590 lines
70 KiB
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590 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="AF5570BCD2A116096C1AE1DA9D5EAA3B" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4175.3.1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4175.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4094b0dd-fca5-484f-bb26-cf0ed37a9fbf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="267850" ID-ZooBank="2B916685-5384-4665-A759-FC8911DF3E4F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1476426716329" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="De Carvalho, Marcelo R., Loboda, Thiago S. & Da Silva, João Paulo C. B." docDate="2016" docId="03CD878D864FA80C50F763D7CB03B52A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4175.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4175 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Styracura Carvalho, Loboda & Silva, 2016, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="205" masterDocId="FFF4FFF5864DA8085060620BC872B172" masterDocTitle="A new subfamily, Styracurinae, and new genus, Styracura, for Himantura schmardae (Werner, 1904) and Himantura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)" masterLastPageNumber="221" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="203" updateTime="1698389804271" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6C55D9410F32A590783692C21A3C3EF0">A new subfamily, Styracurinae, and new genus, Styracura, for Himantura schmardae (Werner, 1904) and Himantura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CCAE033912367F7C3532111C04B2706A">De Carvalho, Marcelo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3F1B399AFD7E6A3B0A2F14BD8E3EED56">Loboda, Thiago S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D9B0E24685C994678C24C838F8186D9">Da Silva, João Paulo C. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BDEAA532EBA2C8CA1F85F58E6626B494">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="28FCF69911726EC3177B78E5CCBCB2AA">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03CD878D864FA80C50F763D7CB03B52A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5696860" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124996852" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5696860" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD878D864FA80C50F763D7CB03B52A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD878D864FA80C50F763D7CB03B52A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<subSubSection id="C37E6510864FA80A50F763D7C9FAB084" box="[151,392,476,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDB369B864FA80A50F763D7C9FAB084" blockId="2.[151,392,476,502]" box="[151,392,476,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<heading id="D09381F7864FA80A50F763D7C9FAB084" bold="true" box="[151,392,476,502]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A50F763D7C9FAB084" bold="true" box="[151,392,476,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A50F763D7C97EB084" box="[151,268,476,502]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A50F763D7C97EB084" bold="true" box="[151,268,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Styracura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22357F2864FA80A517B63D7C9FAB084" box="[283,392,476,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37E6510864FA80A50F76029CAC2B260" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDB369B864FA80A50F76029C933B3A0" blockId="2.[151,1436,546,722]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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amphi-American
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A512E6028C9CFB34A" ID-CoL="4XB4" box="[334,445,547,568]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A512E6028C9CFB34A" box="[334,445,547,568]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Himantura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.—
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A51BA6029CA05B34A" author="Lovejoy" box="[474,631,546,568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Lovejoy, N. R. (1996) Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 117, 207 - 257. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1996. tb 02189. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Lovejoy, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 215, 219, 221, 222, 228, 229, 233, 236–239, 241, 244–251 (morphology, relationships);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A513F604ACA41B325" author="Lovejoy" box="[351,563,577,599]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Lovejoy, N. R., Birminghan, E. & Martin, A. P. (1998) South American rays came in with the sea. Nature, 396, 421 - 422." type="journal article" year="1998">
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Lovejoy
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A51DC6049C99BB325" box="[444,489,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">et al</emphasis>
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., 1998
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 421 (molecular phylogeny);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A5304604ACCDCB325" author="McEachran" box="[868,1198,577,599]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="McEachran, J. D. & Aschliman, N. (2004) Phylogeny of Batoidea. In: Carrier, J. C., Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R. (Eds.), Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 79 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780203491317. ch 3" type="book chapter" year="2004">McEachran & Aschliman, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 80, 86, 88–92, 96, 98, 99, 101 (morphology, phylogeny);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A5249606BCB70B304" author="Carvalho" box="[553,770,608,630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de, Maisey, J. G. & Grande, L. (2004) Freshwater stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), with the description of a new genus and species and an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 284, 1 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2004) 284 % 3 C 0001: FSOTGR % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">
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Carvalho
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A52EC606ACACBB304" box="[652,697,608,630]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">et al</emphasis>
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||
., 2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 76, 81, 84, 85, 90, 93, 98, 101, 103, 105–108, 112–115, 117–119 (morphology, relationships);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A51956075CA84B3E6" author="Aschliman" box="[501,758,638,661]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Aschliman, N. C., Nishida, M., Miya, M., Inoue, J. G., Rosana, K. M. & Naylor, G. J. P. (2012 b) Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63 (1), 28 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.12.012" type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">
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Aschliman
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A520D608BCAD7B3E6" box="[621,677,638,661]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2012a
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 64, 66, 68, 70–72, 75, 77, 79, 86–88, 90, 92–94 (morphology, phylogeny);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A512A6096CA3AB3C1" author="Aschliman" box="[330,584,669,691]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Aschliman, N. C., Nishida, M., Miya, M., Inoue, J. G., Rosana, K. M. & Naylor, G. J. P. (2012 b) Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63 (1), 28 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.12.012" type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">
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||
Aschliman
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||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A51A06095C984B3C1" box="[448,502,669,691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2012b
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 30, 34–36, 38, 39 (molecular phylogeny); Last
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||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A54246095CC01B3C1" box="[1092,1139,669,691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">et al</emphasis>
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||
., 2016: 353, 356 (molecular phylogeny).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B864FA80A50F760F2CAC2B260" blockId="2.[151,688,761,786]" box="[151,688,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A50F760F2C95FB260" bold="true" box="[151,301,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Type-species</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A515B60F1CADFB260" authority="Werner, 1904" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1904" box="[315,685,761,786]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A515B60F1CA7EB260" box="[315,524,761,786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Trygon schmardae</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A527260F1CADFB260" author="Werner" box="[530,685,762,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37E6510864FA80A50F76137CCF6B6A6" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B864FA80A50F76137CD1CB226" blockId="2.[151,1437,828,2005]" box="[151,1390,828,853]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A50F76137C928B227" bold="true" box="[151,346,828,853]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Included species</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A51086136CB74B226" authority="Werner, 1904" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1904" box="[360,774,828,853]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A51086136CA25B227" box="[360,599,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Styracura schmardae</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A52046137CA8CB226" author="Werner" box="[612,766,828,852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Werner, F. (1904) Die Fische der zoologisch-vergleichend-anatomischen Sammlung der Wiener Universitat. I. Teil. Cyclostomen, Chondropterygier, Ganoiden, Dipnoer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena), 21 (3), 263 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Werner, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="135F2A1E864FA80A53756137CB25B226" box="[789,855,828,853]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1830,1852]" captionTargetBox="[374,1215,205,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[361,1226,193,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Styracura schmardae (ROM 66845, juvenile female, 276 mm DW, Guyana) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Live color brown or grayish- to olivaceous-brown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267851/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A530F6136CD7EB226" authority="Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941" authorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" authorityYear="1941" box="[879,1292,828,853]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A530F6136CB94B226" box="[879,998,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">S. pacifica</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A864FA80A53946137CD76B226" author="Beebe" box="[1012,1284,828,853]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" refString="Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J. (1941) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXVIII. Fishes from the tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3. Rays, Mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 26 (3), 245 - 280, pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1941">Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="135F2A1E864FA80A557B6137CD13B226" box="[1307,1377,828,853]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[384,1197,190,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[373,1213,175,1953]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Styracura pacifica (ROM 66838, juvenile female, 287 mm DW, Pacific coast of Costa Rica) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Live color usually purplish-brown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267852/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB369B864FA80A50A76154CBC9B71F" blockId="2.[151,1437,828,2005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A50A76154C94DB20A" bold="true" box="[199,319,863,888]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Definition</emphasis>
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. New world whiptailed stingrays distinct from dasyatid (including the Indo-Pacific urogymnin genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A5081618EC92EB2EE" box="[225,348,901,924]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A5081618EC92EB2EE" box="[225,348,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Himantura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), urotrygonid, and potamotrygonin genera by the combination of the following characters: disc rounded to weakly rhomboidal, about as wide as long or just slightly wider than long, with either relatively straight or slightly oblique anterior disc margins, and broadly rounded lateral pectoral apices; very small rostral protuberance present on anterior disc margin; disc posterior apices somewhat distant from tail base; head relatively broad and anteriorly positioned; eyes small, about one-third to one-half of spiracle length, and not significantly protruding above head; pelvic fins barely protruding beyond level of posterior disc; tail very elongate, its length measured from cloaca about twice snout to cloaca distance, and tail relatively slender, its posterior one-half whiplike; tail with low lateral ridges from level of pelvic fins to mid-distance to caudal stings; dorsal tail fold (or keel) lacking, low ventral tail fold (keel) present from level of caudal stings to short distance posterior to stings; tail width at base just smaller than interorbital distance; tail posterior to caudal stings at least two times caudal sting length; dermal denticles relatively large and blunt with a stellate pattern (with radiating and distally subdivided ridges), usually quadriradiate, closely packed (their very broad, circular to quadrangular basal plates frequently overlapping) and evenly distributed over almost all of dorsal disc and tail; slightly smaller asterisk-shaped denticles, with a single, pointed, more vertical crown and stellate basal plate and coronal ridges, present on disc margins and anterior to caudal stings on tail; two enlarged scapular denticles on shoulder region, these also with a stellate pattern but with numerous and more developed longitudinal crown ridges (slightly greater in
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A556667ABCDEEB4CA" box="[1286,1436,1439,1464]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
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<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A556667ABCDEEB4CA" box="[1286,1436,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">S. schmardae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A508C67CEC910B4AE" box="[236,354,1476,1500]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A508C67CEC910B4AE" box="[236,354,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); pelvic fins and ventral surface devoid of denticles, but small, sharp denticles present posterior to caudal stings on ventral tail; caudal sting very developed, elongated (its length almost two times interorbital distance) and slender (only about as wide as whip-like tail at level of stings), and set far distally on tail, its distance from cloaca nearly equal to snout to cloaca distance; uniform grayish, grayish-brown, olivaceous-brown to purplish-brown disc, pelvic fins and tail base; tail darker except at base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B864FA80A50A7647CCCF6B6A6" blockId="2.[151,1437,828,2005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
|
||
Internal morphological characters that further define
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864FA80A53486473CBE4B7FD" box="[808,918,1656,1679]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A53486473CBE4B7FD" box="[808,918,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: antimeres of mandibular lateral-line canal meet posterior to mouth forming an inverted V-shape (not shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F2A1E864FA80A538A6497CC43B7C6" box="[1002,1073,1692,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionTargetBox="[385,1133,534,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[385,1173,517,1866]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ventral lateral-line canals of Styracura schmardae (MZUSP uncat. 508 mm DW). Abbreviations: HMD, hyomandibular canal (pink); IOC, infraorbital canal (blue); jug, jugular component of hyomandibular canal; NAS, nasal canal (including the prenasal canal anteriorly; yellow); pst, posterior subpleural tubules; spl, subpleural component of hyomandibular canal; SPO, supraorbital canal (green)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267854/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); two short posterior subpleural tubules branch off from the subpleural component of the hyomandibular lateral-line canal; hyomandibular lateralline canal without median indentation on anterolateral disc; infraorbital canal sinuous but without reticulations and not forming suborbital loop; supraorbital canal relatively straight, forming a small posterior loop just anterior to nasal curtain; hyomandibulae with well-developed anterior segment; hyomandibular-Meckelian ligament well developed, posteriorly oriented toward midline, and with small calcified elements within; antimeres of
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A55E1655AC96CB6FF" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">m. spiracularis</emphasis>
|
||
project posteroventrally to meet dorsal to the
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A5304657ECCCAB6FF" box="[868,1208,1908,1933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">m. depressor hyomandibulae</emphasis>
|
||
and ventral to
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864FA80A55E1657EC908B6C2" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">m. coracomandibularis</emphasis>
|
||
; scapular process fenestra present on scapulae; broadly triangular but short prepelvic process present; and anterolateral pelvic girdle margins relatively straight, not concave or convex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1B6613864EA80B501D6006CDACB348" ID-Table-UUID="DF1B6613864EA80B501D6006CDACB348" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1B6613864EA80B501D6006CDACB348" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" targetBox="[136,1781,603,1707]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B864EA80B501D6006CDACB348" blockId="3.[125,1818,525,570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B501D6006C8A9B353" bold="true" box="[125,219,525,545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">TABLE 1</emphasis>
|
||
. Measurements of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864EA80B52676005CA13B353" box="[519,609,526,545]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B52676005CA13B353" box="[519,609,526,545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species examineđ in the present stuđy, incluđing the holotype (BMNH 1904.4.30.12) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864EA80B55ED6005CE7AB352" box="[1421,1544,525,545]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B55ED6005CE7AB352" box="[1421,1544,525,545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
anđ a juvenile specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864EA80B57686005C8B5B348" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B57686005C8B5B348" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ranges, Means (x), anđ Stanđarđ Deviations (SD) for specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864EA80B535E602CCBCBB348" box="[830,953,551,570]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B535E602CCB3BB348" box="[830,841,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B5335602CCBCBB348" box="[853,953,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are expresseđ in mm anđ as percetages of đisc wiđth (DW).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B864EA80B52716050CEACB7D9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<table id="F964C43B864E57F750E86050CE87B7D9" box="[136,1781,603,1707]" gridcols="8" gridrows="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86050CE87B3D1" box="[136,1781,603,675]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F752716050CAD1B3D1" box="[529,675,603,675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B52716050CAD1B3FB" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864EA80B52716050CA06B31D" box="[529,628,603,623]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B52716050CA06B31D" bold="true" box="[529,628,603,623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AMNH 233890
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
mm % DW
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6050CBDFB3D1" box="[719,941,603,675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B52AF6050CBE6B3FB" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
Holotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D18864EA80B534D6050CBDFB31D" box="[813,941,603,623]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B534D6050CBDFB31D" bold="true" box="[813,941,603,623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">S. schmardae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
BMNH 1904.4.30.12
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
mm % DW
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F753806050CB8AB3D1" box="[992,1016,603,675]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B53806050CB82B31D" bold="true" box="[992,1008,603,623]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">N</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F754546050CC90B3D1" box="[1076,1250,603,675]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B540C6050CCD6B31D" bold="true" box="[1132,1188,603,623]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Mean</emphasis>
|
||
mm % DW
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F755646050CDE5B3D1" box="[1284,1431,603,675]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B555D6050CD28B31D" bold="true" box="[1341,1370,603,623]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">SD</emphasis>
|
||
mm % DW
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6050CE20B3D1" box="[1466,1618,603,675]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA89864EA80B56746050CE20B31D" bold="true" box="[1556,1618,603,623]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Range</emphasis>
|
||
mm
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F756E26050CE87B3D1" box="[1666,1781,603,675]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">% DW</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E860BECE87B3BB" box="[136,1781,693,713]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E860BEC9A3B3BB" box="[136,465,693,713]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Total length (TL)</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7527160BECAD1B3BB" box="[529,675,693,713]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">363 194.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF60BECBDFB3BB" box="[719,941,693,713]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">601 245.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7538060BECB8AB3BB" box="[992,1016,693,713]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7545460BECC90B3BB" box="[1076,1250,693,713]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">794.0 230.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7556460BECDE5B3BB" box="[1284,1431,693,713]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">262.9 13.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA60BECE20B3BB" box="[1466,1618,693,713]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">518.021324.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E260BECE87B3BB" box="[1666,1781,693,713]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">203.72252.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E860D1CE87B260" box="[136,1781,730,786]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E860D1C9A3B260" box="[136,465,730,786]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Disc length (DL) Disc wiđth (DW)</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7527160D1CAD1B260" box="[529,675,730,786]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">191 102.1 187 …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF60D1CBDFB260" box="[719,941,730,786]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">224 91.4 245 …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7538060D1CB8AB260" box="[992,1016,730,786]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11 11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7545460D1CC90B260" box="[1076,1250,730,786]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">322.4 93.2 348.4 …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7556460D1CDE5B260" box="[1284,1431,730,786]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">108.9 3.3 125.2 0.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA60D1CE20B260" box="[1466,1618,730,786]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">214.02500.0 218.02557.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E260D1CE87B260" box="[1666,1781,730,786]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">87.2298.6 …</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86128CE87B245" box="[136,1781,803,823]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86128C9A3B245" box="[136,465,803,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Interorbital đistance</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716128CAD1B245" box="[529,675,803,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">27 14.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6128CBDFB245" box="[719,941,803,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">34 13.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806128CB8AB245" box="[992,1016,803,823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546128CC90B245" box="[1076,1250,803,823]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">44.3 12.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646128CDE5B245" box="[1284,1431,803,823]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">15.3 1.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6128CE20B245" box="[1466,1618,803,823]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">30.0272.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26128CE87B245" box="[1666,1781,803,823]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">10.8215.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86143CE87B22E" box="[136,1781,840,860]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86143C9A3B22E" box="[136,465,840,860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Interspiracular đistance</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716143CAD1B22E" box="[529,675,840,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">40 21.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6143CBDFB22E" box="[719,941,840,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">50 20.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806143CB8AB22E" box="[992,1016,840,860]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546143CC90B22E" box="[1076,1250,840,860]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">62.5 18.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646143CDE5B22E" box="[1284,1431,840,860]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">20.8 1.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6143CE20B22E" box="[1466,1618,840,860]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">42.02101.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26143CE87B22E" box="[1666,1781,840,860]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">16.5220.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86166CE87B2F3" box="[136,1781,877,897]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86166C9A3B2F3" box="[136,465,877,897]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Eye điameter</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716166CAD1B2F3" box="[529,675,877,897]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">6 3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6166CBDFB2F3" box="[719,941,877,897]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">7 2.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806166CB8AB2F3" box="[992,1016,877,897]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546166CC90B2F3" box="[1076,1250,877,897]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">8.5 2.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646166CDE5B2F3" box="[1284,1431,877,897]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">1.5 0.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6166CE20B2F3" box="[1466,1618,877,897]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">5.0210.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26166CE87B2F3" box="[1666,1781,877,897]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">1.823.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86199CE87B2B8" box="[136,1781,914,970]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86199C9A3B2B8" box="[136,465,914,970]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Spiracle length Preorbital length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716199CAD1B2B8" box="[529,675,914,970]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">18 9.6 42 22.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6199CBDFB2B8" box="[719,941,914,970]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">19 7.8 45 18.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806199CB8AB2B8" box="[992,1016,914,970]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11 11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546199CC90B2B8" box="[1076,1250,914,970]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">26.5 7.7 64.0 18.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646199CDE5B2B8" box="[1284,1431,914,970]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">8.5 0.5 24.5 1.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6199CE20B2B8" box="[1466,1618,914,970]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">16.0240.0 34.02107.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26199CE87B2B8" box="[1666,1781,914,970]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">7.228.5 15.6220.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E861D0CE87B29D" box="[136,1781,987,1007]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E861D0C9A3B29D" box="[136,465,987,1007]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Prenasal length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7527161D0CAD1B29D" box="[529,675,987,1007]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">28 15.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF61D0CBDFB29D" box="[719,941,987,1007]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">31 12.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7538061D0CB8AB29D" box="[992,1016,987,1007]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7545461D0CC90B29D" box="[1076,1250,987,1007]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">43.0 12.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7556461D0CDE5B29D" box="[1284,1431,987,1007]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">16.9 0.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA61D0CE20B29D" box="[1466,1618,987,1007]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">25.0270.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E261D0CE87B29D" box="[1666,1781,987,1007]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">10.8213.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E8660BCE87B566" box="[136,1781,1024,1044]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E8660BC9A3B566" box="[136,465,1024,1044]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Preoral length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75271660BCAD1B566" box="[529,675,1024,1044]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">38 20.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF660BCBDFB566" box="[719,941,1024,1044]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">43 17.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75380660BCB8AB566" box="[992,1016,1024,1044]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75454660BCC90B566" box="[1076,1250,1024,1044]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">60.8 17.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75564660BCDE5B566" box="[1284,1431,1024,1044]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">22.3 0.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA660BCE20B566" box="[1466,1618,1024,1044]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">38.02101.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E2660BCE87B566" box="[1666,1781,1024,1044]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">15.7218.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E8662ECE87B54B" box="[136,1781,1061,1081]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E8662EC9A3B54B" box="[136,465,1061,1081]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Internarial đistance</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75271662ECAD1B54B" box="[529,675,1061,1081]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">18 9.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF662ECBDFB54B" box="[719,941,1061,1081]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">20 8.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75380662ECB8AB54B" box="[992,1016,1061,1081]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75454662ECC90B54B" box="[1076,1250,1061,1081]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">26.4 7.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75564662ECDE5B54B" box="[1284,1431,1061,1081]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">9.9 0.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA662ECE20B54B" box="[1466,1618,1061,1081]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">14.0247.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E2662ECE87B54B" box="[1666,1781,1061,1081]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">6.428.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86641CE87B5F0" box="[136,1781,1098,1154]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86641C9A3B5F0" box="[136,465,1098,1154]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Mouth wiđth Distance between 1st gill slits</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716641CAD1B5F0" box="[529,675,1098,1154]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">17 9.1 46 24.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6641CBDFB5F0" box="[719,941,1098,1154]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">20 8.2 55 22.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806641CB8AB5F0" box="[992,1016,1098,1154]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11 11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546641CC90B5F0" box="[1076,1250,1098,1154]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">26.9 7.7 71.7 20.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646641CDE5B5F0" box="[1284,1431,1098,1154]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">9.6 0.5 25.0 0.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6641CE20B5F0" box="[1466,1618,1098,1154]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">15.0242.0 46.02115.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26641CE87B5F0" box="[1666,1781,1098,1154]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">6.928.5 19.0222.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86698CE87B5D5" box="[136,1781,1171,1191]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86698C9A3B5D5" box="[136,465,1171,1191]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Distance between 5th gill slits</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716698CAD1B5D5" box="[529,675,1171,1191]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">36 19.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6698CBDFB5D5" box="[719,941,1171,1191]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">44 18.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806698CB8AB5D5" box="[992,1016,1171,1191]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546698CC90B5D5" box="[1076,1250,1171,1191]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">54.6 15.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646698CDE5B5D5" box="[1284,1431,1171,1191]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">19.3 1.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6698CE20B5D5" box="[1466,1618,1171,1191]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">34.0288.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26698CE87B5D5" box="[1666,1781,1171,1191]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">13.8218.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E866B3CE87B5BE" box="[136,1781,1208,1228]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E866B3C9A3B5BE" box="[136,465,1208,1228]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Branchial basket length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7527166B3CAD1B5BE" box="[529,675,1208,1228]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">33 17.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF66B3CBDFB5BE" box="[719,941,1208,1228]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">40 16.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7538066B3CB8AB5BE" box="[992,1016,1208,1228]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7545466B3CC90B5BE" box="[1076,1250,1208,1228]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">53.0 15.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7556466B3CDE5B5BE" box="[1284,1431,1208,1228]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">18.6 0.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA66B3CE20B5BE" box="[1466,1618,1208,1228]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">34.0288.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E266B3CE87B5BE" box="[1666,1781,1208,1228]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">14.1216.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E866D6CE87B583" box="[136,1781,1245,1265]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E866D6C9A3B583" box="[136,465,1245,1265]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Pelvic fin anterior margin length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7527166D6CAD1B583" box="[529,675,1245,1265]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">39 20.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF66D6CBDFB583" box="[719,941,1245,1265]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">45 18.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7538066D6CB8AB583" box="[992,1016,1245,1265]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7545466D6CC90B583" box="[1076,1250,1245,1265]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">60.6 17.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7556466D6CDE5B583" box="[1284,1431,1245,1265]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">22.3 1.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA66D6CE20B583" box="[1466,1618,1245,1265]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">38.02102.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E266D6CE87B583" box="[1666,1781,1245,1265]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">15.4220.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86709CE87B448" box="[136,1781,1282,1338]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86709C9A3B448" box="[136,465,1282,1338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Pelvic fin wiđth Clasper external length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716709CAD1B448" box="[529,675,1282,1338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">90 48.1 … …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6709CBDFB448" box="[719,941,1282,1338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">114 46.5 4 1.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806709CB8AB448" box="[992,1016,1282,1338]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11 8</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546709CC90B448" box="[1076,1250,1282,1338]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">155.9 44.4 6.5 1.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646709CDE5B448" box="[1284,1431,1282,1338]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">62.5 3.8 2.8 0.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6709CE20B448" box="[1466,1618,1282,1338]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">95.02284.0 4.0212.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26709CE87B448" box="[1666,1781,1282,1338]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">36.7251.0 1.522.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86740CE87B42D" box="[136,1781,1355,1375]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86740C9A3B42D" box="[136,465,1355,1375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Clasper internal length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716740CAD1B42D" box="[529,675,1355,1375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">… …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6740CBDFB42D" box="[719,941,1355,1375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">22 9.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806740CB8AB42D" box="[992,1016,1355,1375]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">8</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546740CC90B42D" box="[1076,1250,1355,1375]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">42.5 10.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646740CDE5B42D" box="[1284,1431,1355,1375]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">19.1 1.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6740CE20B42D" box="[1466,1618,1355,1375]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">22.0272.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26740CE87B42D" box="[1666,1781,1355,1375]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">9.0212.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E8677BCE87B4F6" box="[136,1781,1392,1412]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E8677BC9A3B4F6" box="[136,465,1392,1412]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Distance between cloaca anđ tail tip</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75271677BCAD1B4F6" box="[529,675,1392,1412]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">150 80.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF677BCBDFB4F6" box="[719,941,1392,1412]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">387 158.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75380677BCB8AB4F6" box="[992,1016,1392,1412]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75454677BCC90B4F6" box="[1076,1250,1392,1412]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">509.0 146.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75564677BCDE5B4F6" box="[1284,1431,1392,1412]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">185.2 11.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA677BCE20B4F6" box="[1466,1618,1392,1412]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">328.02896.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E2677BCE87B4F6" box="[1666,1781,1392,1412]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">129.22164.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E8679ECE87B4DB" box="[136,1781,1429,1449]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E8679EC9A3B4DB" box="[136,465,1429,1449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Tail wiđth</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75271679ECAD1B4DB" box="[529,675,1429,1449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">22 11.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF679ECBDFB4DB" box="[719,941,1429,1449]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">28 11.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75380679ECB8AB4DB" box="[992,1016,1429,1449]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75454679ECC90B4DB" box="[1076,1250,1429,1449]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">37.4 10.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75564679ECDE5B4DB" box="[1284,1431,1429,1449]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">13.5 0.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA679ECE20B4DB" box="[1466,1618,1429,1449]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">25.0268.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E2679ECE87B4DB" box="[1666,1781,1429,1449]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">9.2212.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E867B1CE87B4BC" box="[136,1781,1466,1486]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E867B1C9A3B4BC" box="[136,465,1466,1486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Snout to cloaca đistance</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7527167B1CAD1B4BC" box="[529,675,1466,1486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">160 85.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF67B1CBDFB4BC" box="[719,941,1466,1486]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">208 84.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7538067B1CB8AB4BC" box="[992,1016,1466,1486]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7545467B1CC90B4BC" box="[1076,1250,1466,1486]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">265.4 76.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7556467B1CDE5B4BC" box="[1284,1431,1466,1486]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">93.6 5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA67B1CE20B4BC" box="[1466,1618,1466,1486]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">180.02436.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E267B1CE87B4BC" box="[1666,1781,1466,1486]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">64.3284.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E867D4CE87B765" box="[136,1781,1503,1559]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E867D4C9A3B765" box="[136,465,1503,1559]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Pectoral to posterior pelvic length Distance from cloaca to sting origin</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7527167D4CAD1B765" box="[529,675,1503,1559]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">21 11.2 184 98.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF67D4CBDFB765" box="[719,941,1503,1559]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">34 13.9 163 66.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7538067D4CB8AB765" box="[992,1016,1503,1559]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">10 11</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7545467D4CC90B765" box="[1076,1250,1503,1559]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">42.9 11.9 245.1 69.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F7556467D4CDE5B765" box="[1284,1431,1503,1559]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">15.8 1.1 99.3 9.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA67D4CE20B765" box="[1466,1618,1503,1559]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">30.0275.0 113.02418.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E267D4CE87B765" box="[1666,1781,1503,1559]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">10.6213.9 51.8290.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86423CE87B74E" box="[136,1781,1576,1596]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86423C9A3B74E" box="[136,465,1576,1596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Sting length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716423CAD1B74E" box="[529,675,1576,1596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">43 23.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6423CBDFB74E" box="[719,941,1576,1596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">66 26.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806423CB8AB74E" box="[992,1016,1576,1596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546423CC90B74E" box="[1076,1250,1576,1596]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">76.3 23.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646423CDE5B74E" box="[1284,1431,1576,1596]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">30.0 2.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6423CE20B74E" box="[1466,1618,1576,1596]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">47.02145.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26423CE87B74E" box="[1666,1781,1576,1596]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">18.8226.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86446CE87B713" box="[136,1781,1613,1633]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86446C9A3B713" box="[136,465,1613,1633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Sting wiđth</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716446CAD1B713" box="[529,675,1613,1633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">3 1.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6446CBDFB713" box="[719,941,1613,1633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">5 2.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806446CB8AB713" box="[992,1016,1613,1633]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">10</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546446CC90B713" box="[1076,1250,1613,1633]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">5.2 1.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646446CDE5B713" box="[1284,1431,1613,1633]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">1.5 0.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6446CE20B713" box="[1466,1618,1613,1633]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">4.028.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26446CE87B713" box="[1666,1781,1613,1633]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">1.022.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E86479CE87B7F4" box="[136,1781,1650,1670]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E86479C9A3B7F4" box="[136,465,1650,1670]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Dorsal pseuđosiphon length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752716479CAD1B7F4" box="[529,675,1650,1670]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">… …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF6479CBDFB7F4" box="[719,941,1650,1670]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">… …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F753806479CB8AB7F4" box="[992,1016,1650,1670]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F754546479CC90B7F4" box="[1076,1250,1650,1670]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">5.0 0.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755646479CDE5B7F4" box="[1284,1431,1650,1670]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">0.0 0.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA6479CE20B7F4" box="[1466,1618,1650,1670]" gridcol="6" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">5.025.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E26479CE87B7F4" box="[1666,1781,1650,1670]" gridcol="7" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">0.920.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355434D9864E57F750E8649CCE87B7D9" box="[136,1781,1687,1707]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<th id="76855DA5864E57F750E8649CC9A3B7D9" box="[136,465,1687,1707]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Ventral pseuđosiphon length</th>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75271649CCAD1B7D9" box="[529,675,1687,1707]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">… …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F752AF649CCBDFB7D9" box="[719,941,1687,1707]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">… …</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75380649CCB8AB7D9" box="[992,1016,1687,1707]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">1</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75454649CCC90B7D9" box="[1076,1250,1687,1707]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">12.0 2.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F75564649CCDE5B7D9" box="[1284,1431,1687,1707]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">0.0 0.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F755DA649CCE20B7D9" box="[1466,1618,1687,1707]" gridcol="6" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">12.0212.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76855DA5864E57F756E2649CCE87B7D9" box="[1666,1781,1687,1707]" gridcol="7" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">2.222.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108649A80C50A7629CCBBBB29E" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50A7629CC892B3F7" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50A7629CC946B1C2" bold="true" box="[199,308,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The classification of stingrays has recently undergone significant modifications to accommodate the latest developments in molecular phylogeny based on comprehensive species-level sampling and Maximum Likelihood analysis of the protein coding portion of the entire mitochondrial genome (Last
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C54F162EACCB0B18A" box="[1169,1218,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2016; Yang
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C553D62EACDFCB18A" box="[1373,1422,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., in prep). As a result, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C5182630FCA2CB06F" box="[482,606,260,285]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dasyatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now subdivided into four monophyletic subfamilies:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C5579630FCDEAB06F" box="[1305,1432,260,285]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dasyatinae">Dasyatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Urogymninae, Hypolophinae, and Neotrygoninae (Last
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C534C6322CB16B032" box="[812,868,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2016). The Urogymninae clade (whiprays) is composed of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C51B36346CA2AB016" box="[467,600,333,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Brevitrygon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51B36346CA2AB016" box="[467,600,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Brevitrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C52106347CA86B017" box="[624,756,332,357]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Fluvitrygon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C52106347CA86B017" box="[624,756,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Fluvitrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C536D6346CBE1B016" box="[781,915,333,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Fontitrygon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C536D6346CBE1B016" box="[781,915,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Fontitrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C53CB6347CC45B017" box="[939,1079,332,357]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C53CB6347CC45B017" box="[939,1079,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Maculabatis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C54306347CCBAB017" box="[1104,1224,332,357]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Pateobatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C54306347CCBAB017" box="[1104,1224,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Pateobatis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C54806346CD29B016" box="[1248,1371,333,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C54806346CD29B016" box="[1248,1371,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Himantura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50F7637AC96BB0FA" box="[151,281,369,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50F7637AC96BB0FA" box="[151,281,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Urogymnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the former five genera newly described in Last
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C535D637ACB1DB0FA" box="[829,879,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016) and containing species previously placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C50D8639EC941B0DE" box="[184,307,405,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50D8639EC941B0DE" box="[184,307,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Himantura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C5126639EC9C1B0DE" box="[326,435,405,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C5126639EC9C1B0DE" box="[326,435,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is separated from all urogymnin species by readily observed external morphological characters such as its particular shagreen of denticles (quadriradiate morphology of larger denticles with broad basal plates and asterisk-shaped smaller denticles, and their intense distribution over disc and dorsal tail), its uniquely slender and very elongate caudal stings positioned far posteriorly on tail, and by presenting a low ventral caudal keel posterior to caudal stings.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C5223602ECADDB34E" box="[579,687,549,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C5223602ECADDB34E" box="[579,687,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further differs from many urogymnin species by having a rounded to weakly rhomboidal disc (many urogymnin species have strongly rhomboidal discs;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C5412604CCD67B312" author="Manjaji" box="[1138,1301,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Manjaji, B. M. (2004) Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the stingray genus Himantura (Family Dasyatidae). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tasmania. [unkown pagination]" type="book" year="2004">Manjaji, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Last
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C553B6042CDFCB312" box="[1371,1422,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50A76084CBBBB29E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
The posterior position and great development of the caudal stings also easily distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C548C609BCD2BB3D5" box="[1260,1369,656,679]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C548C609BCD2BB3D5" box="[1260,1369,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from potamotrygonin species. Furthermore, no potamotrygonin has enlarged scapular spines and dermal denticles as closely packed as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C51E560D3C980B39D" box="[389,498,728,751]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51E560D3C980B39D" box="[389,498,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor its rounded to weakly rhomboidal disc shape (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C542360DCCCB8B382" box="[1091,1226,727,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C542360DCCCB8B382" box="[1091,1226,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an even more broadly rounded disc,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C51F260F6CA66B266" box="[402,532,765,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51F260F6CA66B266" box="[402,532,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually has a concave anterior disc margin, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C545560F6CCA7B266" box="[1077,1237,765,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C545560F6CCA7B266" box="[1077,1237,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C556D60F7CDEEB267" box="[1293,1436,764,789]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C556D60F7CDEEB267" box="[1293,1436,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have more oval discs). Tail folds also distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C52A1612BCB5DB245" box="[705,815,800,823]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C52A1612BCB5DB245" box="[705,815,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from potamotrygonins:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C5420612ACC93B24A" box="[1088,1249,801,824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C5420612ACC93B24A" box="[1088,1249,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually has well developed dorsal and ventral tail folds posterior to caudal stings,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C530A614FCB8BB22F" box="[874,1017,836,861]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C530A614FCB8BB22F" box="[874,1017,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a well-developed ventral tail fold but a low dorsal ridge, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C51B96162CA29B2F2" box="[473,603,873,896]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C51B96162CA29B2F2" box="[473,603,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Paratrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C52F6616CCB6FB2F2" box="[662,797,871,896]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C52F6616CCB6FB2F2" box="[662,797,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have very low, ridge-like ventral tail folds posterior to caudal stings (frequently lacking in adult specimens), while dorsal tail ridges are infrequently present in both genera. Moreover, the former three potamotrygonin genera have enlarged tail thorns, sometimes in multiple semiparallel rows, ahead of the caudal stings (tail thorns absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D188649A80C532B61DECBC5B29E" box="[843,951,981,1004]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Styracura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C532B61DECBC5B29E" box="[843,951,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Styracura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E65108649A80C50A761FCCB03B52A" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB369B8649A80C50A761FCCB03B52A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50A761FCC934B562" bold="true" box="[199,326,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. From the Greek στυραξ (=
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C52E161F2CAB7B562" box="[641,709,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">styrax</emphasis>
|
||
), meaning "spine at the butt end of a spear" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C54A761F3CD12B562" author="Brown" box="[1223,1376,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Brown, R. W. (1954) Composition of Scientific Words. Privately published, Baltimore, 882 pp." type="book" year="1954">Brown, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and ουρα (=
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EA898649A80C50936616C955B546" box="[243,295,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">oura</emphasis>
|
||
) meaning tail, a suffix commonly used since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B6A8649A80C53216617CC3DB546" author="Muller" box="[833,1103,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" refString="Muller, J. & Henle, F. G. J. (1837) Ueber die Gattungen der Plagiostomen. Archive fur Naturgeschichte, 3, 394 - 401, 434. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10051" type="journal article" year="1837">Müller & Henle (1837)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for whiptailed stingrays—in reference to its greatly elongated caudal stings. Gender feminine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |