>
), whereas this tergum is always formed as a dorsal smooth crescent-shaped scale in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F7C88170FB6CFBEB" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[1167,1277,1052,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F7C88170FB6CFBEB" box="[1167,1277,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for example,
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F3D08153FF66FB84" box="[151,247,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1442,1467]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,337,1422]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ceroptres junquerasi sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) propodeum; f) female metasoma in lateral view; g) mesosoma in lateral view; h) mesosoma in dorsal view; i) tarsal claws." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772860/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 12f</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F2458153FEA1FB84" box="[258,304,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1719,1744]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1700]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,265,1700]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 13. Ceroptres lenis sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in lateral view; d) propodeum; e) female antenna; f) tarsal claws; g) mesosoma in dorsal view; h) female metasoma in lateral view; i) radial cell of the forewing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772862/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">13h</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F27C8153FEF6FB84" box="[315,359,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1939,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,166,1882]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 14. Ceroptres mexicanus sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) mesosoma in lateral view; e) female metasoma in lateral view; f) propodeum; g) tarsal claws; h) female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772864/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">14e</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F2358152FE08FB84" box="[370,409,1086,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1910,1935]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1436,445,1890]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Ceroptres nigricrus sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in lateral view; d) mesosoma in dorsal view; e) female antenna; f) radial cell of the forewing; g) propodeum; h) tarsal claws; i) female metasoma in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772866/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">15i</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F2E28153FE5AFB84" box="[421,459,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,181,1821]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 16. Ceroptres quadratifacies sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) detail of the last segments of female antenna; f) female antenna; g) tarsal claws; h) mesosoma in lateral view; i) mesosoma in dorsal view; j) propodeum; k) radial cell of the forewing; l) female metasoma in lateral view; m) detail of the micropunctuation of the metasoma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772868/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16l</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F2908153FE6FFB87" box="[471,510,1087,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[201,1387,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 17. Ceroptres snellingi (material from Mexico): a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) female antenna; f) male antenna (with a detail of the last segments, inset image); g) mesosoma in dorsal view; h) mesosoma in lateral view; i) female metasoma in lateral view; j) tarsal claws; k) propodeum; l) radial cell of the forewing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772872/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">17i</figureCitation>
); and by having propodeal carinae straight in the anterior 1/3 and clearly divergent and curved in the posterior 2/3, being also somewhat branched distally (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F082810EFB83FBA0" box="[965,1042,1122,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2j</figureCitation>
), whereas these carinae are always uniformly straight or very slightly curved over their whole length in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F0ED81EAFB89FB7D" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[938,1048,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F0ED81EAFB89FB7D" box="[938,1048,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for example,
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F78581EAFAB6FB7D" box="[1218,1319,1158,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1442,1467]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,337,1422]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ceroptres junquerasi sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) propodeum; f) female metasoma in lateral view; g) mesosoma in lateral view; h) mesosoma in dorsal view; i) tarsal claws." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772860/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 12e</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F67281EAFAF0FB7D" box="[1333,1377,1158,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1719,1744]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1700]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,265,1700]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 13. Ceroptres lenis sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in lateral view; d) propodeum; e) female antenna; f) tarsal claws; g) mesosoma in dorsal view; h) female metasoma in lateral view; i) radial cell of the forewing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772862/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">13d</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F62881EAFA09FB7D" box="[1391,1432,1158,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1939,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,166,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,166,1882]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 14. Ceroptres mexicanus sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) mesosoma in lateral view; e) female metasoma in lateral view; f) propodeum; g) tarsal claws; h) female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772864/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">14f</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F3D081C5FF55FB19" box="[151,196,1193,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1910,1935]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1436,445,1890]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. Ceroptres nigricrus sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) mesosoma in lateral view; d) mesosoma in dorsal view; e) female antenna; f) radial cell of the forewing; g) propodeum; h) tarsal claws; i) female metasoma in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772866/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<quantity id="4CB39B38B222FF92F3D081C5FF55FB19" box="[151,196,1193,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="g" value="15.0">15g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F39781C5FF66FB1E" box="[208,247,1193,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,181,1821]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 16. Ceroptres quadratifacies sp. nov.: a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) detail of the last segments of female antenna; f) female antenna; g) tarsal claws; h) mesosoma in lateral view; i) mesosoma in dorsal view; j) propodeum; k) radial cell of the forewing; l) female metasoma in lateral view; m) detail of the micropunctuation of the metasoma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772868/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16j</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F24481C5FEA1FB19" box="[259,304,1193,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="53.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,166,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[201,1387,166,1879]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURE 17. Ceroptres snellingi (material from Mexico): a) female head in anterior view; b) female head in dorsal view; c) male head in anterior view; d) male head in dorsal view; e) female antenna; f) male antenna (with a detail of the last segments, inset image); g) mesosoma in dorsal view; h) mesosoma in lateral view; i) female metasoma in lateral view; j) tarsal claws; k) propodeum; l) radial cell of the forewing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772872/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">17k</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516556B222FF92F38081A0FE41F994" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF92F38081A0FE41F994" blockId="9.[151,1437,732,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F38081A0FEC8FB3A" bold="true" box="[199,345,1228,1255]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</emphasis>
Female antenna 12-segmented and subclavate (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F03581A1FC2EFB35" box="[882,959,1229,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2i</figureCitation>
), male antenna 15-segmented and filiform (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F3E7819CFF65FAD6" box="[160,244,1264,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2h</figureCitation>
). Lower face with a few weak striae radiating from sides of clypeus, including one that reaches the toruli on the outside rim (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F2318078FE58FAF3" box="[374,457,1300,1326]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2e</figureCitation>
). Malar space short. Frontal carinae absent. Head and mesoscutum weakly sculptured, finely coriaceous to alutaceous (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F142805BFD3BFA8F" box="[517,682,1335,1362]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2c, d, f, g</figureCitation>
). Pronotum without lateral carinae (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F704805BFB23FA8F" box="[1091,1202,1335,1362]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2a, b</figureCitation>
). Dorsal part of pronotal plate complete, with two distinct foveae. Notauli incomplete (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F0CB8037FB86FAA8" box="[908,1047,1371,1397]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2c, d, g</figureCitation>
). Mesopleuron completely smooth and shiny (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F2568012FEECFA44" box="[273,381,1406,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2a, b</figureCitation>
). Propodeal carinae straight in the anterior 1/3 and clearly divergent and curved in the posterior 2/3, being also somewhat branched distally (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F1C380CEFD41FA60" box="[644,720,1442,1469]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2j</figureCitation>
). First metasomal tergum ring-shaped and weakly longitudinally sulcate (inset image in
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F2DF80A9FDBEFA3D" box="[408,559,1477,1504]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2c; 2d, k</figureCitation>
). Second metasomal tergum (T2) short and free, not overlapped with the third, in both sexes (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F27B8085FEEEF9DE" box="[316,383,1513,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
a–d, k) and with sparse pilosity anterolaterally, not forming a patch. Third metasomal tergum (T3) without punctures and not dorsodistally incised. Radial cell of the forewings closed (
<figureCitation id="13702A58B222FF92F7EF8360FB69F9FA" box="[1192,1272,1548,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[202,1385,166,1874]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type material of Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896: a) female habitus; b) male habitus; c) female dorsal view; d) male dorsal view; e) female lower face; f) female front; g) female head and mesosoma in dorsal view; h) male antenna; i) female antenna; j) propodeum; k) female lateral metasoma; l) forewing; m) pinned leaf fragment of Q. rubra with some nerve swellings deposited in USNM; n) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3772835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2l</figureCitation>
). Tarsal claws bidentate, with a basal lobe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516556B222FF91F380833FFD0EFE12" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF436DDB222FF91F380833FFD0EFE12" blockId="9.[151,1437,732,2036]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,153,464]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F380833FFEAAF9B0" bold="true" box="[199,315,1619,1645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</emphasis>
From a morphological point of view, there is no doubt that
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F08B833FFBFDF9B0" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[972,1132,1619,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F08B833FFBFDF9B0" box="[972,1132,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
constitutes a genus distinct from
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F393831BFED3F94C" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[212,322,1655,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F393831BFED3F94C" box="[212,322,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite the above mentioned differences between these genera, we consider that
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F795831AFAE3F94D" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[1234,1394,1654,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F795831AFAE3F94D" box="[1234,1394,1654,1680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F3B083F6FE10F969" box="[247,385,1690,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ceroptresini">Ceroptresini</taxonomicName>
by having the second metasomal tergum small and free, not overlapped with the third, in both sexes, which is an exclusive trait of this tribe, among other non-exclusive morphological traits that are typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F3D0838DFE94F926" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,261,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F3D0838DFE94F926" box="[151,261,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(like the number of antennomeres and the subclavate shape of antennae in females, the presence of weak striae radiating from sides of clypeus, the weak sculpture of both head and mesosoma, the absence of frontal carinae or the presence of conspicuous pilosity in the second metasomal tergum). However, the possibility that this new genus actually belongs to a different tribe, or even to a new tribe of oak gall wasps, cannot be dismissed: (i) propodeal carinae are always uniformly straight or slightly curved in their whole length in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F7568203FBEEF854" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[1041,1151,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F7568203FBEEF854" box="[1041,1151,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and among all
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F66E8203FA09F854" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" box="[1321,1432,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">Synergini</taxonomicName>
, while in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F3B082FEFE06F871" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[247,407,1938,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F3B082FEFE06F871" box="[247,407,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these are straight in the anterior 1/3 and clearly divergent and curved in the posterior 2/3; this character state is similar to that present in some
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F1E082DAFC9DF80D" box="[679,780,1974,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
, but we are, nevertheless, of the opinion that
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB222FF92F7BB82DAFA0DF80D" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[1276,1436,1974,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB222FF92F7BB82DAFA0DF80D" box="[1276,1436,1974,2000]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to this tribe based on its biology and according to other morphological traits that are distinct from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F3D085F5FF6CFF6E" box="[151,253,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cynipini">Cynipini</taxonomicName>
; (ii) a more or less extended depressed area between or below the toruli is always present in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F7B385F5FAF3FF6E" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[1268,1378,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F7B385F5FAF3FF6E" box="[1268,1378,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even when the vertical carinae are very short or absent, while it is totally absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F0B885D0FB0EFF0B" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[1023,1183,188,214]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F0B885D0FB0EFF0B" box="[1023,1183,188,214]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this depressed area is absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F244858CFEE3FF27" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" box="[259,370,224,250]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">Synergini</taxonomicName>
, but all genera within this tribe have the second metasomal tergum fused with the third tergum forming one large sclerite in both sexes; (iii) the first metasomal tergum is always a smooth crescent-shaped scale in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F3D0844BFE94FE9C" authorityName="Hartig" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,261,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F3D0844BFE94FE9C" box="[151,261,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ceroptres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while in
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F232844BFD84FE9C" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[373,533,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F232844BFD84FE9C" box="[373,533,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is ring-shaped and weakly sulcate like most of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F778844BFB3AFE9C" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" box="[1087,1195,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">Synergini</taxonomicName>
(except
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F64B844BFA1DFE9C" box="[1292,1420,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F64B844BFA1DFE9C" box="[1292,1420,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhoophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); however, and as it has been stated above,
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F13C8426FC8AFEB9" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[635,795,330,356]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F13C8426FC8AFEB9" box="[635,795,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F0AB8426FBCDFEB9" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1896" box="[1004,1116,330,356]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">Synergini</taxonomicName>
. Molecular analyses will be needed in order to assess whether
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F1578402FD21FE55" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[528,688,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F1578402FD21FE55" box="[528,688,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to a new tribe of
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F08A8402FBD2FE55" box="[973,1091,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cynipidae</taxonomicName>
, which is currently not feasible due to the lack of fresh material. For now, we consider that
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F06F84FDFC59FE76" authorityName="Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2019" box="[808,968,401,427]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Buffingtonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93FEACFB221FF91F06F84FDFC59FE76" box="[808,968,401,427]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Buffingtonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is best placed within
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D5EB221FF91F7FF84FDFAD3FE76" box="[1208,1346,401,427]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ceroptresini">Ceroptresini</taxonomicName>
according to the morphological traits outlined above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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