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<document id="655C85353D8A6DA9252409020BACE921" ID-DOI="10.2307/3504311" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701952" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1720554697534" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Pinder, Laurenz &amp; Grosse, Andrea P." docDate="1991" docId="03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893" docLanguage="en" docName="MammSpecies.1991.380.1-4.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 380 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504311" docTitle="Blastocerus dichotomus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FFDB5C51FFB79D27FF9DFFC4FFE34D01" masterDocTitle="Blastocerus dichotomus" masterLastPageNumber="716" masterPageNumber="687" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1720557030738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="BF79F7F087641979BA10BF39118D658E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="E0BB8CBA544FD3A1471D2C8CA58A261F">Blastocerus dichotomus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="72A147C1EC1FD9A8617CB306553429E3">Pinder, Laurenz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F58B7D364F869BFEC4F9F8088B934DFB">Grosse, Andrea P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="74DB75DFA17A90786947065102B50E8E">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="985F55755E277E96FD397ABA19AF2164">
<mods:date id="C6E0D70DF751FCA95D9B9727FC9CDA5C">1991</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="43D5CA39F9E08F8BAE432D545A83A05D">1991-11-06</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2C4B68F7905B81A47FD5BE7614876DC4">380</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="8DACCB679C826365711BBAE9DAB21D46">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="20848CBA3E27110A93D025A25557E0A7" type="DOI">10.2307/3504311</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DE52BBD007200DCAD6F5672EC20FED81" type="Zenodo-Dep">12701952</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB79D27FF4FFD1EFD494FF2" box="[210,682,730,755]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF4FFD1EFD494FF2" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" box="[210,682,730,755]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB79D27FF4FFD1EFD494FF2" bold="true" box="[210,682,730,755]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="0">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FF4FFD1EFD494FF2" ID-CoL="M2J6" authority="(Hliger, 1815)" baseAuthorityName="Hliger" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[210,682,730,755]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF4FFD1EFE104FF2" bold="true" box="[210,499,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Blastocerus dichotomus</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FE60FD1EFD494FF2" bold="true" box="[509,682,730,755]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(Hliger, 1815)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB79D27FE1FFD39FE184E15" box="[386,507,765,788]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FE1FFD39FE184E15" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" box="[386,507,765,788]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB79D27FE1FFD39FE184E15" box="[386,507,765,788]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="1">Marsh Deer</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB79D27FF31FCE1FDB84ED2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF31FCE1FD824E4E" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FF31FCE1FE044E38" authority="Illiger, 1815: 117" authorityName="Illiger" authorityPageNumber="117" authorityYear="1815" box="[172,487,805,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF31FCE1FEAF4E38" box="[172,332,805,825]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus dichotomus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FECAFCE1FE044E38" author="ILLIGER A" bookContentInfo="Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin" box="[343,487,805,825]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1804 - 1811" refId="ref4229" refString="ILLIGER A. 1815. Uberblick der Saugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung iiber die welttheile. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1804 - 1811." title="Uberblick der Saugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung iiber die welttheile" type="book" year="1815">Illiger, 1815:117</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality &quot;Paraguay&quot; (based upon &quot;giiazu-pucii&quot;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE24FCFFFDB44E4E" author="DE AZARA, F." box="[441,599,827,847]" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 366" part="1" refId="ref3596" refString="DE AZARA, F. 1801. Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay. Paris, 1: 1 - 366." title="Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1801">de Azara, 1801:70</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF36FC95FD824E7A" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FF36FC95FE154E64" authority="Desmarest, 1822: 443" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityPageNumber="443" authorityYear="1822" box="[171,502,849,869]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludosus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF36FC95FEDF4E64" box="[171,316,849,869]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus paludosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FEDEFC95FE154E64" author="DESMAREST, M. A. G." box="[323,502,849,869]" journalOrPublisher="Irnprimeur-Libraire, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="277 - 530" part="2" refId="ref3817" refString="DESMAREST, M. A. G. 1822. Mammalogie ou description des especes de mammiferes. Irnprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 2: 277 - 530." title="Mammalogie ou description des especes de mammiferes" type="journal article" year="1822">Desmarest, 1822:443</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality &quot;Paraguay&quot; (based upon &quot;gilazu-pucu&quot;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE24FCA3FDB94E7A" author="DE AZARA, F." box="[441,602,871,891]" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 366" part="1" refId="ref3596" refString="DE AZARA, F. 1801. Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay. Paris, 1: 1 - 366." title="Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1801">de Azara, 1801:70</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF31FCB9FD324E90" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" box="[172,721,893,913]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FF31FCB9FE134E90" authority="Desmoulins, 1823: 379" authorityName="Desmoulins" authorityPageNumber="379" authorityYear="1823" box="[172,496,893,913]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF31FCB9FED24E90" box="[172,305,893,913]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus palustris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FEAAFCB9FE134E90" author="DESMOULINS, A." bookContentInfo="Key and Jravier, Paris, 3: 1 - 592" box="[311,496,893,913]" editor="L. Audovin et al." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="371 - 389" refId="ref3845" refString="DESMOULINS, A. 1823. Pp, 371 - 389, in Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle (L. Audovin et al., eds.). Key and Jravier, Paris, 3: 1 - 592." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle" year="1823">Desmoulins, 1823:379</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality &quot;Paraguay.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF37FC57FD324EA6" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" box="[170,721,915,935]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FF37FC57FE5C4EA6" authority="Gray, 1843: 176" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="176" authorityYear="1843" box="[170,447,915,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF37FC57FED54EA6" box="[170,310,915,935]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mazama furcata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FEA6FC57FE5C4EA6" author="GRAY, J. E." bookContentInfo="Jeorge Woodfall and Son, London" box="[315,447,915,935]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="216" refId="ref3999" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1843. List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. Jeorge Woodfall and Son, London, 216 pp." title="List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum" type="book" year="1843">Gray, 1843:176</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. No type locality
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FDD0FC57FE924EBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(nomen nudum).
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF36FC6DFDB84ED2" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FF36FC6DFE1E4EBC" authority="Allen, 1916: 565" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="565" authorityYear="1916" box="[171,509,937,957]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
Blastocerus dichotomus
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FEEAFC6DFE1E4EBC" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[375,509,937,957]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="559 - 610" part="35" refId="ref3154" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1916. Mammals collected on the Roosevelt Brazilian expedition, with field notes by Leo E. Miller. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 35: 559 - 610." title="Mammals collected on the Roosevelt Brazilian expedition, with field notes by Leo E. Miller" type="journal article" year="1916">Allen, 1916:565</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality &quot;Parguay&quot; (based upon
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FEA2FC7BFDB34ED2" authority="Illiger, 1815: 117" authorityName="Illiger" authorityPageNumber="117" authorityYear="1815" box="[319,592,959,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FEA2FC7BFE5A4ED2" box="[319,441,959,979]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. dichotomus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE5FFC7BFDB34ED2" author="ILLIGER A" bookContentInfo="Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin" box="[450,592,959,979]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1804 - 1811" refId="ref4229" refString="ILLIGER A. 1815. Uberblick der Saugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung iiber die welttheile. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1804 - 1811." title="Uberblick der Saugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung iiber die welttheile" type="book" year="1815">Illiger, 1815: 117</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB79D27FF4AFC20FDF8490F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF4AFC20FDF8490F" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB79D27FF4AFC20FE0A4EF6" box="[215,489,996,1015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF4AFC20FE0A4EF6" bold="true" box="[215,489,996,1015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">CONTEXT AND CONTENT.</emphasis>
</heading>
Context as noted in generic account above.
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FEB3FC3EFE44490F" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1815" box="[302,423,1018,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FEB3FC3EFEA3490F" box="[302,320,1018,1038]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FED4FC3EFE44490F" box="[329,423,1018,1038]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dichotomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB79D27FF4AFBDAFBC24CD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF4AFBDAFE5E4825" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB79D27FF4AFBDAFEB14933" box="[215,338,1054,1074]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF4AFBDAFEB14933" bold="true" box="[215,338,1054,1074]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">DIAGNOSIS.</emphasis>
</heading>
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FEC7FBDAFDC14933" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1815" box="[346,546,1054,1074]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FEC7FBDAFDC14933" box="[346,546,1054,1074]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Blastocerus dichotomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137089BAFFB79D27FDB2FBDAFDBF4933" box="[559,604,1054,1074]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="0.[799,829,1749,1768]" captionTargetBox="[754,1307,997,1728]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="FIG. 1. Adult male marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in the Berlin Zoo. Courtesy of H. Fradrich, Berlin Zoo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701954/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) is the largest of the South American deer (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE07FBF0FD914949" author="CABRERA, A. &amp; J. YEPES" bookContentInfo="Compafiia Argentina de Editores, Buenos Aires" box="[410,626,1076,1096]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="370" refId="ref3437" refString="CABRERA, A., AND J. YEPES. 1940. Mamiferos Sud-Americanos (vida, costumbres y descripcion). Compafiia Argentina de Editores, Buenos Aires, 370 pp." title="Mamiferos Sud-Americanos (vida, costumbres y descripcion)" type="book" year="1940">Cabrera and Yepes, 1940</bibRefCitation>
). A straight basicranium and the antlers distinguish
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FE6FFB8EFDB0495F" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[498,595,1098,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FE6FFB8EFDB0495F" box="[498,595,1098,1118]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FF36FBA4FEEB4972" box="[171,264,1120,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Odocoileini">Odocoileini</taxonomicName>
. Antlers of adult marsh deer have four tines, which are never pointed inward as in
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FE07FBB2FE17498A" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1832" box="[410,500,1142,1163]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FE07FBB2FE17498A" box="[410,500,1142,1163]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Odocoileus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137089BAFFB79D27FD99FBB2FDD9498A" box="[516,570,1142,1163]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[217,245,698,717]" captionTargetBox="[173,737,133,673]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 2. Frontal view of the skull and antlers of Blastocerus dichotomus (adult male, United States National Museum of Natural History 261017). Courtesy of R. W. Thorington, Jr." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701956/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Fig.
<docIssue id="CF28EAD0FFB79D27FDB3FBB2FDD9498A" box="[558,570,1142,1163]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</docIssue>
</figureCitation>
). The main beam bifurcates near the base, and each prong is again bifurcated, a condition rarely seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FEF0FB66FE2449B7" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[365,455,1186,1206]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FEF0FB66FE2449B7" box="[365,455,1186,1206]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ozotoceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE4EFB66FD7F49B7" author="GROVES, C. P. &amp; P. GRUBB" bookContentInfo="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 577 pp" box="[467,668,1186,1206]" editor="C. M. Wemmer" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="21 - 59" refId="ref4051" refString="GROVES, C. P., AND P. GRUBB. 1987. Relationships of living deer. Pp. 21 - 59, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 577 pp." title="Relationships of living deer." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and management of the Cervidae" year="1987">Groves and Grubb, 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Jack ­ son, 1987). The legs of adult
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FE01FB7CFE1E49CD" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[412,509,1208,1228]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FE01FB7CFE1E49CD" box="[412,509,1208,1228]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are black up to the radius or tibia and pelage of the young is unspotted. The two toes of the hoof are bound by a strong membrane, and can be spread up to 10 em apart. No other South American deer attains such interdigital amplitude (Hofman et al., 1976).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF45FAF0FE3F48E1" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB79D27FF45FAF0FE394846" box="[216,474,1332,1351]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF45FAF0FE394846" bold="true" box="[216,474,1332,1351]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">GENERAL CHARACTERS.</emphasis>
</heading>
The hair of the marsh deer is long and tangled. During the winter the coat is brownish red, and paler on the flanks, neck, and chest. The rather bushy tail is a yellowish,rusty red above and black below. In the summer, the coat color is bright rufous chestnut. There is a white ring around the eyes, and white hairs inside the ears and inside the legs (
<figureCitation id="137089BAFFB79D27FD1FFA66FD5248B4" box="[642,689,1442,1461]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="0.[799,829,1749,1768]" captionTargetBox="[754,1307,997,1728]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="FIG. 1. Adult male marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in the Berlin Zoo. Courtesy of H. Fradrich, Berlin Zoo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701954/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FD5DFA66FEF248CB" author="DE AZARA, F." journalOrPublisher="Imprimieur-Libraire, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 389" part="1" refId="ref3656" refString="1809. Voyages dans L'Amerique Meridionale. Imprimieur-Libraire, Paris, 1: 1 - 389." title="Voyages dans L'Amerique Meridionale" type="journal article" year="1809">de Azara, 1809</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE82FA7CFE3948CB" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." box="[287,474,1464,1482]" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE75FA7CFD2948CB" author="NOWAK, R. M. &amp; J. L. PARADISO" box="[488,714,1464,1482]" journalOrPublisher="The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="569 - 1362" part="2" refId="ref4556" refString="NOWAK, R. M., AND J. L. PARADISO. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world. Fourth ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2: 569 - 1362." title="Walker's mammals of the world. Fourth ed" type="journal article" year="1983">Nowak and Paradiso, 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Albinos are known (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FECDFA0AFE3148E1" author="DE AZARA, F." box="[336,466,1486,1504]" journalOrPublisher="Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 318" part="1" refId="ref3623" refString="1802. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata. Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid, 1: 1 - 318." title="Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata" type="journal article" year="1802">de Azara, 1802</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF45FA27FF024BD2" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There are few data regarding body measurements. Length of head and body is 153-191 em
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FE2CFA3DFE234B0C" box="[433,448,1529,1549]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
= 6), length of tail is 12- 16 em
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF36F9CBFF584B22" box="[171,187,1551,1571]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
= 6), shoulder height is 110- 127 em
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FE67F9CBFDEA4B22" box="[506,521,1551,1571]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
= 4), and weight is 80­ 125 kg
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF6DF9E1FEE34B39" box="[240,256,1573,1592]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
= 7). Mean cranial dimensions for adults (in mm) are: total length, 319.2
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FED5F9FDFEBB4B4E" box="[328,344,1593,1615]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
= 18; range, 305- 335); basilar length, 282.9
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FF36F995FF584B64" box="[171,187,1617,1637]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
= 17; range, 262- 305); zygomatic width, 119.6
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FDC1F995FD8F4B64" box="[604,620,1617,1637]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
= 8; range, 112-130 mm;
<figureCitation id="137089BAFFB79D27FEACF9A3FE874B7B" box="[305,356,1639,1658]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[797,825,1413,1433]" captionTargetBox="[773,1304,149,1397]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral view of the mandible of Blastocerus dichotomus (adult male, USNM 261017). Greatest length of skull is 328 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701958/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FEE9F9A3FDDA4B7B" author="DA CUNHA VIEIRA, C. O." box="[372,569,1639,1658]" journalOrPublisher="Papeis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 125" part="10" refId="ref3470" refString="DA CUNHA VIEIRA, C. O. 1951., Notas sobre os mamiferos obtidos pela expedicao do Instituto Butanta ao Rio das Mortes e Serra do Roncador. Papeis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 10: 105 - 125." title="Notas sobre os mamiferos obtidos pela expedicao do Instituto Butanta ao Rio das Mortes e Serra do Roncador" type="journal article" year="1951">da Cunha Vieira, 1951</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FDD1F9A3FF354B91" author="HOFMANN, R. K. &amp; C. F. PONCE DEL PRADO &amp; K. C. OTTE" journalOrPublisher="Revista Forestal del Peru" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 81" part="5" refId="ref4163" refString="HOFMANN, R. K., C. F. PONCE DEL PRADO, AND K. C. OTTE. 1976. Registro de dos nuevas especies de mamiferos para el Peru, Odocoileus dichotomus (Illiger- 1811) y Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger- 1811), con notas sobre su habitat. Revista Forestal del Peru, 5: 61 - 81." title="Registro de dos nuevas especies de mamiferos para el Peru, Odocoileus dichotomus (Illiger- 1811) y Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger- 1811), con notas sobre su habitat" type="journal article" year="1976">Hofmann et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FF79F9B8FE424B91" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." box="[228,417,1660,1680]" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FE33F9B8FDC94B91" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[430,554,1660,1680]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 36" part="31" refId="ref4595" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1983. Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 31: 1 - 36." title="Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch" type="journal article" year="1983">Schaller, 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Cranial dimensions suggest that individuals from the Araguaia Basin are somewhat larger than their conspecifics from the Pantanal, Brazil (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FDD5F96DFF394BD2" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FF45F911FBC24CD5" blockId="0.[170,724,730,1791]" lastBlockId="0.[756,1309,338,902]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Antlers are present only in males, can be up to 600 mm in length along the beam, and have a spread of 590 mm (
<figureCitation id="137089BAFFB79D27FD04F92FFD2D4BFE" box="[665,718,1771,1791]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[217,245,698,717]" captionTargetBox="[173,737,133,673]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 2. Frontal view of the skull and antlers of Blastocerus dichotomus (adult male, United States National Museum of Natural History 261017). Courtesy of R. W. Thorington, Jr." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701956/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FD68FE96FC8C4C67" author="CABRERA, A." box="[757,879,338,358]" journalOrPublisher="Notas del Museo de la Plata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="221 - 231" part="10" refId="ref3381" refString="CABRERA, A. 1945. Sobre algunas cornamentas de Blastocerus dichotomus. Notas del Museo de la Plata, 10: 221 - 231." title="Sobre algunas cornamentas de Blastocerus dichotomus" type="journal article" year="1945">Cabrera, 1945</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FCE6FE96FC004C67" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[891,995,338,358]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref4458" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 11: 10 - 22." title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FC6CFE96FB514C67" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." box="[1009,1202,338,358]" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
). Each beam is rugose longitudinally. Adults usually have a fifth point in one or both of the antlers. However, the fifth point may be either on the base of the beam or on the top of a terminal bifurcation. Old individuals may develop up to 28 tines forming asymmetrical racks (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FD67FE04FC904CD5" author="CABRERA, A." box="[762,883,448,468]" journalOrPublisher="Notas del Museo de la Plata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="221 - 231" part="10" refId="ref3381" refString="CABRERA, A. 1945. Sobre algunas cornamentas de Blastocerus dichotomus. Notas del Museo de la Plata, 10: 221 - 231." title="Sobre algunas cornamentas de Blastocerus dichotomus" type="journal article" year="1945">Cabrera, 1945</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FC1CFE04FBF54CD5" author="DE ALMEIDA, A." bookContentInfo="Stanwill Press, England" box="[897,1046,448,468]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="194" refId="ref3538" refString="DE ALMEIDA, A. 1976. Jaguar hunting in the Mato-Grosso. Stanwill Press, England, 194 pp." title="Jaguar hunting in the Mato-Grosso" type="book" year="1976">de Almeida, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB79D27FCBFFE21FCCD4E87" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FCBFFE21FCCD4E87" blockId="0.[756,1309,338,902]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB79D27FCBFFE21FC244CF8" box="[802,967,485,505]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FCBFFE21FC244CF8" bold="true" box="[802,967,485,505]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">DISTRIBUTION.</emphasis>
</heading>
The marsh deer historically occurred throughout the marshy habitats south of the Amazon River into northern Argentina (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FC3DFDD5FBFB4F24" author="CABRERA, A." box="[928,1048,529,549]" journalOrPublisher="Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales &quot; Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="309 - 732" part="4" refId="ref3407" refString=". 1961. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales &quot; Bernardino Rivadavia, &quot; 4: 309 - 732." title="Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur" type="journal article" year="1961">Cabrera, 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FBB4FDD5FB494F24" author="DE AZARA, F." box="[1065,1194,529,549]" journalOrPublisher="Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 318" part="1" refId="ref3623" refString="1802. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata. Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid, 1: 1 - 318." title="Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata" type="journal article" year="1802">de Azara, 1802</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FB27FDD5FCBF4F3D" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
). Although the geographic range has changed only slightly, the loss of habitat has caused increasing isolation of the species into small and disconnected populations (
<figureCitation id="137089BAFFB79D27FBE3FD90FB4F4F69" box="[1150,1196,596,616]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="2.[798,828,840,860]" captionTargetBox="[759,1317,129,819]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIG. 4. Past and present distributions of Blastocerus dichotomas (based on Jungius, 1976; Schaller and Vasconcelos, 1978). Drawing by 1. Pinder." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701960/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FB24FD90FC714F7F" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). There are only a few remaining individuals known from Peru, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FB21FDBBFCA14FA8" author="HOFMANN, R. K. &amp; C. F. PONCE DEL PRADO &amp; K. C. OTTE" journalOrPublisher="Revista Forestal del Peru" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 81" part="5" refId="ref4163" refString="HOFMANN, R. K., C. F. PONCE DEL PRADO, AND K. C. OTTE. 1976. Registro de dos nuevas especies de mamiferos para el Peru, Odocoileus dichotomus (Illiger- 1811) y Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger- 1811), con notas sobre su habitat. Revista Forestal del Peru, 5: 61 - 81." title="Registro de dos nuevas especies de mamiferos para el Peru, Odocoileus dichotomus (Illiger- 1811) y Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger- 1811), con notas sobre su habitat" type="journal article" year="1976">Hofmann et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FCCCFD52FC244FA8" author="JUNGIUS, H." bookContentInfo="World Wildlife Fund, Morges, 287 pp" box="[849,967,662,681]" editor="P. Jackson" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="203 - 217" refId="ref4348" refString="JUNGIUS, H. 1976. Project 960 deer-international programme for conservation of the threatened species. Pp, 203 - 217, in World wildlife yearbook 1975 - 76 (P. Jackson, ed.). World Wildlife Fund, Morges, 287 pp." title="Project 960 deer-international programme for conservation of the threatened species." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="World wildlife yearbook 1975" year="1976">Jungius, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FC4AFD52FB374FA8" author="THORNBACK, J. &amp; M. JENKINS" bookContentInfo="The Gresham Press, Old Woking" box="[983,1236,662,681]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="516" refId="ref4658" refString="THORNBACK, J., AND M. JENKINS. 1982. The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1. The Gresham Press, Old Woking, 516 pp." title="The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1" type="book" year="1982">Thornback and Jenkins, 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Marsh deer are still widely distributed in Bolivia, although populations seem to be low (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FCD0FD06FBA94FD7" author="THORNBACK, J. &amp; M. JENKINS" bookContentInfo="The Gresham Press, Old Woking" box="[845,1098,706,726]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="516" refId="ref4658" refString="THORNBACK, J., AND M. JENKINS. 1982. The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1. The Gresham Press, Old Woking, 516 pp." title="The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1" type="book" year="1982">Thornback and Jenkins, 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Only four to eight indio viduals survive in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sui (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FB7FFD1CFCA04E03" author="Voss, W. A &amp; F. R. DOS SANTOS BREYER &amp; G. C. MATTES &amp; H. G. KONRAD" journalOrPublisher="Iheringia, Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="25 -- 36" part="59" refId="ref4744" refString="Voss, W. A., F. R. DOS SANTOS BREYER, G. C. MATTES, AND H. G. KONRAD. 1981. Constatacao e observacao de uma populaeao residual de Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1811) (Mammalia, Cervidae). Iheringia, Zoologia, 59: 25 -- 36." title="Constatacao e observacao de uma populaeao residual de Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1811) (Mammalia, Cervidae)" type="journal volume" year="1981">Voss et al., 1981</bibRefCitation>
). The last populations in the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo are doomed to extinction due to plans, already in process, for building a series of dams. A sizable population exists in the northern Pantanal region between the Paraguay and Sao Lourenco rivers.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB79D27FB25FCF4FC704E5B" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos (1978)</bibRefCitation>
estimated a population of 4,000 for the northern Pantanal, and a conservative total of 7,000 for the entire Pantanal region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF34C5B7FFB79D27FC82F911FB494BFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701954/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" startId="0.[799,829,1749,1768]" targetBox="[754,1307,997,1728]" targetPageId="0" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB79D27FC82F911FB494BFF" blockId="0.[754,1305,1749,1790]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
FIG. 1. Adult male marsh deer
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB79D27FBB3F911FAE04BE9" box="[1070,1283,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB79D27FBA8F911FB1F4BE9" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1815" box="[1077,1276,1749,1768]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">Blastocerus dichotomus</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
in the Berlin Zoo. Courtesy of H. Fradrich, Berlin Zoo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF34C5B7FFB69D26FF44FD7EFD814FFA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701956/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[217,245,698,717]" targetBox="[173,737,133,673]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FF44FD7EFD814FFA" blockId="1.[172,723,698,763]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
FIG. 2. Frontal view of the skull and antlers of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FDEFFD7EFEE84FE2" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FDEFFD7EFEE84FE2" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blastocerus dichotomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(adult male, United States National Museum of Natural History 261017). Courtesy of R. W. Thorington, Jr.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB69D26FF44FCF4FE104963" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FF44FCF4FE104963" blockId="1.[172,724,816,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB69D26FF44FCF4FE6E4E44" box="[217,397,816,837]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FF44FCF4FE6E4E44" bold="true" box="[217,397,816,837]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FOSSIL RECORD.</emphasis>
</heading>
Cervids are poorly represented in the fossil records of South America.
<materialsCitation id="3B239F62FFB69D26FE25FC82FDFC4E86" country="Brazil" determinerName="Paula-Couto, 1950, 1953 &amp; Winge, 1915" location="Lagoa Santa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1">
Fossil marsh deer were first known from Pleistocene remains found in the caverns of
<location id="8E94C3E4FFB69D26FDA4FC99FD7F4E70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893:8E94C3E4FFB69D26FDA4FC99FD7F4E70" box="[569,668,861,881]" country="Brazil" name="Lagoa Santa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Lagoa Santa</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35CD5AFFFB69D26FD3AFC99FD374E70" box="[679,724,861,881]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FF2FFCB7FE804E86" author="DE PAULA-COUTO, C." bookContentInfo="Instituto Nacional do Livro, Rio de Janeiro" box="[178,355,883,903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="589" refId="ref3705" refString="DE PAULA-COUTO, C. 1950. Memorias sobre a Paleontologia brasiliera revistas e comentadas por Carlos de Paula Couto. Instituto Nacional do Livro, Rio de Janeiro, 589 pp." title="Memorias sobre a Paleontologia brasiliera revistas e comentadas por Carlos de Paula Couto" type="book" year="1950">
de
<determinerName id="7E2879FBFFB69D26FF57FCB7FE794E86" box="[202,410,883,903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Paula-Couto, 1950,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FEECFCB7FE794E86" author="DE PAULA-COUTO, C." bookContentInfo="Instituto Nacional do Livro, Rio de Janeiro" box="[369,410,883,903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="516" refId="ref3738" refString="1953. Paleontologia Brasileira (mamiferos). Instituto Nacional do Livro, Rio de Janeiro, 516 pp." title="Paleontologia Brasileira (mamiferos)" type="book" year="1953">1953</bibRefCitation>
</determinerName>
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FE3AFCB7FDF14E86" author="WINGE, H." bookContentInfo="Museo Lundii, Tredie Blind I, Halvblind, Kjobenhavn" box="[423,530,883,903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="239" refId="ref4841" refString="WINGE, H. 1915. Jordfundne og nulevende Hovdyr (Ungulata) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brasiliens. E. Museo Lundii, Tredie Blind I, Halvblind, Kjobenhavn, 239 pp." title="Jordfundne og nulevende Hovdyr (Ungulata) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brasiliens. E" type="book" year="1915">
<determinerName id="7E2879FBFFB69D26FE3AFCB7FDF14E86" box="[423,530,883,903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Winge, 1915</determinerName>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B239F62FFB69D26FDB8FCB7FD984EC8" determinerName="Ameghino, 1917" location="Pampeana formation" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">
Subsequently remains of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FF59FC4DFEC64E9C" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[196,293,905,925]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FF59FC4DFEC64E9C" box="[196,293,905,925]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in the
<location id="8E94C3E4FFB69D26FE50FC4DFD9B4E9C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893:8E94C3E4FFB69D26FE50FC4DFD9B4E9C" box="[461,632,905,925]" name="Pampeana formation" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">Pampeana formation</location>
of
<collectingRegion id="498F5BDDFFB69D26FD06FC4DFF364EB2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
Province, which were designated as
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FD9BFC5BFD664EB2" box="[518,645,927,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magnus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FD9BFC5BFD664EB2" box="[518,645,927,947]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cervus magnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and later renamed as
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FE8CFC71FD954EC8" authority="(Ameghino, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[273,630,949,969]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FE8CFC71FE3A4EC8" box="[273,473,949,969]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blastocerus dichotomus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FE7BFC71FD8C4EC8" author="AMEGHINO, F." bookContentInfo="Edicion official ordenada por el gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata" box="[486,623,949,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="518" refId="ref3194" refString="AMEGHINO, F. 1917. Los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Ar. gentina, Ungulados, Part II. Edicion official ordenada por el gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, 518 pp." title="Los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Ar. gentina, Ungulados, Part II" type="book" year="1917">
<determinerName id="7E2879FBFFB69D26FE7BFC71FD8C4EC8" box="[486,623,949,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ameghino, 1917</determinerName>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B239F62FFB69D26FD1EFC71FF00490B" determinerName="Bianchini and DeLupi, 1978" location="Quaternary" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FD1EFC71FF074EDE" author="AMEGHINO, F." bookContentInfo="Edicion official ordenada por el gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="518" refId="ref3194" refString="AMEGHINO, F. 1917. Los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Ar. gentina, Ungulados, Part II. Edicion official ordenada por el gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, 518 pp." title="Los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Ar. gentina, Ungulados, Part II" type="book" year="1917">Ameghino (1917)</bibRefCitation>
also found many remains of the species in the
<location id="8E94C3E4FFB69D26FDEAFC0FFD374EDE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893:8E94C3E4FFB69D26FDEAFC0FFD374EDE" box="[631,724,971,991]" name="Quaternary" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">Quaternary</location>
and
<location id="8E94C3E4FFB69D26FF4CFC25FE604EF4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893:8E94C3E4FFB69D26FF4CFC25FE604EF4" box="[209,387,993,1013]" name="Pampeana formations" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">Pampeana formations</location>
of
<collectingRegion id="498F5BDDFFB69D26FE3FFC25FDEE4EF4" box="[418,525,993,1013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FD81FC25FF34490B" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. &amp; J. H. DELUPI" journalOrPublisher="Physis" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="83 - 89" part="38" refId="ref3276" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND J. H. DELUPI. 1978. El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945. Physis, 38: 83 - 89." title="El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945" type="journal article" year="1978">
<determinerName id="7E2879FBFFB69D26FD81FC25FF34490B" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bianchini and DeLupi, 1978</determinerName>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B239F62FFB69D26FF75FC33FE254936" country="Brazil" determinerName="de Souza Cunha and de Magalhaes (1981)" location="Pleistocene" municipality="Vitoria do Palmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FEA4FC33FD65490B" author="DE SOUZA CUNHA, F. L. &amp; R. M. M. DE MAGALHAES" box="[313,646,1015,1034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="795 - 803" refId="ref3758" refString="DE SOUZA CUNHA, F. L., AND R. M. M. DE MAGALHAES. 1981. Cervideos pleistocenicos de Santa Vitoria do Palmar, Rio Grande do SuI, Brasil. Pp, 795 - 803, in Anais II Congresso Latino-Americano de Paleontologia, CNPq / UFRGS Porto Alegre, 940 pp." title="Cervideos pleistocenicos de Santa Vitoria do Palmar, Rio Grande do SuI, Brasil." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Anais II Congresso Latino-Americano de Paleontologia, CNPq / UFRGS Porto Alegre" year="1981">
<determinerName id="7E2879FBFFB69D26FEA4FC33FD65490B" box="[313,646,1015,1034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">de Souza Cunha and de Magalhaes (1981)</determinerName>
</bibRefCitation>
identified remains of a
<location id="8E94C3E4FFB69D26FE82FBC8FE9B4921" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E22429FFB79D25FF4FFD1EFC3D4893:8E94C3E4FFB69D26FE82FBC8FE9B4921" box="[287,376,1036,1056]" country="Brazil" municipality="Vitoria do Palmar" name="Pleistocene" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Pleistocene</location>
skull of the marsh deer from
<collectingMunicipality id="6B900F45FFB69D26FD1FFBC8FF044936" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Vitoria do Palmar</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="498F5BDDFFB69D26FF6EFBE6FE6A4936" box="[243,393,1058,1079]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35CD5AFFFB69D26FE09FBE6FE254936" box="[404,454,1058,1079]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FE53FBE6FDCC4936" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[462,559,1058,1079]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FE53FBE6FDCC4936" box="[462,559,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably evolved in South America, after the cervid invasion during the Pleistocene, and subsequent radiation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FEFCFB8BFE0B4963" author="EISENBERG, J. F." bookContentInfo="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 77 pp" box="[353,488,1103,1122]" editor="C. M. Wemmer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="60 - 64" refId="ref3886" refString="EISENBERG, J. F. 1987 ~ The evolutionary history of the Cervidae with special reference to the South American radiation. Pp. 60 - 64, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 77 pp." title="The evolutionary history of the Cervidae with special reference to the South American radiation." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and management of the Cervidae" year="1987">Eisenberg, 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB69D25FF4AFBB0FDC84C77" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FF4AFBB0FD8149CB" blockId="1.[169,723,1140,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB69D26FF4AFBB0FE2F4989" box="[215,460,1140,1160]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FF4AFBB0FE2F4989" bold="true" box="[215,460,1140,1160]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FORM AND FUNCTION.</emphasis>
</heading>
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FE4BFBB0FDD44989" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[470,567,1140,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FE4BFBB0FDD44989" box="[470,567,1140,1160]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well adapted to life in marshy habitats. The two toes on each foot are 70-80 rom in length (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FE9FFB64FE9C49B5" author="GRZIMEK, B." bookContentInfo="Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 4" box="[258,383,1184,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 566" refId="ref4108" refString="GRZIMEK, B. 1975. Grzimek's animal encyclopedia. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 4: 1 - 566." title="Grzimek's animal encyclopedia" type="book" year="1975">Grzimek, 1975</bibRefCitation>
) and are bound by a strong membrane that increases the surface contacting the muddy soil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FF4AFB08FD76484C" blockId="1.[169,723,1140,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
The dental formula is
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FE12FB08FDA349DE" box="[399,576,1228,1247]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">0/3, Oil, 3 / 3, 3/3,</emphasis>
total 32 (
<figureCitation id="137089BAFFB69D26FD0AFB08FD2549DE" box="[663,710,1228,1247]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[797,825,1413,1433]" captionTargetBox="[773,1304,149,1397]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral view of the mandible of Blastocerus dichotomus (adult male, USNM 261017). Greatest length of skull is 328 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701958/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The crown widths of the incisors and canines are about the same. The premolars show less molarization than
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FDBDFB3CFD9A480D" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[544,633,1272,1292]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FDBDFB3CFD9A480D" box="[544,633,1272,1292]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ozotoceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FF36FACAFF0B4823" box="[171,232,1294,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FD31FB3CFF004823" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1832" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FD31FB3CFD31480D" box="[684,722,1272,1292]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Odocoileus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The molars of adults, unlike
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FE46FACAFDD94823" box="[475,570,1294,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FE46FACAFDD64823" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[475,565,1294,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ozotoceros</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
have a protoconal fold (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FF49FAE7FE424836" author="GROVES, C. P. &amp; P. GRUBB" bookContentInfo="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 577 pp" box="[212,417,1315,1335]" editor="C. M. Wemmer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="21 - 59" refId="ref4051" refString="GROVES, C. P., AND P. GRUBB. 1987. Relationships of living deer. Pp. 21 - 59, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 577 pp." title="Relationships of living deer." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and management of the Cervidae" year="1987">Groves and Grubb, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). The maxillar and mandibular tooth row length is 78-88 rom
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FE1CFAFEFE72484C" box="[385,401,1338,1357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">(n</emphasis>
= 9) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FE57FAFEFD68484C" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." box="[458,651,1338,1357]" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FF4AFA94FECD4B3C" blockId="1.[169,723,1140,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Preorbital scent glands are present. Interdigital, long, and glandular pouches are located on the hind feet; metatarsal glands and tufts are absent. Tarsal glands are present, but rub-urinating behavior has not been observed (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FEF3FA55FDDF48A5" author="GROVES, C. P. &amp; P. GRUBB" bookContentInfo="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 577 pp" box="[366,572,1425,1444]" editor="C. M. Wemmer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="21 - 59" refId="ref4051" refString="GROVES, C. P., AND P. GRUBB. 1987. Relationships of living deer. Pp. 21 - 59, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 577 pp." title="Relationships of living deer." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and management of the Cervidae" year="1987">Groves and Grubb, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Vestibular nasal glands are flattened oval sacs known only for
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FDD5FA63FD4A48BA" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[584,681,1447,1467]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FDD5FA63FD4A48BA" box="[584,681,1447,1467]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FF36FA79FEE848D1" box="[171,267,1469,1488]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ozotocerus.</emphasis>
One sac lies in either side of the nose underneath the skin. Each sac is formed by several holocrine sebaceous and sudoriferous apocrine glands. Vestibular nasal glands may serve in individual recognition (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FED2FA3BFDA84B13" author="LANGGUTH, A. &amp; J. JACKSON" box="[335,587,1535,1554]" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fiir Saugetierkunde" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="82 - 90" part="45" refId="ref4396" refString="LANGGUTH, A., AND J. JACKSON. 1980. Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus. Zeitschrift fiir Saugetierkunde, 45: 82 - 90." title="Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus" type="journal article" year="1980">Langguth and Jackson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
), but a role in territorial marking has been suggested (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FE61F9D1FF014B3C" author="JACOB, J. &amp; E. VON LEHMANN" journalOrPublisher="Siiugetierkundliche" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="151 - 156" part="24" refId="ref4274" refString="JACOB, J., AND E. VON LEHMANN. 1976 a. Bemerkungen zu einer Nasendriise des Sumpfbirsches, Odocoileus (Dorcelaphus) dichotomus (Illiger, 1811). Siiugetierkundliche, 24: 151 - 156." title="Bemerkungen zu einer Nasendriise des Sumpfbirsches, Odocoileus (Dorcelaphus) dichotomus (Illiger, 1811)" type="journal article" year="1976">
Jacob and von Lehmann,
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FF31F9EFFECD4B3C" box="[172,302,1579,1597]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
1976a,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FF6DF9EFFEC44B3C" author="JACOB, J. &amp; E. VON LEHMANN" box="[240,295,1579,1597]" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="496 - 498" part="31" refId="ref4314" refString=". 1976 b. Chemical composition of the nasal gland secretion from the marsh deer Odocoileus (Dorcelaphus) dichotomus (Illiger). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, 31: 496 - 498." title="Chemical composition of the nasal gland secretion from the marsh deer Odocoileus (Dorcelaphus) dichotomus (Illiger)" type="journal article" year="1976">1976b</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF34C5B7FFB69D26FC80FA41FB4E48C4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701958" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701958/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[797,825,1413,1433]" targetBox="[773,1304,149,1397]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FC80FA41FB4E48C4" blockId="1.[751,1304,1413,1477]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
FIG. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral view of the mandible of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB69D26FC76FA5FFB5148AE" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1003,1202,1435,1455]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FC76FA5FFB5148AE" box="[1003,1202,1435,1455]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blastocerus dichotomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(adult male, USNM 261017). Greatest length of skull is 328 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FF4AF984FF3C4A2E" blockId="1.[169,723,1140,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
In the wild, males have been seen with mature antlers throughout the year (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FE87F992FE0C4B6A" author="CABRERA, A. &amp; J. YEPES" bookContentInfo="Compafiia Argentina de Editores, Buenos Aires" box="[282,495,1622,1643]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="370" refId="ref3437" refString="CABRERA, A., AND J. YEPES. 1940. Mamiferos Sud-Americanos (vida, costumbres y descripcion). Compafiia Argentina de Editores, Buenos Aires, 370 pp." title="Mamiferos Sud-Americanos (vida, costumbres y descripcion)" type="book" year="1940">Cabrera and Yepes, 1940</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FE66F992FD824B6A" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[507,609,1622,1643]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref4458" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 11: 10 - 22." title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller, 1930</bibRefCitation>
). Antlers can be shed during any month, but there seems to be a peak during the winter. The duration of mature antlers seems to vary among individuals in the same population, and with age in the same animal. Mature antlers of males in Sao Paulo Zoo were kept for longer periods at each new replacement (I. Deutsch, pers. comm.). Differences between individuals were also noticed in the Berlin Zoo, with a male keeping the same pair of antlers for 21 months (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FD1AF934FF374A1B" author="FRADRICH, H." bookContentInfo="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 577 pp" editor="C. M. Wemmer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="422 - 428" refId="ref3947" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1987. The husbandry of tropical and temperate cervids in the West Berlin Zoo. Pp, 422 - 428, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 577 pp." title="The husbandry of tropical and temperate cervids in the West Berlin Zoo." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and management of the Cervidae" year="1987">Fradrich, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Reproduction may occur with males still in velvet (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FD1AF8C2FF344A2E" author="FRADRICH, H." bookContentInfo="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 577 pp" editor="C. M. Wemmer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="422 - 428" refId="ref3947" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1987. The husbandry of tropical and temperate cervids in the West Berlin Zoo. Pp, 422 - 428, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 577 pp." title="The husbandry of tropical and temperate cervids in the West Berlin Zoo." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and management of the Cervidae" year="1987">Fradrich, 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D26FC81FA3BFAF54B80" blockId="1.[749,1304,1535,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB69D26FC81FA3BFB6E4B12" bold="true" box="[796,1165,1535,1555]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="0">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB69D26FC81FA3BFB6E4B12" bold="true" box="[796,1165,1535,1555]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION.</emphasis>
</heading>
Usually, marsh deer live alone, except for females with their young, but may sea· sonally form groups of up to five individuals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FBCAF9EFFB5F4B3E" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[1111,1212,1579,1599]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref4458" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 11: 10 - 22." title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller, 1930</bibRefCitation>
; Nogueira­Neto, 1973). Of the observations by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FB8DF984FAF14B55" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" box="[1040,1298,1600,1620]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos(1978)</bibRefCitation>
, 74% were of individual marsh deer; the remainder consisted of mixed or single sex groups. Harem formation has not been observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB69D25FC81F946FDFA4DC7" blockId="1.[749,1304,1535,1839]" lastBlockId="2.[170,723,135,374]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Females reproduce once a year and a post-partum estrus occurs if the fawn dies. Usually one fawn, rarely two, is born after a gestation period of 271 days (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FC0FF96AFBF34BC2" author="FRADRICH, H." bookContentInfo="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 577 pp" box="[914,1040,1710,1731]" editor="C. M. Wemmer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="422 - 428" refId="ref3947" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1987. The husbandry of tropical and temperate cervids in the West Berlin Zoo. Pp, 422 - 428, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 577 pp." title="The husbandry of tropical and temperate cervids in the West Berlin Zoo." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and management of the Cervidae" year="1987">Fradrich, 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Nogueira-Nero, 1973). A peak of mating behavior occurs in October-November, but fawns can be seen at anytime during the year (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FB99F91EFB264BEF" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." box="[1028,1221,1754,1774]" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
). Most of the fawning in the Pantanal seems to occur from May to September, when the water level is declining (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FB86F8C2FB684A1B" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[1051,1163,1798,1818]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref4458" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 11: 10 - 22." title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FB06F8C2FCFA4A2E" author="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P." bookContentInfo="Tecnapis, Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="327" refId="ref4535" refString="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P. 1973. A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados. Tecnapis, Sao Paulo, 327 pp." title="A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados" type="book" year="1973">Nogueira-Neto, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB69D26FCB4F8DFFBD74A2E" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" box="[809,1076,1819,1839]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Newborns have no white spots, but may show vestiges of the maculation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FDD5FF43FD2F4D9A" author="DE AZARA, F." box="[584,716,135,155]" journalOrPublisher="Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 318" part="1" refId="ref3623" refString="1802. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata. Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid, 1: 1 - 318." title="Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata" type="journal article" year="1802">de Azara, 1802</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FF36FF58FE8A4DB1" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." box="[171,361,156,176]" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
). Fawns that are 5 days of age are able to follow their mothers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FEC1FF76FDE84DC7" author="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P." bookContentInfo="Tecnapis, Sao Paulo" box="[348,523,178,198]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="327" refId="ref4535" refString="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P. 1973. A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados. Tecnapis, Sao Paulo, 327 pp." title="A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados" type="book" year="1973">Nogueira-Neto, 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF4AFF0CFDC84C77" blockId="2.[170,723,135,374]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The legs of juveniles are black only on the dorsal side of the metacarpals and metatarsals (Hofman et aI., 1976). Old individuals may lose hair around the neck, which then appears darker (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FD12FF30FEFD4C1E" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." bookContentInfo="Comissao de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="49" refId="ref4487" refString="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A. 1914. Historia natural: zoologia. Comissao de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas, Rio de Janeiro, 49 pp." title="Historia natural: zoologia" type="book" year="1914">Miranda Ribeiro, 1914</bibRefCitation>
). In their first set of antlers, young males have only one longitudinally rugose spike, which is flattened and truncated on the top. These antlers take 150 days to be stripped of the velvet (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FF2CFE89FEC94C60" author="AUTUORI, M. P." box="[177,298,333,353]" journalOrPublisher="Der Zoologische Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="225 - 235" part="42" refId="ref3234" refString="AUTUORI, M. P. 1972. Biological data and growth of the first horns of the marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1811) (Cervidae). Der Zoologische Garten, 42: 225 - 235." title="Biological data and growth of the first horns of the marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1811) (Cervidae)" type="journal article" year="1972">Autuori, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FEA4FE89FE194C60" author="MIRANDA RIBEIRO, A." box="[313,506,333,353]" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="209 - 307" part="11" refId="ref4516" refString=". 1919. Os veados do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 11: 209 - 307." title="Os veados do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1919">Miranda Ribeiro, 1919</bibRefCitation>
). They develop a fork in their second set of antlers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE12FEA7FDC24C77" author="BURMEISTER, H." bookContentInfo="Georg Reimer, Berlin" box="[399,545,355,374]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="341" refId="ref3361" refString="BURMEISTER, H. 1854. Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens. Georg Reimer, Berlin, 341 pp." title="Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens" type="book" year="1854">Burmeister, 1854</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB59D25FF45FE4FFD324B3C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF45FE4FFDCE4F7A" blockId="2.[171,726,395,1361]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB59D25FF45FE4FFEA64C9F" box="[216,325,395,414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FF45FE4FFEA64C9F" bold="true" box="[216,325,395,414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ECOLOGY.</emphasis>
</heading>
The marsh deer occur in marshy habitats and seasonally flooded riverine areas. They avoid forest, selecting areas with standing water 30-60 ern in depth. This characteristic allows them to be censused from the air (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE5EFE09FD244CE1" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" box="[451,711,461,480]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Optimal habitat in marsh lands seems to be characterized by the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FE8FFE3DFE924F0F" box="[274,369,505,526]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FE58FE3DFD4D4F0F" box="[453,686,505,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ynchospora" subSpecies="schraderiana">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FE58FE3DFD4D4F0F" box="[453,686,505,526]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R ynchospora schraderiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FF30FDCBFEB84F24" box="[173,347,527,549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FF30FDCBFEB44F24" authorityName="Noronha" authorityYear="1811" box="[173,343,527,549]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Cyperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteous">Cyperus giganteous</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and Gramineae of the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FDC1FDCBFD4C4F24" box="[604,687,527,549]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FDC1FDCBFD4C4F24" box="[604,687,527,549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paspalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FF30FDE2FEED4F3B" box="[173,270,550,570]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sorgastrum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE85FDE2FE9E4F3B" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[280,381,550,570]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref4458" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 11: 10 - 22." title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller, 1930</bibRefCitation>
; G. Schuerholz and G. Mann, pers. cornm.; Voss et aI., 1981). If not hunted,
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FE2AFDFFFDFB4F4E" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[439,536,571,591]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FE2AFDFFFDFB4F4E" box="[439,536,571,591]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may adapt to disturbed habitats. Marsh deer use rice and maize fields in a drained marshy area in Rio Grande do Sul (Voss et aI., 1981).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF44FDBAFE264E40" blockId="2.[171,726,395,1361]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Marsh deer are mainly grazer-browsers of semi-aquatic species, but may rely on the leaves of adjacent shrubs
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FDCFFD57FF174FBF" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(Aeschynomene sensitiva</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FEB8FD6DFE1A4FBF" box="[293,505,681,702]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FEB8FD6DFE104FBF" box="[293,499,681,702]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Discolobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulchellum">Discolobium pulchellum</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
and vines
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FDC6FD6DFF3D4FD5" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(Rhabdadenia pohli)</emphasis>
in marginal habitats during flooding (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FD85FD7BFD724FD5" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[536,657,703,724]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 36" part="31" refId="ref4595" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1983. Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 31: 1 - 36." title="Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch" type="journal article" year="1983">Schaller, 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Large quantities of &quot;arosillo&quot; and &quot;kortcho de curichi&quot; were found in the stomachs of two young marsh deer (G. Schuerholz and G. Mann, pers.comm.).A number of them die of starvation during long-lasting floods, when many are trapped on small fragments of high terrain (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FF2EFCEAFE5D4E40" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" box="[179,446,814,833]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos, 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF47FC80FE13491F" blockId="2.[171,726,395,1361]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Until a few decades ago, thousands of marsh deer skins were shipped annually from Mato Grosso to markets in Montevideo, and many others were shot from the decks of the launches that regularly transported people between Corumba and Sao Luis on the Paraguay River (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FF75FC58FEB64EB1" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[232,341,924,944]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref4458" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 11: 10 - 22." title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller, 1930</bibRefCitation>
). Although hunting of this species is currently forbidden, law enforcement is ineffective and reported cases of slaughtering are common (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE19FC0CFE1A4EDD" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[388,505,968,988]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 36" part="31" refId="ref4595" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1983. Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 31: 1 - 36." title="Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch" type="journal article" year="1983">Schaller, 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FD98FC0CFF384EF3" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Predation on adult marsh deer by
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FD8DFC1AFD6D4EF3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[528,654,990,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FD8DFC1AFD6D4EF3" box="[528,654,990,1010]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Panthera onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and domestic dogs has been reported (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE22FC37FDDB4909" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[447,568,1011,1032]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 36" part="31" refId="ref4595" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1983. Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 31: 1 - 36." title="Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch" type="journal article" year="1983">Schaller, 1983</bibRefCitation>
), and wild canids, cats, and boas may prey on the fawns.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF34C5B7FFB59D25FC83FC8CFC484E89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701960/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[798,828,840,860]" targetBox="[759,1317,129,819]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FC83FC8CFC484E89" blockId="2.[752,1303,840,904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
FIG. 4. Past and present distributions of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FBF0FC8CFCF34E70" baseAuthorityName="Illiger" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dichotomas">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FBF0FC8CFCF34E70" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Blastocerus dichotomas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FCE9FC9AFC084E70" author="JUNGIUS, H." bookContentInfo="World Wildlife Fund, Morges, 287 pp" box="[884,1003,862,881]" editor="P. Jackson" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="203 - 217" refId="ref4348" refString="JUNGIUS, H. 1976. Project 960 deer-international programme for conservation of the threatened species. Pp, 203 - 217, in World wildlife yearbook 1975 - 76 (P. Jackson, ed.). World Wildlife Fund, Morges, 287 pp." title="Project 960 deer-international programme for conservation of the threatened species." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="World wildlife yearbook 1975" year="1976">Jungius, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FC61FC9AFAE84E70" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" box="[1020,1291,862,881]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Drawing by 1. Pinder.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF44FBE4FD5E49CF" blockId="2.[171,726,395,1361]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Cattle diseases, such as brucellosis, are the current primary threat to the population of marsh deer in the Pantanal.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FDECFBF1FEB7495E" author="SCHALLER, G. B. &amp; J. M. VASCONCELOS" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="345 - 351" part="14" refId="ref4627" refString="SCHALLER, G. B., AND J. M. VASCONCELOS. 1978. A marsh deer census in Brazil. Oryx, 14: 345 - 351." title="A marsh deer census in Brazil" type="journal article" year="1978">Schaller and Vasconcelos (1978)</bibRefCitation>
noticed a continuous decline in numbers of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FF33FBA5FEEC4974" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[174,271,1121,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FF33FBA5FEEC4974" box="[174,271,1121,1141]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since 1974, and low recruitment of fawns during 3 consecutive years of surveys. Foot-and-mouth disease has caused mortalities among marsh deer in Bolivia. Unidentified endoparasites have been reported from the stomachs of marsh deer, but no other organ was affected (G. Schuerholz and G. Mann, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF46FB0BFDA64850" blockId="2.[171,726,395,1361]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Domestication as well as maintenance in captivity are prone to failure.Only fawnssurvive the stress of capture,the adults struggle until death.Although tame as juveniles, the males become aggressive as adults.Female often do not reproduce in captivity and frequently they die of anemia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FEC0FAE3FDF3483A" author="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P." bookContentInfo="Tecnapis, Sao Paulo" box="[349,528,1319,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="327" refId="ref4535" refString="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P. 1973. A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados. Tecnapis, Sao Paulo, 327 pp." title="A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados" type="book" year="1973">Nogueira-Neto, 1973</bibRefCitation>
). The Berlin Zoo is the only organization currently breeding this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF4BFAA1FE7D48BB" blockId="2.[170,722,1381,1597]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB59D25FF4BFAA1FEAC4879" box="[214,335,1381,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FF4BFAA1FEAC4879" bold="true" box="[214,335,1381,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">BEHAVIOR.</emphasis>
</heading>
Little is known about the behavior of this species in the wild. Marsh deer have not been seen active during the night, and tend not to live in groups (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE33FA54FDA148A5" author="DE ALMEIDA, A." bookContentInfo="Stanwill Press, England" box="[430,578,1424,1444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="194" refId="ref3538" refString="DE ALMEIDA, A. 1976. Jaguar hunting in the Mato-Grosso. Stanwill Press, England, 194 pp." title="Jaguar hunting in the Mato-Grosso" type="book" year="1976">de Almeida, 1976</bibRefCitation>
; Hofmann et aI., 1976;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FF79FA62FE7048BB" author="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P." bookContentInfo="Tecnapis, Sao Paulo" box="[228,403,1446,1466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="327" refId="ref4535" refString="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P. 1973. A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados. Tecnapis, Sao Paulo, 327 pp." title="A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados" type="book" year="1973">Nogueira-Neto, 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF4AFA78FD324B3C" blockId="2.[170,722,1381,1597]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
On average, marsh deer spend as much time feeding as they do laying down. They avoid foraging during the hottest hours of the day. When resting or ruminating, marsh deer lay down among tall grasses and patches of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FEEAFA3AFE364B12" box="[375,469,1534,1555]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
in the marshes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FDEDFA3AFF304B29" author="Voss, W. A &amp; F. R. DOS SANTOS BREYER &amp; G. C. MATTES &amp; H. G. KONRAD" journalOrPublisher="Iheringia, Zoologia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="25 -- 36" part="59" refId="ref4744" refString="Voss, W. A., F. R. DOS SANTOS BREYER, G. C. MATTES, AND H. G. KONRAD. 1981. Constatacao e observacao de uma populaeao residual de Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1811) (Mammalia, Cervidae). Iheringia, Zoologia, 59: 25 -- 36." title="Constatacao e observacao de uma populaeao residual de Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1811) (Mammalia, Cervidae)" type="journal volume" year="1981">Voss et al., 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Marsh deer allow people to approach up to 20 m before they escape with tails lifted high (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE5FF9EDFDCA4B3C" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[450,553,1577,1597]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref4458" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 11: 10 - 22." title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller, 1930</bibRefCitation>
; Voss et aI., 1981).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB59D25FF4AF995FE3F4BA7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF4AF995FE3F4BA7" blockId="2.[169,722,1617,1702]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB59D25FF4AF995FEA44B64" box="[215,327,1617,1637]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FF4AF995FEA44B64" bold="true" box="[215,327,1617,1637]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">GENETICS.</emphasis>
</heading>
Marsh deer have a diploid number of 66 chromosomes. There are 6 metacentric and 58 acrocentric autosomes. The X chromosome is metacentric and the Y chromosome is acrocentric (Bogenberger et aI., 1987).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C351C6B4FFB59D25FF45F97EFC3D4893" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FF45F97EFC884932" blockId="2.[170,723,1722,1829]" lastBlockId="2.[751,1305,946,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0BC2253FFB59D25FF45F97EFEAB4BCF" box="[216,328,1722,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FF45F97EFEAB4BCF" bold="true" box="[216,328,1722,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">REMARKS.</emphasis>
</heading>
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FECFF97EFE574BCF" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[338,436,1722,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FECFF97EFE574BCF" box="[338,436,1722,1742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was referred to as &quot;giiazu-pucu&quot; by the meridional South American Guarany Indians (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FDD0F914FD294BE5" author="DE AZARA, F." box="[589,714,1744,1764]" journalOrPublisher="Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 318" part="1" refId="ref3623" refString="1802. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata. Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, Madrid, 1: 1 - 318." title="Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los quadrupedos del Paragiiay y Rio de La Plata" type="journal article" year="1802">de Azara, 1802</bibRefCitation>
). The northern Indians used &quot;suacuete&quot; for the marsh deer, but as a general term the Indians used &quot;suaeuapara&quot; referring to
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FD30F938FEB14A24" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FD30F938FF074A24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="adocoileus">adocoileus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FF6CF8D6FEAE4A24" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[241,333,1810,1829]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ozotoceros</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FEE1F8D6FE3E4A24" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[380,477,1810,1829]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FEE1F8D6FE3E4A24" box="[380,477,1810,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FE76F8D6FD4B4A24" author="DA CUNHA VIEIRA, C. O." box="[491,680,1810,1829]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="341 - 474" part="8" refId="ref3513" refString=". 1955. Lista remissiva dos mamiferos do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 8: 341 - 474." title="Lista remissiva dos mamiferos do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1955">da Cunha Vieira, 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FD2BF8D6FC6F4EC7" author="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P." bookContentInfo="Tecnapis, Sao Paulo" box="[694,908,946,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="327" refId="ref4535" refString="NOGUEIRA-NETO, P. 1973. A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados. Tecnapis, Sao Paulo, 327 pp." title="A criaejio de animais indigenas vertebrados" type="book" year="1973">Nogueira-Neto, 1973</bibRefCitation>
). The Kayape Indians refer to the marsh deer as &quot;adioti&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FCCFFC0CFC044EDD" author="DE CARVALHO, C. T." box="[850,999,968,988]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="121 - 132" part="11" refId="ref3673" refString="DE CARVALHO, C. T. 1960. Sobre alguns mamiferos do sudeste do Para. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 11: 121 - 132." title="Sobre alguns mamiferos do sudeste do Para" type="journal article" year="1960">de Carvalho, 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Other regional and current common names include veado galheiro, cervo, cervo-do-pantanal, ciervo, ciervo de los pantanos. In the English-language literature,
<taxonomicName id="4C4BEEBCFFB59D25FB2BFC30FAF44909" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[1206,1303,1012,1032]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F492DFFB59D25FB2BFC30FAF44909" box="[1206,1303,1012,1032]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Blastocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formerly was called swamp deer, but more recently is being replaced by marsh deer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4953FFFB59D25FC81FBF2FC3D4893" blockId="2.[751,1305,946,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The marsh deer is considered vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FB22FB88FC694977" author="THORNBACK, J. &amp; M. JENKINS" bookContentInfo="The Gresham Press, Old Woking" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="516" refId="ref4658" refString="THORNBACK, J., AND M. JENKINS. 1982. The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1. The Gresham Press, Old Woking, 516 pp." title="The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1" type="book" year="1982">Thornback and Jenkins, 1982</bibRefCitation>
), endangered by the United
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FBE2FBA6FC4F498C" author="UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR" journalOrPublisher="Federal Register" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="33768 - 33781" part="45" refId="ref4690" refString="UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 1980. Republication of the lists of endangered and threatened species and correction of technical errors in final rules. Federal Register, 45: 33768 - 33781." title="Republication of the lists of endangered and threatened species and correction of technical errors in final rules" type="journal article" year="1980">States Department of the Interior (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, and is listed in Appendix I of the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Protected areas where the species still occurs include: Araguaia and Emas national parks, Caracara, Guapore, Jaru, and Serna Island reserves, Brazil (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FBD1FB0BFCFD49FB" author="THORNBACK, J. &amp; M. JENKINS" bookContentInfo="The Gresham Press, Old Woking" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="516" refId="ref4658" refString="THORNBACK, J., AND M. JENKINS. 1982. The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1. The Gresham Press, Old Woking, 516 pp." title="The IUCN mammal red data book, part 1" type="book" year="1982">Thornback and Jenkins, 1982</bibRefCitation>
); a provincial reserve in Formosa Province, Argentina; Isiboro Secure National Park, Bolivia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FC72FB38FB804811" author="JUNGIUS, H." bookContentInfo="World Wildlife Fund, Morges, 287 pp" box="[1007,1123,1276,1296]" editor="P. Jackson" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="203 - 217" refId="ref4348" refString="JUNGIUS, H. 1976. Project 960 deer-international programme for conservation of the threatened species. Pp, 203 - 217, in World wildlife yearbook 1975 - 76 (P. Jackson, ed.). World Wildlife Fund, Morges, 287 pp." title="Project 960 deer-international programme for conservation of the threatened species." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="World wildlife yearbook 1975" year="1976">Jungius, 1976</bibRefCitation>
). None of these areas appears to have the necessary conditions or large enough populations to guarantee the long-term survival of the species. Amelioration of the parks system in Brazil,as well as the creation of protected areas in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru have been proposed, but not seriously taken into consideration by the governments of these countries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAE8CEFFB59D25FCDAFA44FC344893" author="VERSHUREN, J." box="[839,983,1408,1426]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="465 - 470" part="15" refId="ref4726" refString="VERSHUREN, J. 1980. Saving Paraguay's wilderness. Oryx, 15: 465 - 470." title="Saving Paraguay's wilderness" type="journal article" year="1980">Vershuren, 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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