1051 lines
173 KiB
XML
1051 lines
173 KiB
XML
<document id="50FD6F817DBC7CBED7913688D8C01E8F" ID-CLB-Dataset="54962" ID-DOI="10.5733/afin.055.0102" ID-GBIF-Dataset="197f8af4-6804-41af-9734-3598116be675" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649638" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1676640034375" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gbedjissi, Ghélus Louis & Vala, Jean-Claude" docDate="2014" docId="03E287AA823497323F35CF66FDAEF947" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.55.1.1-17.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 55 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.055.0102" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB.4:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps : Becker 1923" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFDBFFD28237973C3E59CB4AFFE6FFCC" masterDocTitle="Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1699475364187" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="2A58CEC7B3953227DC8631550F3FBCF3">Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6386B68DEBECA1C7C4E1631CE905ABA4">Gbedjissi, Ghélus Louis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5C14A51F9D58C4A4AA77D6D3C458AFD0">Vala, Jean-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3ABA48D119B81F5ABD40230D5A308097">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A19396B9D06329992308DB0DF90A5F9B">2014</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C35165378234973F3F35CF66FC95FB88" box="[364,883,1066,1092]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF436BC8234973F3F35CF66FC95FB88" blockId="3.[364,883,1066,1092]" box="[364,883,1066,1092]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0BC81D08234973F3F35CF66FC95FB88" box="[364,883,1066,1092]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3F35CF66FC95FB88" ID-CoL="8DVNV" authority="Becker, 1923" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[364,883,1066,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps" subGenus="Parasepedon">
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<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3F35CF66FD3EFB88" box="[364,728,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps</emphasis>
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Becker, 1923
|
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35165378234973F3EC9CF1AFBF7FB67" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BF436BC8234973F3EC9CF1AFE2AFBAF" blockId="3.[144,1105,1102,1268]" box="[144,460,1102,1123]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3EC9CF1AFE2AFBAF" ID-CoL="8DVNV" authority=": Becker 1923: 71" authorityName=": Becker" authorityPageNumber="71" authorityYear="1923" box="[144,460,1102,1123]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
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<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3EC9CF1AFECCFBAF" box="[144,298,1104,1123]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Sepedon ruficeps</emphasis>
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||
: Becker 1923: 71
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8234973F3EC9CF22FE66FB5F" blockId="3.[144,1105,1102,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3EC9CF22FDEEFBB7" ID-CoL="8DVPG" authority="Steyskal" authorityName="Steyskal" authorityYear="1956" box="[144,520,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adamsi" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3EC9CF22FE55FBB7" box="[144,435,1128,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Sepedon (Parasepedon) adamsi</emphasis>
|
||
Steyskal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8234973F3C71CF2CFCF5FBB7" author="STEYSKAL, G. C. & VERBEKE, J." box="[552,787,1126,1147]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8685" refString="STEYSKAL, G. C. & VERBEKE, J. 1956. Sepedoninae (Sciomyzidae, Diptera) from Africa and southern Arabia. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 32 (7): 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1956">Steyskal & Verbeke 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C8234973F3D78CF2CFC44FBB7" box="[801,930,1126,1147]" name="Yemen" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">South Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
): 3; Verbeke 1963: 59 (synonymy).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8234973F3EC9CFD2FBF7FB67" blockId="3.[144,1105,1102,1268]" box="[144,1041,1174,1195]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5B11928234973F3EC9CFD2FBF7FB67" box="[144,1041,1174,1195]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEA10AD8234973F3EC9CFD2FDBFFB67" author="FREY, R." box="[144,601,1174,1195]" page="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" year="1958">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3EC9CFD2FDBFFB67" ID-CoL="8DVR5" authority="Frey, 1958: 59" authorityName="Frey" authorityPageNumber="59" authorityYear="1958" box="[144,601,1174,1195]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3EC9CFD2FE29FB67" box="[144,463,1176,1195]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Sepedon (Parasepedon) spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8234973F3F8CCFDCFDBFFB67" author="FREY, R." box="[469,601,1174,1195]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref8114" refString="FREY, R. 1958. Kanarische Diptera brachycera p. p., von Hakan Lindberg gesammelt. (Entomologische Ergebnisse der finnlandischen Kanaren-Expedition, 1947 - 51, No: 15) Commentationes Biologicae 17 (4): 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1958">Frey, 1958: 59</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C8234973F3C3DCFDCFD28FB67" box="[612,718,1174,1195]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
Is); Verbeke 1963: 59 (synonymy).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3516537823497323EC9CFF1FDAEF947" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8234973F3EC9CFF1FE32FB38" blockId="3.[144,1105,1102,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B233CE18234973F3EC9CFF1FBAAFB18" box="[144,1100,1210,1237]" country="Austria" location="Naturhistorisches Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Wien" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E8234973F3EC9CFF1FF2EFB19" box="[144,200,1211,1237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD358234973F3F09CFF1FE83FB19" box="[336,357,1211,1237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD358234973F3F32CFF1FE66FB19" box="[363,384,1211,1237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
in good condition (
|
||
<location id="8E9460678234973F3C0ECFF0FC6EFB19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287AA823497323F35CF66FDAEF947:8E9460678234973F3C0ECFF0FC6EFB19" box="[599,904,1210,1237]" country="Austria" name="Naturhistorisches Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" stateProvince="Wien">Naturhistorisches Museum</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF85E8234973F3DC8CFF0FC05FB18" box="[913,995,1210,1236]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C8234973F3DB5CFF0FBA2FB18" box="[1004,1092,1210,1236]" name="Austria" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Austria</collectingCountry>
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||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
; reviewed by Verbeke (1963).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8234973F3EC9CE5EFC84FAE1" blockId="3.[144,1105,1298,1677]" box="[144,866,1298,1325]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3EC9CE5EFD7DFAE0" box="[144,667,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Systematic aspects, distribution and biology of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3CF8CE58FC84FAE1" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[673,866,1298,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">Sepedon ruficeps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8234973F3EF3CE78FEFAF9C0" blockId="3.[144,1105,1298,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Verbeke (1963) rectified two of his previous identifications: a species cited in 1950 as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3EF7CE1EFE3AFAA0" authority="Adams, 1903" authorityName="Adams" authorityYear="1903" box="[174,476,1362,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scapularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3EF7CE1EFED9FAA0" box="[174,319,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">S. scapularis</emphasis>
|
||
Adams, 1903
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a species cited in 1961 as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3D61CE1EFBAAFAA0" authority="Steyskal, 1956" authorityName="Steyskal" authorityYear="1956" box="[824,1100,1362,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neavei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3D61CE1EFC7BFAA0" box="[824,925,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">S. neavei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8234973F3DFDCE18FBAAFAA0" author="STEYSKAL, G. C. & VERBEKE, J." box="[932,1100,1362,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8685" refString="STEYSKAL, G. C. & VERBEKE, J. 1956. Sepedoninae (Sciomyzidae, Diptera) from Africa and southern Arabia. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 32 (7): 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1956">Steyskal, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were in reality
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3F63CE3EFE56FA40" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[314,432,1396,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3F63CE3EFE56FA40" box="[314,432,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3C6ACE3EFD23FA40" authorityName="Adams" authorityYear="1903" box="[563,709,1396,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scapularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3C6ACE3EFD23FA40" box="[563,709,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">S. scapularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3CA5CE3EFC84FA40" authorityName="Steyskal" authorityYear="1956" box="[764,866,1396,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neavei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3CA5CE3EFC84FA40" box="[764,866,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">S. neavei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are indeed two valid species among Afrotropical sciomyzids. During a recent review of the Afrotropical fauna on the basis of material located in Belgian museums, we examined these specimens studied by Verbeke – adults and microscopic preparations of genitalia – and share his conclusions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823497383EF3CD58FE13FDC9" blockId="3.[144,1105,1298,1677]" lastBlockId="4.[181,1149,203,1676]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3F33CD5EFDC6F9E0" box="[362,544,1554,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3F33CD5EFE2FF9E0" box="[362,457,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Sepedon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 52.5% of the species described globally. Since many are distinct in respect of some cryptic characters,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8234973F3CAACD78FC7EF980" author="VERBEKE, J." box="[755,920,1586,1612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref9188" refString="VERBEKE, J. 1950. Sciomyzidae (Diptera Cyclorrhapha). In: Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). Fascicule 66. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, pp. 1 - 97." type="book chapter" year="1950">Verbeke (1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1961) proposed classification of species into nine groups, mainly based on the male postabdomen.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3A62CD1EFF0EF940" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3A62CD1EFBAFF9A0" box="[1083,1097,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3EC9CD3EFF0EF940" box="[144,232,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is at present included in his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8234973F3C19CD3EFD28F940" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1844" box="[576,718,1652,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8234973F3C19CD3EFD28F940" box="[576,718,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">senegalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8234973F3D72CD38FC38F940" author="STEYSKAL, G. C." box="[811,990,1650,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="143 - 146" refId="ref8647" refString="STEYSKAL, G. C. 1973. A new classification of the Sepedon group of the family Sciomyzidae (Diptera) with two new genera. Entomological News 84 (5): 143 - 146." type="journal article" year="1973">Steyskal (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed the inclusion together in a single “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383C66CB84FD78FF2A" box="[575,670,206,230]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383C66CB84FD78FF2A" box="[575,670,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group” of all allied genera known in the world:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383F52CBA4FDD8FEC9" authority="Steyskal, 1973" authorityName="Steyskal" authorityYear="1973" box="[267,574,235,262]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedonea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383F52CBA4FE60FECA" box="[267,390,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedonea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823397383FC9CBA1FDD8FEC9" author="STEYSKAL, G. C." box="[400,574,235,261]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="143 - 146" refId="ref8647" refString="STEYSKAL, G. C. 1973. A new classification of the Sepedon group of the family Sciomyzidae (Diptera) with two new genera. Entomological News 84 (5): 143 - 146." type="journal article" year="1973">Steyskal, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383C14CBA4FC7BFEC9" authority="Steyskal, 1973" authorityName="Steyskal" authorityYear="1973" box="[589,925,235,262]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383C14CBA4FD02FECA" box="[589,740,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedomerus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823397383CA9CBA1FC7BFEC9" author="STEYSKAL, G. C." box="[752,925,235,261]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="143 - 146" refId="ref8647" refString="STEYSKAL, G. C. 1973. A new classification of the Sepedon group of the family Sciomyzidae (Diptera) with two new genera. Entomological News 84 (5): 143 - 146." type="journal article" year="1973">Steyskal, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383DF4CBA4FF16FEE9" authority="Perty, 1833" authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Thecomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383DF4CBA4FBCFFECA" box="[941,1065,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Thecomyia</emphasis>
|
||
Perty, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383EA5CA44FE0DFEE9" authority="Verbeke" authorityName="Verbeke" authorityYear="1950" box="[252,491,267,294]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383EA5CA44FE63FEEA" box="[252,389,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedonella</emphasis>
|
||
Verbeke
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383FAECA44FD0DFEE9" authority="Verbeke" authorityName="Verbeke" authorityYear="1950" box="[503,747,267,294]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedoninus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383FAECA44FD63FEEA" box="[503,645,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedoninus</emphasis>
|
||
Verbeke
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383D7FCA44FC2FFEEA" box="[806,969,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383D7FCA44FC63FEEA" box="[806,901,270,294]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Sepedon</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20C57D5823397383DD4CA44FC2FFEEA" box="[909,969,270,294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille, 1804 (including Verbeke’s three 1950 subgenera
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383CD3CA64FCFAFE8A" box="[650,796,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Parasepedon</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383D71CA64FC58FE8A" box="[808,958,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Mesosepedon</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383DA9CA64FB90FE8A" authorityName="Verbeke" authorityYear="1950" box="[1008,1142,302,326]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383DA9CA64FB90FE8A" box="[1008,1142,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[originally of generic rank]).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823397383FA5CA06FCF3FEA9" author="KNUTSON, L. & ORTH, R. E." box="[508,789,331,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="620 - 635" refId="ref8385" refString="KNUTSON, L. & ORTH, R. E. 2001. Sepedon mcphersoni n. sp., key to North American Sepedon, groups in Sepedon s. s., and intra- and intergeneric comparison (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103 (3): 620 - 635." type="journal article" year="2001">Knutson and Orth (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed nine groups, with the Afrotropical species being scattered in their
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383CC2CA24FCD2FE4A" authorityName="Speisser" authorityYear="1910" box="[667,820,366,390]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trichrooscelis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383CC2CA24FCD2FE4A" box="[667,820,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">trichrooscelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383D19CA24FC79FE4A" box="[832,927,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">dispersa</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383D8BCA24FBFBFE4A" box="[978,1053,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">nasuta</emphasis>
|
||
groups;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383EECCAC4FECCFE6A" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[181,298,396,422]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383EECCAC4FF25FE6A" box="[181,195,398,422]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383E88CAC4FECCFE6A" box="[209,298,398,422]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would fit into the first. However, as noted by Barraclough (1985: 489), “the Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383F1FCAE4FE43FE0A" box="[326,421,430,454]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383F1FCAE4FE43FE0A" box="[326,421,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna is rather poorly known … a comprehensive revision of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383EA7CA84FEBBFE2A" box="[254,349,462,486]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383EA7CA84FEBBFE2A" box="[254,349,462,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Sepedon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[is needed] in the region.” As some species are close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383D81CA84FBABFE2A" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[984,1101,462,486]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383D81CA84FBABFE2A" box="[984,1101,462,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its diagnosis is provided below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823397383E89C944FC99FC8A" blockId="4.[181,1149,203,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383E89C944FEFEFDEA" box="[208,280,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Adults</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383F70C941FE8AFDE9" box="[297,364,523,549]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[144,177,792,813]" captionTargetBox="[178,1071,208,779]" captionTargetId="figure-283@3.[160,1088,199,796]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, male: (A) Habitus, right hind leg is broken; (B) head, dorsal view. (Photos: A. Mantilleri)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649640/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body length 6.1–8.0 mm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383CEEC941FCF4FDE9" box="[695,786,523,549]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[144,177,792,813]" captionTargetBox="[178,1071,208,779]" captionTargetId="figure-283@3.[160,1088,199,796]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, male: (A) Habitus, right hind leg is broken; (B) head, dorsal view. (Photos: A. Mantilleri)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649640/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head, face and frons yelloworange with some blackish pruinosity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383C3AC961FD5CFD89" box="[611,698,555,581]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,630,651]" captionTargetBox="[154,1093,208,611]" captionTargetId="figure-414@5.[143,1103,204,618]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig.2. Surstylus and aedeagus: (A, B) Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps; (C, D) S. (P.) senegalensis. Arrows show main differences. (Modified from Verbeke (1950), © Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649642/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
); antenna: scape yellow-orange, pedicel mostly blackish, flagellomere lanceolate and with black pruinosity. Thorax dorsally bluish (metallic) to brownish; humeral callus light yellow-reddish; pleura subshining greyish; ⅓–½ of basal part of femora yellowish, whereas the apical portion is reddish. Wings
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823397383F5AC9E6FEA3FD0A" box="[259,325,684,710]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hyaline, brownish infuscated. Abdominal segments yellow-orange to red dish. Male genitalia with a praeputium (distal part of aedeagus) having a few hairs and two opposite expansions; surstyli with strong bristles; tubular appendix of aedeagus elongated, apex curved, with a dorsal pre-apical spine. Verbeke’s figures (1950 [noted as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383E8DC864FE83FC8A" authorityName="Adams" authorityYear="1903" box="[212,357,814,838]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scapularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383E8DC864FE83FC8A" box="[212,357,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">S. scapularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], 1961, 1963) are reproduced here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383CA1C861FC97FC8A" box="[760,881,811,838]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,630,651]" captionTargetBox="[154,1093,208,611]" captionTargetId="figure-414@5.[143,1103,204,618]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig.2. Surstylus and aedeagus: (A, B) Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps; (C, D) S. (P.) senegalensis. Arrows show main differences. (Modified from Verbeke (1950), © Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649642/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823397383E89C807FBCEFC04" blockId="4.[181,1149,203,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Verbeke (1963) commented that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383C14C805FD23FCAB" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[589,709,847,871]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383C14C805FD23FCAB" box="[589,709,847,871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been often confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383A76C805FE18FC4B" authority="Macquart, 1844" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senegalensis" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383A76C805FEA5FC4B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">S. (P.) senegalensis</emphasis>
|
||
Macquart, 1844
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He stated that this species is distinguished by the rather reddish frons; humeral callus dark brown, only slightly distinct from thorax coloration, and tubular appendix of aedeagus not elongated, apex not curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383DC5C8E7FBFDFC04" box="[924,1051,941,968]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,630,651]" captionTargetBox="[154,1093,208,611]" captionTargetId="figure-414@5.[143,1103,204,618]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig.2. Surstylus and aedeagus: (A, B) Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps; (C, D) S. (P.) senegalensis. Arrows show main differences. (Modified from Verbeke (1950), © Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649642/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Figs 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823397383E89C884FCD7FA84" blockId="4.[181,1149,203,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Judging from the specialized literature,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383CC3C89BFCF7FC25" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[666,785,977,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383CC3C89BFCF7FC25" box="[666,785,977,1001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be the most widely distributed species of Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823397383C60C8A4FD2CFBC4" box="[569,714,1006,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383C80C8A4FCFBFBC4" box="[729,797,1006,1032]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[182,215,1245,1266]" captionTargetBox="[185,1134,207,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-199@6.[181,1141,204,1235]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. General distribution of Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps. Dots – known locations, stars – occurrence of the fly in a country is ubiquitous. Data from Verbeke (1950, 1961, 1962, 1963), Knutson et al. (1967), and our own collections as well as those of colleagues in some African countries." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649644/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In West Africa, the species is known from along the Atlantic Ocean coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383CAFCF44FBEFFBE4" box="[758,1033,1038,1064]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Republic of Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383A4FCF44FB97FBE4" box="[1046,1137,1038,1064]" name="Senegal" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383EECCF65FEDCFB84" box="[181,314,1070,1097]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
(new data),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383F93CF65FDE0FB85" box="[458,518,1071,1097]" name="Togo" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383C4BCF64FDBEFB84" box="[530,600,1070,1096]" name="Benin" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383C3CCF64FD5FFB84" box="[613,697,1070,1096]" name="Nigeria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383CABCF64FCDBFB84" box="[754,829,1070,1096]" name="Gabon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(new data); from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383A55CF65FBA9FB85" box="[1036,1103,1071,1097]" name="Egypt" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
<superScript id="7C3E9BF4823397383A16CF64FBB1FBF0" attach="left" box="[1103,1111,1070,1084]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">1</superScript>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383EECCF04FEFEFBA4" box="[181,280,1102,1128]" name="Namibia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, near Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383FC3CF04FE33FBA4" box="[410,469,1102,1128]" name="Chad" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Chad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(new data),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383C38CF04FC9CFBA4" box="[609,890,1102,1128]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Nola; new data),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383A12CF05FEE0FB45" name="Botswana" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383F48CF24FE6FFB44" box="[273,393,1134,1160]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF85E823397383FCECF24FE0FFB44" box="[407,489,1134,1160]" country="Zimbabwe" name="Harare" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Harare</collectingRegion>
|
||
), through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383C00CF24FD21FB44" box="[601,711,1134,1160]" name="Sudan" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kordofan),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383D00CF24FC5EFB44" box="[857,952,1134,1160]" name="Rwanda" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383D9BCF24FBF8FB44" box="[962,1054,1134,1160]" name="Burundi" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Burundi</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383A0ACF24FDDFFB64" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In East Africa, it has been identified in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383DBECFC4FBAFFB64" box="[999,1097,1166,1192]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but also from the Arabian Peninsula (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383C47CFE4FD5EFB05" box="[542,696,1198,1225]" name="Yemen" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">South Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The altitudinal range is very large, from a few metres above sea level in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383C79CF84FD85FB24" box="[544,611,1230,1256]" name="Benin" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Cotonou and Djeffa; present data) to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823397383A43CF84FB90FB25" box="[1050,1142,1230,1257]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="4000.0">4,000 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level, as cited by Verbeke (1963), in the National Park at Virunga (ex Parc Albert),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383F4ACE44FD7EFAE4" box="[275,664,1294,1320]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In addition, this species has been collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383E8BCE64FE85FA84" box="[210,355,1326,1352]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(J. Deeming pers. comm.,
|
||
<date id="FFF5107C823397383CCBCE64FCC0FA84" box="[658,806,1326,1353]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" value="2013-01-22">22 Jan. 2013</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823397383E89CE05FCD1F985" blockId="4.[181,1149,203,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Adults do not fly very far from the wetlands. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383CBDCE05FCCCFAA5" box="[740,810,1359,1385]" name="Benin" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the profile of the populations was significantly related to the succession of heavy rains and dry months. Thus, in temporary water biotopes, the population profile is mainly characterized by flies not being captured from January to July, and followed by an annual peak, the level and temporal position of which varies according to the geographic zone, for example in Agnavo (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383A11CE85FF3AF9C5" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[181,214,502,523]" captionTargetBox="[188,1135,204,487]" captionTargetId="figure-442@8.[188,1136,204,487]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of annual population evolution of Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, based on adults collected in freshwaterhabitats:(A)Agnavo,typical temporary freshwaterhabitat; (B) Cotonou, typical permanent freshwater habitat. Histogram, rainfall; curve, number of flies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649648/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In permanent water biotopes, the maximum population size was usually observed from June to November, after the period of heavy rain, and decreases in other months without reaching zero, for example in Cotonou (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823397383C8BCD65FCCCF985" box="[722,810,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[181,214,502,523]" captionTargetBox="[188,1135,204,487]" captionTargetId="figure-442@8.[188,1136,204,487]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Examples of annual population evolution of Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, based on adults collected in freshwaterhabitats:(A)Agnavo,typical temporary freshwaterhabitat; (B) Cotonou, typical permanent freshwater habitat. Histogram, rainfall; curve, number of flies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649648/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823397393E89CD1BFC65FC58" blockId="4.[181,1149,203,1676]" lastBlockId="5.[144,1104,761,1332]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The unusual site “Bati Hot Springs” among Dr Frohne’s collecting sites (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498FF85E823397383A51CD1BFB94F9A7" box="[1032,1138,1617,1643]" country="Ethiopia" name="Gambela Hizboch" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Gambela</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Kola, Bati,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823397383F61CD3BFE7FF947" box="[312,409,1649,1675]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823397383C3BCD38FCB0F947" author="KNUTSON, L. V. & NEFF, S. E." box="[610,854,1649,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="487 - 505" refId="ref8338" refString="KNUTSON, L. V., NEFF, S. E. & BERG. C. O. 1967. Biology of snail-killing flies from Africa and southern Spain (Sciomyzidae: Sepedon). Parasitology 57 (3): 487 - 505." type="journal article" year="1967">
|
||
Knutson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823397383C90CD39FD1DF947" box="[713,763,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1967)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is noteworthy: “There is a huge flow of very hot and sulphurous water which is azoic at first but soon becomes ... with many kinds of blue-green algae.” Despite this hostile habitat,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823297393DCBC853FBF5FCFF" box="[914,1043,793,819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="adult">eight adults</specimenCount>
|
||
were collected on
|
||
<date id="FFF5107C823297393F44C873FE31FC9F" box="[285,471,825,851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" value="1962-02-08">8 February 1962</date>
|
||
. This observation allows consideration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393DF5C876FBC6FC98" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[940,1056,826,852]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393DF5C876FC5CFC98" box="[940,954,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393D9EC876FBC6FC98" box="[967,1056,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a resistant species, the larvae of which have become adapted to hydrological conditions that are often unfavourable to the survival of many freshwater taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF346634823297393EC9C93CFEA2FD77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649642" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649642/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" startId="5.[144,177,630,651]" targetBox="[154,1093,208,611]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823297393EC9C93CFEA2FD77" blockId="5.[144,1104,630,699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig. 2. Surstylus and aedeagus: (A, B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393FB1C932FCEBFD47" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[488,781,632,651]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393FB1C932FCEBFD47" box="[488,781,632,651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (C, D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393D0FC932FBE5FD47" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1844" box="[854,1027,632,651]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senegalensis" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393D0FC932FBE5FD47" box="[854,1027,632,651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">S. (P.) senegalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Arrows show main differences. (Modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823297393C19C9C4FD36FD6F" author="VERBEKE, J." box="[576,720,654,675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref9188" refString="VERBEKE, J. 1950. Sciomyzidae (Diptera Cyclorrhapha). In: Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). Fascicule 66. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, pp. 1 - 97." type="book chapter" year="1950">Verbeke (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, © Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823297393EF3C8D0FDD1FAFF" blockId="5.[144,1104,761,1332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
In the laboratory, mating of neonate adults started very early, from 24 to 48 hours after emergence, and could last for several hours. The first eggs were laid 6–8 days after emergence, individually or in groups of 2 to 10 without special arrangement, varying between 50 and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823297393F67C8B3FE46FBD8" box="[318,416,1017,1044]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="egg">250 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
per female. The percentage of eggs that hatched often exceeded 95%, regardless of season or location where the female was collected. The duration of each immature stage in the laboratory and complete life-cycle are indicated in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823297393A7ACF73FF46FBBF" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[144,177,677,698]" captionTargetBox="[253,994,204,663]" captionTargetId="figure-388@9.[253,994,204,663]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, span of life cycle and development of immature stages, in days." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649650/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
. Our results show that the length of the whole life-cycle is about 16–19 days. This short duration explains the polyvoltine situation observed in nature for this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393DA8CF36FF02FB7F" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393DA8CF36FBB6FB58" box="[1009,1104,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Sepedon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and corroborates the data given by previous authors. During the larval period, the percentage mortality was higher for first instar larvae and gradually decreased to become insignificant by the end of larval development. From
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823297393D09CF93FC5FFB38" box="[848,953,1241,1268]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="egg">100 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
, we obtained successively 96 L1, 67 L2, 48 L3,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823297393C4BCFB3FD9EFAD8" box="[530,632,1273,1300]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="pupa">46 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823297393CF7CFB3FCF1FADF" box="[686,791,1273,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="adult">45 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
, and the average lifespan of an adult in captivity was 3–4 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823297393EC9CE1EFCCBFAA0" blockId="5.[144,1104,1364,1676]" box="[144,813,1364,1388]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393EC9CE1EFCCBFAA0" box="[144,813,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Feeding behaviour in respect of number of snails consumed</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823297393EF3CE38FC9FF9E7" blockId="5.[144,1104,1364,1676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Except for the two operculate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393FA3CE3BFCCAFA47" authority="(Pulmonata)" baseAuthorityName="Pulmonata" box="[506,812,1393,1419]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ampullariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Ampullariidae (Pulmonata)</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393D6ACE3EFBB6FA47" authority="(Muller)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" box="[819,1104,1393,1420]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ampullariidae" genus="Lanistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="varicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393D6ACE3EFC0FFA40" box="[819,1001,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Lanistes varicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Müller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393EE4CEDEFE7DFA60" authority="Peter" authorityName="Peter" box="[189,411,1426,1452]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ampullariidae" genus="Lanistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ovum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393EE4CEDEFEBDFA60" box="[189,347,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Lanistes ovum</emphasis>
|
||
Peter
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the larvae attacked all other freshwater snails species collected at the respective sites for maintenance of our laboratory cultures. These were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393D82CEFBFBAAFA07" authorityName="P. Fischer & Crosse" authorityYear="1880" box="[987,1100,1457,1483]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bulinidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Bulinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393EC9CE9EFE37FA27" authority="(Ehrenberg)" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[144,465,1489,1516]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bulinidae" genus="Bulinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="forskali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393EC9CE9EFEA7FA20" box="[144,321,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Bulinus forskali</emphasis>
|
||
(Ehrenberg)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393F82CE9EFD37FA27" authority="(Morelet)" baseAuthorityName="Morelet" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[475,721,1489,1516]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bulinidae" genus="Bulinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393F82CE9EFDBBFA20" box="[475,605,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">B. globosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Morelet)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393C82CE9EFC04FA27" authority="(Audouin)" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[731,994,1489,1516]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bulinidae" genus="Bulinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393C82CE9EFC85FA20" box="[731,867,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">B. truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Audouin)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393DB5CE98FF25F9C7" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Lymnaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393E97CEBEFE6CF9C0" box="[206,394,1524,1548]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393E97CEBEFE6CF9C0" box="[206,394,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Radix natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393FC3CEBBFDE2F9C7" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1833" box="[410,516,1521,1547]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Physidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393C49CEBEFCDEF9C7" authority="Germain" authorityName="Germain" box="[528,824,1521,1548]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Aplexa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pteropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="waterloti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393C49CEBEFD2DF9C0" box="[528,715,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Aplexa waterloti</emphasis>
|
||
Germain
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393D1CCEBEFC52F9C0" box="[837,948,1522,1548]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393D1CCEBEFC6FF9C0" box="[837,905,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Physa</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393D9BCEBBFBAAF9C7" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[962,1100,1521,1547]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Planorbidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393EC9CD5EFDE5F9E7" authority="(de Blainville)" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[144,515,1553,1580]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Afrogyrus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coretus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393EC9CD5EFEB1F9E0" box="[144,343,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Afrogyrus coretus</emphasis>
|
||
(de Blainville)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393C57CD5EFC92F9E7" authority="(Krauss)" baseAuthorityName="Krauss" box="[526,884,1553,1580]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pfeifferi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393C57CD5EFCECF9E0" box="[526,778,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Biomphalaria pfeifferi</emphasis>
|
||
(Krauss)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8232973A3EF3CD7BFC8CFA45" blockId="5.[144,1104,1364,1676]" lastBlockId="6.[181,1142,1359,1674]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823297393EF3CD7BFE48F987" author="GBEDJISSI, L. G. & VALA, J. - C. & KNUTSON, L. & DOSSOU, C." box="[170,430,1585,1612]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="817 - 832" refId="ref8159" refString="GBEDJISSI, L. G., VALA, J. - C., KNUTSON, L. & DOSSOU, C. 2003. Predation by larvae of Sepedon ruficeps (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) and population dynamics of the adult flies and their freshwater prey. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 110 (4): 817 - 832." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Gbedjissi
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393F47CD7EFEB5F980" box="[286,339,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
limited their study on larval predation to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393DC3CD7EFBB6F980" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[922,1104,1588,1612]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bulinidae" genus="Bulinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="forskali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393DC3CD7EFBB6F980" box="[922,1104,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Bulinus forskali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(intermediate host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393FD3CD1EFCEAF9A7" authority="Fischer" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1934" box="[394,780,1617,1644]" class="Malacostraca" family="Mictosomatidae" genus="Schistosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intercalatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393FD3CD1EFD48F9A0" box="[394,686,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Schistosoma intercalatum</emphasis>
|
||
Fischer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393D08CD1EFBB6F9A0" box="[849,1104,1620,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Biomphalaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pfeifferi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393D08CD1EFBB6F9A0" box="[849,1104,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Biomphalaria pfeifferi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(intermediate host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823297393FD8CD3EFD82F947" authority="Sambon" authorityName="Sambon" authorityYear="1907" box="[385,612,1649,1676]" class="Malacostraca" family="Mictosomatidae" genus="Schistosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mansoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823297393FD8CD3EFE1AF940" box="[385,508,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">S. mansoni</emphasis>
|
||
Sambon
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), implicated in transmission of human schistosomiasis in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C8231973A3F0DCE05FE7CFAA5" box="[340,410,1359,1385]" name="Benin" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Both snail species live in shallow water areas which are frequented by man or used as drinking-trough sites for domestic animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3466348231973A3EEFCF97FBF8FAEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649644/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" startId="6.[182,215,1245,1266]" targetBox="[185,1134,207,1232]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8231973A3EEFCF97FBF8FAEE" blockId="6.[182,1142,1245,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fig. 3. General distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8231973A3F9FCF95FD0CFB3E" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[454,746,1247,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8231973A3F9FCF95FD0CFB3E" box="[454,746,1247,1266]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Dots – known locations, stars – occurrence of the fly in a country is ubiquitous. Data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8231973A3CF5CFBFFCD2FAC6" author="VERBEKE, J." box="[684,820,1269,1290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref9188" refString="VERBEKE, J. 1950. Sciomyzidae (Diptera Cyclorrhapha). In: Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). Fascicule 66. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, pp. 1 - 97." type="book chapter" year="1950">Verbeke (1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1961, 1962, 1963),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8231973A3DAACFBFFED2FAEE" author="KNUTSON, L. V. & NEFF, S. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="487 - 505" refId="ref8338" refString="KNUTSON, L. V., NEFF, S. E. & BERG. C. O. 1967. Biology of snail-killing flies from Africa and southern Spain (Sciomyzidae: Sepedon). Parasitology 57 (3): 487 - 505." type="journal article" year="1967">
|
||
Knutson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8231973A3A1ECFBDFB96FAC6" box="[1095,1136,1271,1290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1967)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and our own collections as well as those of colleagues in some African countries.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8231973B3E89CEDAFCB2FB86" blockId="6.[181,1142,1359,1674]" lastBlockId="7.[144,1104,815,1674]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Here, we provide results of veterinary interest as regards the possibility of reducing transmission of the liver fluke
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8231973A3C57CEF8FCB9FA05" authority="(Cobbold)" baseAuthorityName="Cobbold" box="[526,863,1455,1482]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8231973A3C57CEF8FD04FA06" box="[526,738,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fasciola gigantica</emphasis>
|
||
(Cobbold)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a cause of bovine fascioliasis, the widely distributed snail
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8231973A3C60CE98FD16FA26" box="[569,752,1490,1514]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8231973A3C60CE98FD16FA26" box="[569,752,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Radix natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being one of the intermediate hosts in Africa as well as in tropical regions of southern and south-eastern Asia. Humans can be inadvertently infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8231973A3C50CD58FD68F9E6" box="[521,654,1554,1578]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8231973A3C50CD58FD68F9E6" box="[521,654,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">F. gigantica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a result of the ingestion of metacercariae – formed by mature cercariae that emerge from the snail – and which are glued to aquatic vegetables.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8231973A3FCACD05FD2AF9A5" author="UTZINGER, J. & TANNER, M." box="[403,716,1615,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="287 - 294" refId="ref8728" refString="UTZINGER, J. & TANNER, M. 2000. Microhabitat preferences of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis in a natural and a man-made habitat in southeastern Tanzania. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 95 (3): 287 - 294." type="journal article" year="2000">Utzinger and Tanner (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8231973A3D2ACD18FBE3F9A6" box="[883,1029,1618,1642]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8231973A3D2ACD18FBE3F9A6" box="[883,1029,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">R. natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed a microhabitat preference for shallow water with a peak water depth of up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B598231973A3A57CD25FBB4F946" box="[1038,1106,1647,1674]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, as used in our experiments. This habitat
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E8230973B3C6AC87AFD85FC86" box="[563,611,816,842]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
is greatly frequented by man and cattle, and favours transmission of distomiasis. Moreover, from serial malacological experiments with this snail in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C8230973B3F02C825FE50FC45" box="[347,438,879,905]" name="Senegal" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D8230973B3F9AC825FD72FC45" author="VASSILIADES, G." box="[451,660,879,905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="57 - 62" refId="ref9143" refString="VASSILIADES, G. 1978. Capacite de resistance a la secheresse de la limnee (Limnaea natalensis), mollusque hote intermediaire de Fasciola gigantica, au Senegal. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 31: 57 - 62." type="journal article" year="1978">Vassiliades (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that under dry conditions, the older individuals survived for 15–30 days and the younger ones for 60–90 days. We consider that, in nature, large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8230973B3F8EC8F8FD81FC06" box="[471,615,946,970]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3F8EC8F8FD81FC06" box="[471,615,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">R. natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
die quickly because of their greater demand for water, whereas smaller snails could use the humidity of the air (95% in experiments) to satisfy their minimal need for water. Thus, the resilience of the snail in respect of water requirements decreases as it grows in size. Furthermore, the snails can survive for months buried in mud, and produce a large number of eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" ID-Table-UUID="DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" startId="7.[579,650,204,225]" subCaptionStartIDs="7.[344,475,260,281]" subCaptionStarts="Abbr" targetBox="[180,1044,327,758]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<tableNote id="76AD37328230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[281,1044,327,758]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8230973B3C1ACB86FD7DFF2D" blockId="7.[144,1104,204,305]" box="[579,667,204,225]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">TABLE 1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8230973B3EC9CBA6FEA8FEFD" blockId="7.[144,1104,204,305]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8230973B3EA1CBA7FE68FECC" box="[248,398,237,256]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3EA1CBA7FE68FECC" box="[248,398,237,256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Radix natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consumed by each larval stage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8230973B3C9FCBA7FC86FECC" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[710,864,237,256]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3C9FCBA7FC86FECC" box="[710,864,237,256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Sepedon ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in proportion to three size classes of the mollusc.Abbreviations:A – healthy snails, B – parasitized snails,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3D12CA4FFC83FED4" box="[843,869,261,280]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
– large size,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3D8CCA4FFC14FED4" box="[981,1010,261,280]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
– medium size,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3EE7CA57FF30FEFC" box="[190,214,285,304]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
– small size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8230973B3F40CA13FBF2FD3A" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table id="F94BC41C823068C33EEDCA0DFBF2FD3A" box="[180,1044,327,758]" gridcols="5" gridrows="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDCA0DFBF2FE4D" box="[180,1044,327,385]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76AA5D82823068C33F40CA0DFE6EFE4D" box="[281,392,327,385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Larval stage</th>
|
||
<th id="76AA5D82823068C33FBECA0DFBF2FE4D" box="[487,1044,327,385]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Non-parasitized mollusc size classes
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3C4DCA24FC0BFE4D" box="[532,1005,366,385]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Pc Mc Gc</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDCADBFBF2FE00" box="[180,1044,401,460]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="76AA5D82823068C33EEDCADBFF20FE00" box="[180,198,401,460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">A</th>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33F40CADBFE6EFE00" box="[281,392,401,460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">L1 L2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33FBECADBFDBCFE00" box="[487,602,401,460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">4.36 ± 1.60 7.53 ± 1.22</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28CADBFC69FE00" box="[625,911,401,460]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">2.25 ± 0.34 3.64 ± 0.51</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33DF5CADBFBF2FE00" box="[940,1044,401,460]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">0 2.13 ± 0.12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDCA96FBF2FE3D" box="[180,1044,476,497]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33F40CA96FE6EFE3D" box="[281,392,476,497]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">L3</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33FBECA96FDBCFE3D" box="[487,602,476,497]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">25.50 ± 2.10</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28CA96FC69FE3D" box="[625,911,476,497]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">9.68 ± 1.37</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33DF5CA96FBF2FE3D" box="[940,1044,476,497]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">5.13 ± 1.63</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDC94BFBF2FDDA" box="[180,1044,513,534]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33F40C94BFE6EFDDA" box="[281,392,513,534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Total</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33FBEC94BFDBCFDDA" box="[487,602,513,534]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">37.39 ± 1.64</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28C94BFC69FDDA" box="[625,911,513,534]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">15.57 ± 0.74</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33DF5C94BFBF2FDDA" box="[940,1044,513,534]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">7.26 ± 0.87</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDC96DFBF2FDF0" box="[180,1044,551,572]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28C96DFC69FDF0" box="[625,911,551,572]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Parasitized mollusc size classes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDC904FBF2FDAD" box="[180,1044,590,609]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33FBEC904FDBCFDAD" box="[487,602,590,609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3C4DC904FDCAFDAD" box="[532,556,590,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28C904FC69FDAD" box="[625,911,590,609]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3CABC904FCE9FDAD" box="[754,783,590,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33DF5C904FBF2FDAD" box="[940,1044,590,609]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3D8AC904FC0BFDAD" box="[979,1005,590,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDC93BFBF2FD4A" box="[180,1044,625,646]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33F40C93BFE6EFD4A" box="[281,392,625,646]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">L1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33FBEC93BFDBCFD4A" box="[487,602,625,646]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">4.30 ± 1.31</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28C93BFC69FD4A" box="[625,911,625,646]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">2.27 ± 0.36</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33DF5C93BFBF2FD4A" box="[940,1044,625,646]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDC9DDFBF2FD1D" box="[180,1044,663,721]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="76AA5D82823068C33EEDC9DDFF20FD1D" box="[180,198,663,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">B</th>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33F40C9DDFE6EFD1D" box="[281,392,663,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">L2 L3</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33FBEC9DDFDBCFD1D" box="[487,602,663,721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">7.60 ± 1.52 26.12 ± 2.30</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28C9DDFC69FD1D" box="[625,911,663,721]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">3.70 ± 0.62 10.74 ± 1.44</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33DF5C9DDFBF2FD1D" box="[940,1044,663,721]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">2.16 ± 0.15 6.20 ± 1.12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B34FE823068C33EEDC9ABFBF2FD3A" box="[180,1044,737,758]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33F40C9ABFE6EFD3A" box="[281,392,737,758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Total</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33FBEC9ABFDBCFD3A" box="[487,602,737,758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">38.02 ± 1.71</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33C28C9ABFC69FD3A" box="[625,911,737,758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">16.71 ± 0.80</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5D82823068C33DF5C9ABFBF2FD3A" box="[940,1044,737,758]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">8.36 ± 0.63</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8230973B3EF3CF1AFD5DFAE5" blockId="7.[144,1104,815,1674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In our first experimental series, conducted with healthy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8230973B3D43CF18FC4CFBA6" box="[794,938,1106,1130]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3D43CF18FC4CFBA6" box="[794,938,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">R. natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as prey (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C903078230973B3A49CF05FF55FB45" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[579,650,204,225]" captionTargetBox="[180,1044,327,758]" captionTargetId="graphics-441@7.[240,1105,316,765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1 Number of Radix natalensis consumed by each larval stage of Sepedon ruficeps in proportion to three size classes of the mollusc.Abbreviations:A – healthy snails,B – parasitized snails, Gc – large size, Mc – medium size, Pc – small size." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD">Table 1A</tableCitation>
|
||
), the first instar larva (L1) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8230973B3FB4CF38FDB8FB46" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[493,606,1138,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3FB4CF38FDB8FB46" box="[493,606,1138,1162]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attacked and ate mainly the small size class of mollusc
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3EB4CFD8FEEDFB66" box="[237,267,1170,1194]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
(x = 4.36 ± 1.60); and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3C58CFD8FDC3FB66" box="[513,549,1170,1194]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
(x = 2.25 ± 0.34), and never the largest individuals (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3EC0CFF8FF5CFB06" box="[153,186,1202,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
class). We found that the second (L2) and third (L3) instar larvae predated on all size classes. By comparison in terms of numbers (based on class
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3D33CF98FC6EFB26" box="[874,904,1234,1258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
only), the second instar larvae ate about two times more snails than the first; and the third 5–6 times more than the L1 and 3–4 times more than the L2 flies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC8230973B3EF3CE7AFE7DF945" blockId="7.[144,1104,815,1674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In a second series of experiments,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8230973B3C70CE78FD5FFA86" box="[553,697,1330,1354]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3C70CE78FD5FFA86" box="[553,697,1330,1354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">R. natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was exposed to miracidia from eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F8230973B3EF5CE18FE9FFAA6" box="[172,377,1362,1386]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3EF5CE18FE9FFAA6" box="[172,377,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fasciola gigantica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were obtained from the slaughterhouse in Cotonou. We started the predation experiments at least three weeks after infestation of the snails. This is the estimated period required for development of the immature parasite stages at laboratory temperature. The success of infestation was determined by observation under light microscope or dissection of some snails to detect the presence of sporocysts or rediae in the snail’s hepatopancreas. The results (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C903078230973B3C31CEA5FD29F9C5" box="[616,719,1519,1545]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[579,650,204,225]" captionTargetBox="[180,1044,327,758]" captionTargetId="graphics-441@7.[240,1105,316,765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1 Number of Radix natalensis consumed by each larval stage of Sepedon ruficeps in proportion to three size classes of the mollusc.Abbreviations:A – healthy snails,B – parasitized snails, Gc – large size, Mc – medium size, Pc – small size." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD">Table 1B</tableCitation>
|
||
) showed that first instar larvae ate molluscs of classes
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3F34CD58FE6DF9E6" box="[365,395,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
(x = 4.30 ± 1.31) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3CDDCD58FD4EF9E6" box="[644,680,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
(x = 2.27 ± 0.36), whereas L2 and L
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD358230973B3A1ACD45FF32F985" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
indifferently consumed molluscs of all classes. The experiments conducted only with class
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE8230973B3F5CCD18FEC5F9A6" box="[261,291,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
showed that the third instar consumed 6 times more than the L1 and 3–4 times more than the L2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF346634823F97343EECCABCFC69FDF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649648" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649648/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" startId="8.[181,214,502,523]" targetBox="[188,1135,204,487]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823F97343EECCABCFC69FDF7" blockId="8.[181,1142,502,571]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Fig. 4. Examples of annual population evolution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343CD4CAB2FC52FDC7" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[653,948,504,523]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343CD4CAB2FC52FDC7" box="[653,948,504,523]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on adults collected in freshwater habitats: (A) Agnavo, typical temporary freshwater habitat; (B) Cotonou, typical permanent freshwater habitat. Histogram, rainfall; curve, number of flies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823F97343E89C938FCAFFC20" blockId="8.[181,1142,626,1004]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Correlated with the health status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343C3CC93EFD11FD40" box="[613,759,628,652]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343C3CC93EFD11FD40" box="[613,759,628,652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">R. natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90307823F97343D5FC938FCBCFD40" box="[774,858,626,652]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[579,650,204,225]" captionTargetBox="[180,1044,327,758]" captionTargetId="graphics-441@7.[240,1105,316,765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1 Number of Radix natalensis consumed by each larval stage of Sepedon ruficeps in proportion to three size classes of the mollusc.Abbreviations:A – healthy snails,B – parasitized snails, Gc – large size, Mc – medium size, Pc – small size." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), a significant difference was observed between the three classes
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343C3DC9DEFD67FD60" box="[612,641,660,684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Pc</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343CD4C9DEFD57FD60" box="[653,689,660,684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343CBBC9DEFCE4FD60" box="[738,770,660,684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
for each predator stage. However, there were significant predation differences between healthy and infested snails only for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343F5FC99EFECCFD20" box="[262,298,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343F39C99EFE67FD20" box="[352,385,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
classes. The L
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823F97343C7EC998FD95FD20" box="[551,627,722,748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" type="larva">3 larva</specimenCount>
|
||
consumed 9.68 ± 1.37 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343DD8C99EFC43FD20" box="[897,933,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
), 5.13 ± 1.63 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343A12C99EFB8AFD20" box="[1099,1132,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
) of healthy individuals (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90307823F97343FE1C9B8FDC7FCC0" box="[440,545,754,780]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[579,650,204,225]" captionTargetBox="[180,1044,327,758]" captionTargetId="graphics-441@7.[240,1105,316,765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1 Number of Radix natalensis consumed by each larval stage of Sepedon ruficeps in proportion to three size classes of the mollusc.Abbreviations:A – healthy snails,B – parasitized snails, Gc – large size, Mc – medium size, Pc – small size." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD">Table 1A</tableCitation>
|
||
) as compared to 10.74 ± 1.44 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343DD9C9BEFC42FCC0" box="[896,932,756,780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
), 6.20 ± 1.12 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343A12C9BEFB8AFCC0" box="[1099,1132,756,780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
) of parasitized individuals (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90307823F97343FBCC858FDA9FCE0" box="[485,591,786,812]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[579,650,204,225]" captionTargetBox="[180,1044,327,758]" captionTargetId="graphics-441@7.[240,1105,316,765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1 Number of Radix natalensis consumed by each larval stage of Sepedon ruficeps in proportion to three size classes of the mollusc.Abbreviations:A – healthy snails,B – parasitized snails, Gc – large size, Mc – medium size, Pc – small size." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF3466348230973B3C1ACB86FEA8FEFD">Table 1B</tableCitation>
|
||
). These data show more feeding on the infested snails (Wilcoxon test). We did not observe emission of cercariae during consumption of parasitized snails of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343FBCC81EFDEFFCA0" box="[485,521,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mc</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343C19C81EFD87FCA0" box="[576,609,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Gc</emphasis>
|
||
classes. At this time, parasite development had not yet reached the cercarial shedding stage. That aside,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343D74C83EFC44FC40" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[813,930,884,908]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343D74C83EFC44FC40" box="[813,930,884,908]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be very effective as a predator of parasitized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343C11C8DEFD31FC60" box="[584,727,916,940]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343C11C8DEFD31FC60" box="[584,727,916,940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">R. natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Globally, the three larval stages eat a lot of juvenile as well as sexually mature snails, and thus contribute to reducing reduce the population level of snails of the subsequent generation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823F97343EECCF46FE3AFBE8" blockId="8.[181,1142,1036,1676]" box="[181,476,1036,1060]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343EECCF46FE3AFBE8" box="[181,476,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Predation on oligochaetes</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823F97343E89CF60FE27F9A8" blockId="8.[181,1142,1036,1676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Whereas the fly larvae attack and eat freshwater snails, they also predate extensively on the small and abundant oligochaete
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343C2ACF06FCBDFBA8" box="[627,859,1100,1124]" class="Clitellata" family="Naididae" genus="Aulophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="furcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343C2ACF06FCBDFBA8" box="[627,859,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Aulophorus furcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lives in the same biotopes. We observed this predation both in the laboratory and in the field, behaviour recently mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343F9BCFC0FD2CFB68" author="GBEDJISSI, L. G. & VALA, J. - C. & KNUTSON, L. & DOSSOU, C." box="[450,714,1162,1189]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="817 - 832" refId="ref8159" refString="GBEDJISSI, L. G., VALA, J. - C., KNUTSON, L. & DOSSOU, C. 2003. Predation by larvae of Sepedon ruficeps (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) and population dynamics of the adult flies and their freshwater prey. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 110 (4): 817 - 832." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Gbedjissi
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343C6FCFC6FD8DFB68" box="[566,619,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This small worm lives inside a tiny floating tube, open at both ends, which is constructed with conglomerated vegetal debris.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343F50CF86FE66FB28" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[265,384,1228,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343F50CF86FE66FB28" box="[265,384,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was seen to attack the oligochaete at the front end where the head emerges. A total of 60–70 prey individuals was eaten up to when a fly larva reached the pupal stage. The number of oligochaetes fed upon increased between the first and third instar larval phases, but we did not calculate the corresponding food ratio between molluscs and oligochaetes, needed to complete larval development. Sometimes, a few worms were attacked and only partially eaten. This scenario is similar to the “wasteful feeding” reported in many circumstances for the larvae of some sciomyzids reared in the presence of a surfeit of molluscs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343CCACEE0FCDEFA08" author="ECKBLAD, J." box="[659,824,1450,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 21" refId="ref8085" refString="ECKBLAD, J. 1976. Biomass and energy transfer by a specialized predator of aquatic snails. Freshwater Biology 6 (1): 19 - 21." type="journal article" year="1976">Eckblad 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343D1FCEE0FBD3FA08" author="VALLEY, K. R. & BERG, C. O." box="[838,1077,1450,1477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref9091" refString="VALLEY, K. R. & BERG, C. O. 1977. Biology, immature stages, and new species of snail-killing Diptera of the genus Dictya (Sciomyzidae). Search: Agriculture - Entomology 18 (Ithaca) 7 (2): 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1977">Valley & Berg 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343A1ACEE0FF14FA28" author="VALA, J. - C." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref8772" refString="VALA, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Paris: Federation Francaise des Societes de Sciences Naturelles." type="book" year="1989">Vala 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If this significant oligophagous feeding behaviour is alternative for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343DA0CE86FB88FA28" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[1017,1134,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343DA0CE86FB88FA28" box="[1017,1134,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is obligatory for the sciomyzids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343C17CEA6FC2DF9C8" authority="Verbeke, 1950" authorityName="Verbeke" authorityYear="1950" box="[590,971,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343C17CEA6FCFDF9C8" box="[590,795,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Sepedonella nana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343D7CCEA0FC2DF9C8" author="VERBEKE, J." box="[805,971,1514,1540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref9188" refString="VERBEKE, J. 1950. Sciomyzidae (Diptera Cyclorrhapha). In: Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). Fascicule 66. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, pp. 1 - 97." type="book chapter" year="1950">Verbeke, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343D87CEA0FED4F9E8" author="VALA, J. - C. & GBEDJISSI, L. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="50 - 68" refId="ref8866" refString="VALA, J. - C. & GBEDJISSI, L. G. 2011. Biology of the Afrotropical Sepedonella nana (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), whose larvae feed only on freshwater Aulophorus furcatus (Oligochaeta: Naididae). Zootaxa 3102: 50 - 68." type="journal article" year="2011">Vala & Gbedjissi 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823F97343F28CD46FB97F9E8" authority="Vala, Gbedjissi and Dossou, 1994" authorityName="Vala, Gbedjissi and Dossou" authorityYear="1994" box="[369,1137,1546,1573]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knutsoni" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343F28CD46FD0EF9E8" box="[369,744,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Sepedon (Parasepedon) knutsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343CB6CD40FB97F9E8" author="VALA, J. - C. & GBEDJISSI, G. & DOSSOU, C." box="[751,1137,1546,1573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="497 - 504" refId="ref8915" refString="VALA, J. - C., GBEDJISSI, G. & DOSSOU, C. 1994. Les Sciomyzidae du Benin, description de Sepedon (Mesosepedon) knutsoni n. sp. (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 99 (5): 497 - 504." type="journal article" year="1994">Vala, Gbedjissi and Dossou, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C762C823F97343F30CD60FE4AF988" box="[361,428,1578,1604]" name="Benin" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823F97343FE5CD60FD90F988" author="VALA, J. - C. & GBEDJISSI, G. & KNUTSON, L. & DOSSOU, C." box="[444,630,1578,1604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="250" refId="ref8972" refString="VALA, J. - C., GBEDJISSI, G., KNUTSON, L. & DOSSOU, C. 2002. Sepedon knutsoni, a second oligochaete feeding sciomyzid from Africa. In: Fifth International Congress of Dipterology, 29 th September to 4 th October 2002, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, Abstracts Volume, p. 250." type="book chapter" year="2002">
|
||
Vala
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823F97343FA1CD66FDD4F988" box="[504,562,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both of these species are known only from the Afrotopical Region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823F97343EECCD38FEA6F940" blockId="8.[181,1142,1036,1676]" box="[181,320,1650,1676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Description:</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF346634823E97353EC9C9EFFBA2FD76" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649650" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649650" box="[144,1092,677,698]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649650/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" startId="9.[144,177,677,698]" targetBox="[253,994,204,663]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823E97353EC9C9EFFBA2FD76" blockId="9.[144,1092,677,698]" box="[144,1092,677,698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig. 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823E97353E89C9EDFE10FD76" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[208,502,679,698]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823E97353E89C9EDFE10FD76" box="[208,502,679,698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, span of life cycle and development of immature stages, in days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823E97353EC9C996FEAEFD38" blockId="9.[144,1111,732,1269]" box="[144,328,732,756]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823E97353EC9C996FEAEFD38" box="[144,328,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Immature stages</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823E97353EC9C9B6FCBAFC39" blockId="9.[144,1111,732,1269]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823E97353EC9C9B6FF5BFCD8" box="[144,189,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Egg</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353E94C9B0FEA8FCD8" box="[205,334,762,788]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Reticulate chorion showing hexagonal contiguous structures. Four longitudinal ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353F21C850FE32FCF8" box="[376,468,794,820]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) present: two subdorsal (Sdr), delimiting a dorsal face (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823E97353EC1C870FF26FC98" box="[152,192,826,852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">DF</collectionCode>
|
||
), more or less flat; two sublateral (Slr), delimiting a very convex ventral face (VF), largely covered with a glue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353F8AC810FDCDFCB8" box="[467,555,858,884]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
, Gl) for pasting on to emerging stems of aquatic vegetation. The longitudinal subdorsal and sublateral ridges on each side of egg delimit a narrow side face (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823E97353F3AC8D0FE6FFC78" box="[355,393,922,948]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">LF</collectionCode>
|
||
).Anterior end of egg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353C22C8D0FD29FC78" box="[635,719,922,948]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one arched dorsal expansion, perforated by a large number of aeropyles (Ae) overlying the subterminal micropyle (My). Posterior end rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353F87C890FDDEFC38" box="[478,568,986,1012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
), many aeropyles present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823E97353EC9C8B6FE3FFB38" blockId="9.[144,1111,732,1269]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823E97353EC9C8B6FF39FBD8" box="[144,223,1020,1044]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Larvae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353EB4C8B0FE8BFBD8" box="[237,365,1018,1044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figs 6E–H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353F21C8B1FE6EFBD9" box="[376,392,1019,1045]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353FCAC8B0FE45FBD8" box="[403,419,1018,1044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Like all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823E97353C4DC8B0FD43FBD8" box="[532,677,1018,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, three successive larval stages precede a characteristic pupal stage. The larval stages have the same morphology, being composed of 12 segments (I to XII). These stages are distinguished by their size, colour, presence or absence of certain attributes such as absence of the pair of spiracles in the first larval stage (L1). We present below a general description of larvae, followed by the description of each stage with their distinctive characters. Each character is paired and symmetrically distributed according to the sagittal plane. Therefore, we detail them only for one side of the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823E97353EC9CE5EFE45FAE0" blockId="9.[144,1104,1300,1677]" box="[144,419,1300,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823E97353EC9CE5EFE45FAE0" box="[144,419,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">General larval segments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823E97353EC9CE7EFD75FA01" blockId="9.[144,1104,1300,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823E97353EC9CE7EFE3DFA80" box="[144,475,1332,1356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Segment I (cephalic segment)</emphasis>
|
||
. Anteriorly bilobed. Each lobe (CL) with one elongated and leaf-shaped antennal organ (AO); one rounded maxillary organ (MO) bearing sensilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353EADCE38FEABFA40" box="[244,333,1394,1420]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
); mouth midventral, each lateral edge with two sensilla. One strong postoral spinule band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353FD3CED8FE3DFA60" box="[394,475,1426,1452]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||
, Post B) arranged into 8–10 rows of spines (simple apex) positioned at posterior margin of the segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823E97373EC9CE9EFCD5FECA" blockId="9.[144,1104,1300,1677]" lastBlockId="11.[144,1105,203,645]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823E97353EC9CE9EFDFDFA20" box="[144,539,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Segments II–IV (thoracic segments).</emphasis>
|
||
Mainly characterized by presence of a pair of Keilin organs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353EB2CEB8FEA0F9C0" box="[235,326,1522,1548]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
|
||
, no. 2) on ventral surface, each with three long setae arising from a unique pit camouflaging their basal attachment.All segments without dorsal swimming tuft of setae. Except on segment II, one transverse spinulate ventral band of 13–16 rows on anterior margin, first 5–6 rows more or less expanded laterally and dorsally than others (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823E97353EBDCD38FE84F941" box="[228,354,1650,1677]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
, Tsv B). This formation has been noted for the Palaearctic species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823C97373EC9CB84FDC4FF29" authority="(Rondani, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[144,546,203,230]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Euthycera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373EC9CB84FE83FF2A" box="[144,357,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Euthycera cribrata</emphasis>
|
||
(Rondani, 1868)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823C97373C12CB81FCE9FF29" author="VALA, J. - C. & REIDENBACH, J. - M. & GASC, C." box="[587,783,203,230]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="250 - 258" refId="ref9039" refString="VALA, J. - C., REIDENBACH, J. - M. & GASC, C. 1983. Biologie des stades larvaires d' Euthycera cribrata (Rondani 1868), parasitoide de Gasteropodes terrestres. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 88: 250 - 258." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Vala
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373CDACB84FD55FF2A" box="[643,691,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Other thoracic sensilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373A7BCB81FF4EFEC9" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
|
||
) are referred to below in the section on sensory receptors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF346634823D97363EECCEFCFB90F947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" startId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" targetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823D97363EECCEFCFB90F947" blockId="10.[181,1143,1462,1675]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Fig. 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823D97363EABCEF2FDF2FA07" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[242,532,1464,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823D97363EABCEF2FDF2FA07" box="[242,532,1464,1483]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, details of larval immature stages: (A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant – anterior end,AO – antennal organ, arabic numbers – sensilla, CL – cephalic lobe, DF – dorsal face, Gl – glue, I–IV – segment numbers, LF – lateral face, MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posterior end, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge, Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face. Scale bars in μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823C97373EC9CA44FCD7FE6A" blockId="11.[144,1105,203,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373EC9CA44FDCBFEEA" box="[144,557,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Segments V–XI (abdominal segments)</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373C63CA41FD9FFEEA" box="[570,633,267,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) with three ventral pairs of ventral tubercles (Vt1–Vt3), each with long sensilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373C40CA61FD97FE89" box="[537,625,299,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
); on each lateral side, three lateral tubercles (Lt1–Lt3), also with sensilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373FBCCA01FD87FEA9" box="[485,609,331,358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); then dorsolaterally, one small tuft of long setae and one sensillum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373FF7CA21FDCCFE4A" box="[430,554,363,390]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
); dorsally, a swimming tuft (Wt) (except on XI) composed by long setae surrounding 2 sensilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373CF3CAC1FCC3FE6A" box="[682,805,395,422]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823C97373EC9CAE4FE57FD49" blockId="11.[144,1105,203,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373EC9CAE4FE33FE0A" box="[144,469,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Segment XII (last abdominal)</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373FBACAE1FDBCFE0A" box="[483,602,427,454]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7F–H</figureCitation>
|
||
) with pre-anal lobe and anal lobe; lateral lobe present; posterior disc with five pairs of peripheral lobes fringed with bristle devices (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373EC1CAA1FF12FDCA" box="[152,244,491,518]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
): one well-developed ventrally (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823C97373C07CAA1FD6EFDC9" box="[606,648,491,517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
), triangular, elongated; one lateroventral (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823C97373EC1C941FF32FDE9" box="[152,212,523,549]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">VLL</collectionCode>
|
||
), triangular, bi-segmented, and well expanded; one lateral (LL); one laterodorsal (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823C97373EC1C961FF32FD89" box="[152,212,555,581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">DLL</collectionCode>
|
||
), both triangular and less developed; one dorsal (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823C97373CB6C961FCFFFD89" box="[751,793,555,581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">DL</collectionCode>
|
||
), somewhat indistinct. Each spiracular plate (Sp) with four palmate interspiracular processes (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823C97373D37C901FC6DFDA9" box="[878,907,587,613]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">IP</collectionCode>
|
||
), alternating with three spiracular openings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823C97373EC9C9F9FDE4FD07" blockId="11.[143,1104,691,1676]" box="[144,514,691,715]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373EC9C9F9FDE4FD07" box="[144,514,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">General larval sensory receptors</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823C97373EF3C99BFE31FCA7" blockId="11.[143,1104,691,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823C97373E84C998FEFEFD20" box="[221,280,722,748]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of sensory receptor and their disposition show a symmetrical distribution along the sagittal plane of the larvae. On the side of each thoracic and abdominal segment, eleven sensilla are present. Results are based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823C97373D58C85BFC51FCE7" box="[769,951,785,811]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined by stereoscan microscopy as established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B4D823C97373C0EC87BFD3CFC87" author="VALA, J. - C." box="[599,730,817,843]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" refId="ref8772" refString="VALA, J. - C. 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France. France et Regions limitrophes. N ° 72. Paris: Federation Francaise des Societes de Sciences Naturelles." type="book" year="1989">Vala (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and numbered successively from ventral no. 1 to dorsal no. 11.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823C97373EC9C839FDA2FC27" blockId="11.[143,1104,691,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373EC9C839FEB1FC47" box="[144,343,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Cephalic segment</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373F3FC83BFE31FC40" box="[358,471,881,908]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). On each cephalic lobe: one antennal organ (AO) on the apex; one circular maxillary organ (MO) on dorsal surface supporting two or three low styloconicum sensilla, three of the coeloconicum
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823C97373CFEC8F8FD3CFC00" box="[679,730,946,972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||
; two labial sensilla (coeloconicum
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823C97373EC9C898FF24FC20" box="[144,194,978,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||
) on each lateral part of the mouth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823C97373EC9C8B9FCECFB60" blockId="11.[143,1104,691,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373EC9C8B9FE85FBC7" box="[144,355,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Thoracic segments</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373F2AC8BBFE04FBC0" box="[371,482,1009,1036]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6G, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). One coeloconicum sensillum (no. 1) (or ampulaceum
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823C97373EC9CF58FF24FBE0" box="[144,194,1042,1068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||
) within a deep cavity (note: not visible on the figure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373D40CF5BFC95FBE7" box="[793,883,1041,1067]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to nos 3, 5 and 6); one Keilin organ (no. 2) with its three long chaeticum sensilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373DFBCF7BFC1AFB87" box="[930,1020,1073,1099]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Three basiconicum sensilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373FDACF1BFE29FBA7" box="[387,463,1105,1131]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
|
||
, nos 4, 8 and 9, unfortunately no. 9 is absent in this figure), club-like. Four long trichodeum sensilla (nos 7, 10 and 11) arising from a thin cuticular membranous base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373F31CFDBFE50FB67" box="[360,438,1169,1195]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
|
||
, no. 11 missing in this figure).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823C97313ED6CFF9FDE0FEEB" blockId="11.[143,1104,691,1676]" lastBlockId="13.[144,1104,205,295]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823C97373ED6CFF9FE9DFB07" box="[143,379,1203,1227]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Abdominal segments</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373FD5CFFBFDEDFB07" box="[396,523,1201,1227]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eleven sensilla are also present on each segment from ventral to dorsal surface. They are positioned mainly on ventral (Vt1–Vt3) and lateral (Lt1–Lt3) tubercles and on the swimming tufts (Wt). The coeloconicum
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823C97373A5FCFB8FBD0FAC0" box="[1030,1078,1266,1292]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||
is dominant and generally the basal edge shows two long, denticulate seta-like structures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823C97373EC1CE7BFF09FA80" box="[152,239,1329,1356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Other sensilla are of the trichoid
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823C97373C2BCE78FD40FA80" box="[626,678,1330,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. On ventral surface: successively one, two and one coeloconicum sensillum on Vt1 (no. 1), Vt2 (nos 2, 3) and Vt3 (no. 4). Laterally: Lt1, one coeloconicum (no. 5) (seta-like) plus one long trichodeum (no. 6); Lt2 with sensillum (no. 7) similar to no. 5; Lt3, one long trichodeum sensillum (no. 8) like no. 6. In laterodorsal position, one coeloconicum
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823C97373CE2CEF8FD0DFA00" box="[699,747,1458,1484]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
|
||
with two long setae (45–65μm long) (no. 9); dorsally, three sensilla within each tuft: one low flower-like coeloconicum (no. 10a), edge with a few short expansions, one long trichodeum sensillum (no. 10) similar to no. 9 – not visible in this picture – and close to longitudinal dorsal axis, one coeloconicum (no. 11) with two long, seta-like expansions on basal edge. Abdominal segment 8 with posterior disc also with eleven pairs of sensilla. Ventrally, coelonicum sensilla (nos 2, 3) on the pre-anal lobe; lateral tubercle with sensillum no. 1; ventral lobe (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313E97CB87FF10FF2B" box="[206,246,205,231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
) with sensilla nos 4, 5, 6; ventrolateral lobe (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313CBCCB87FCF9FF2B" box="[741,799,205,231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">VLL</collectionCode>
|
||
) bears sensilla nos 7–9 and 10a; lateral lobe (LL) and dorsal lobe (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313C62CBA7FD85FECB" box="[571,611,237,263]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">DL</collectionCode>
|
||
) with sensilla no. 10 and no. 11 respectively on their apex, styloconicum
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F0881E823A97313F97CA47FDE4FEEB" box="[462,514,269,295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF346634823B97303EECCEFCFB95F947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" startId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" targetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823B97303EECCEFCFB95F947" blockId="12.[181,1142,1462,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig. 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3F823B97303EA1CEF2FDC7FA07" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1923" box="[248,545,1464,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Sepedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps" subGenus="Parasepedon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823B97303EA1CEF2FDC7FA07" box="[248,545,1464,1483]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc. Abbreviations: An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar, VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823A97313EC9CA05FF38FEAB" blockId="13.[144,1104,335,1677]" box="[144,222,335,359]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823A97313EC9CA05FF38FEAB" box="[144,222,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Instars</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823A97313EC9CA25FC01FDAB" blockId="13.[144,1104,335,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823A97313EC9CA25FE67FE4B" box="[144,385,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">First instar larva (L1)</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313FD7CA27FDE4FE4B" box="[398,514,365,391]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[252,1071,205,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-8@10.[245,1078,202,1454]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig.6. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval immature stages:(A–D) egg, lateral (A) and ventral (B) views, anterior (C) and posterior (D) ends; (E–H) first instar larva: (E) anterior end showing cephalic (I) and thoracic (II–III) segments, frontal view; (F) first instar larva, anterior end in lateral view; (G) characteristic details of thoracic segment; (H) first instar larva more or less in ventrolateral view, segments I–IV showing position of the spinulate ventral band; (I) thoracic sensilla 2–8. Abbreviations:Ae – aeropyle,Ant– anterior end,AO – antennalorgan,arabic numbers – sensilla, CL– cephalic lobe, DF– dorsal face, Gl– glue, I–IV – segment numbers,LF – lateral face,MO – maxillary organ, My – micropyle, Pst – posteriorend, Post B – post oral spinulated band, Sdr – subdorsal ridge, Slr – sublateral ridge,Tsv B – transverse spinulate ventral band, VF – ventral face.Scale bars in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649652/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figs 6E–I</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313C52CA27FDB0FE4B" box="[523,598,365,391]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">7A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313C39CA27FD42FE4B" box="[608,676,365,391]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subcylindric. Length 1.50–3.00 mm; greatest width
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313F6ACAC7FE3AFE6B" box="[307,476,397,423]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.62" valueMax="0.78" valueMin="0.46">0.46–0.78 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Integument translucent. No anterior spiracles. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton sclerotized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313FA0CAE7FD89FE0B" box="[505,623,429,455]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313C8FCAE7FC9BFE0B" box="[726,893,429,455]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.37" valueMax="0.39" valueMin="0.35">0.35–0.39 mm</quantity>
|
||
; mouth hook (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313A4ECAE7FBA1FE0B" box="[1047,1095,429,455]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">MH</collectionCode>
|
||
) with bifid hook anteriorly, without accessory tooth, posterior margin fused with complex hypostomal-pharyngeal sclerite; ventral arch (VA) beneath and articulated with mouth hook, anterior margin finely denticulate, lateral edges slightly emerged; pharyngeal sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313EA9C967FEF5FD8B" box="[240,275,557,583]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">PS</collectionCode>
|
||
), apex of dorsal cornu very tapered (Dc), ventral cornu (Vc) clear, without window. Spiracular openings B-shaped. Description based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823A97313D1EC907FC04FDAB" box="[839,994,589,615]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823A97313EC9C925FCBCFB8B" blockId="13.[144,1104,335,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823A97313EC9C925FE7DFD4B" box="[144,411,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Second instar larva (L2)</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313FF0C927FDFCFD4B" box="[425,538,621,647]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8C–I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313CD9C927FD04FD4B" box="[640,738,621,647]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Integument greyish, transparent. Anterior spiracle with 6–7 rudimentary papillae more or less carved on segment II (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313A7BC9C7FF4FFD0B" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cephalopharyngeal skeleton length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313C1FC9E7FD0FFD0B" box="[582,745,685,711]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.64" valueMax="0.66" valueMin="0.62">0.62–0.66 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313CAEC9E7FC94FD0B" box="[759,882,685,711]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8C–H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mouth hook (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313A41C9E7FBAEFD0B" box="[1048,1096,685,711]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">MH</collectionCode>
|
||
) sclerified, hook strong, sharp, irregularly decurved line, apex portion abruptly turned in ventral direction; three slightly dark, shared and decurved teeth (At) below the hook; mouth hook body with one small foramen; one small and strong mid-dorsal projection; two posterior projections, thicker dorsal one more elongated than the ventral projection. Ventral arch (VA) articulating with ventral margin of mouth hook, sclerotized, two foramens, anterior margin with 20–24 denticles, posterior margin V-shaped; epistomal sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313EA8C8C7FEF2FC6B" box="[241,276,909,935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">ES</collectionCode>
|
||
) bilobed, welded to both parastomal bars (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313CA2C8C7FCC7FC6B" box="[763,801,909,935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">PB</collectionCode>
|
||
), all C-shaped; parastomal bars posteriorly fused with pharyngeal sclerites. Hypostomal sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313DFEC8E7FC2BFC0B" box="[935,973,941,967]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">HS</collectionCode>
|
||
) U-shaped, strongly black, one foramen, anteriorly enclosing arched lingual sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313DC6C887FC25FC2B" box="[927,963,973,999]" country="United Kingdom" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">LS</collectionCode>
|
||
). Pharyngeal sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313EA8C8A7FEF4FBCB" box="[241,274,1005,1031]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">PS</collectionCode>
|
||
) wing-like, cornua without window. On each spiracular plate (Sp), three elongated spiracular openings, four interspiracular processes (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313D76CF47FCADFBEB" box="[815,843,1037,1063]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">IP</collectionCode>
|
||
), one round and slightly yellow spiracular scar (Ss). Description based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823A97313CE2CF67FCB0FB8B" box="[699,854,1069,1095]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823A97313EC9CF05FD3CF9EB" blockId="13.[144,1104,335,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823A97313EC9CF05FE62FBAB" box="[144,388,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Third instar larva (L3)</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313FC8CF07FE07FBAB" box="[401,481,1101,1127]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313FB3CF07FDC1FBAB" box="[490,551,1101,1127]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">8J–P</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313CD2CF07FCC4FBAB" box="[651,802,1101,1127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.035" metricValueMax="1.22" metricValueMin="0.85" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="10.35" valueMax="12.2" valueMin="8.5">8.5–12.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; greatest width
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313D90CF07FBABFBAB" box="[969,1101,1101,1127]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.1">2.1–2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
. Integument brown, translucent, one distinct mid-dorsal stripe. Anterior spiracle with six to seven distinct papillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313FB2CFC7FDD9FB6B" box="[491,575,1165,1191]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8P</figureCitation>
|
||
, pa). Cephalopharyngeal skeleton length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313A44CFC7FF06FB0B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8– 1.2mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313EB7CFE7FEBAFB0B" box="[238,348,1197,1223]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8J–P</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mouth hook (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313C58CFE7FDD7FB0B" box="[513,561,1197,1223]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">MH</collectionCode>
|
||
) as in second instar, but larger, two foramens, four accessory teeth, mid-dorsal projection very strong and stout; behind, articulated with hypostomal sclerite. Ventral arch with 26–28 regular teeth on anterior margin, posterior part with a long median notch. Epistomal sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313C8FCE47FD1FFAEB" box="[726,761,1293,1319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">ES</collectionCode>
|
||
) dark black except for lightly pigmented anterior margin; two foramina, posteriorly fused with parastomal bars (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313A45CE67FBA4FA8B" box="[1052,1090,1325,1351]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">PB</collectionCode>
|
||
), connected to anteromesal margin of pharyngeal sclerite. Hypostomal sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313DB3CE07FBF6FAAB" box="[1002,1040,1357,1383]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">HS</collectionCode>
|
||
) as in second instar, very stout, with large central hole; lingual sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313D29CE27FC75FA4B" box="[880,915,1389,1415]" country="United Kingdom" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">LS</collectionCode>
|
||
) arched, slightly separated from the arms of hypostomal sclerite; pharyngeal sclerite (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5AAE79823A97313DD1CEC7FC4FFA6B" box="[904,937,1421,1447]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">PS</collectionCode>
|
||
) with irregular black pigmentation, lacking distinct hyaline area in cornua. Indentation index 32–35. On each spiracular plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313FF0CE87FDE6FA2B" box="[425,512,1485,1511]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[181,214,1462,1483]" captionTargetBox="[246,1078,205,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-8@12.[239,1085,204,1444]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc.Abbreviations:An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar,VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649654/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
|
||
, Sp), one blackish and round stigmatic scar (Ss), very conspicuous; interspiracular processes robust, large; stigmatic openings elliptic, elongated and wide. Description based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823A97313C63CD47FD33F9EB" box="[570,725,1549,1575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF436BC823A97323EC9CD7EFDAEF947" blockId="13.[144,1104,335,1677]" lastBlockId="14.[181,1142,1521,1676]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FEAAE823A97313EC9CD7EFEE6F980" box="[144,256,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Puparium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13702A39823A97313F49CD78FE6BF981" box="[272,397,1586,1613]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[181,213,1338,1359]" captionTargetBox="[225,1085,214,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-58@14.[181,1141,204,1327]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig.8.Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps,detailsof immaturestages:(A–H,J–O)cephalopharyngealskeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H)second instar larva;(J–O)third instar larva.(I, P) anterior spiracleof second and third instar larva, respectively.(Q, R) puparium:dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views.Abbreviations: ant – anterior end,At – accessory teeth,(Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite,HS – hypostomal sclerite,LS – lingualsclerite,MH – mouth hook,pa – papilla,PB – parastomal bar,post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite,Ss – spiracular scar,VA – ventral arch,Vc – ventral cornua.Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649656/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8Q, R</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length 6.0–8.0 mm, width
|
||
<quantity id="4CB39B59823A97313C82CD78FC8FF981" box="[731,873,1586,1613]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.3">2.3–3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Subcylindrical, ridged. Black-brown, rarely brown, iridescent. With mid-dorsal brownish stripe. Lateral and dorsolateral tubercle vestiges of third instar present, hardened, very conspicuous; ventral tubercle vestiges distinct, darkened. Anterior end (ant) abruptly narrower, slightly upturned; tiny anterior spiracles present. Posterior end (post) strongly upturned and higher than the puparial dorsal surface; spiracular disc shrunken; lobes vestigial, hardened and visible; interspiracular processes stunted, bonded, free, folded or raised. Description based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD35823997323FF0CD3BFDA2F947" box="[425,580,1649,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |