361 lines
51 KiB
XML
361 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="AE165DE8B312AE2950A1B35097888D98" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-ZooBank=":pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1711485825671" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gracia, Carlos De, Correa-Metrio, Alex, Carvalho, Monica, Velez-Juarbe, Jorge, P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s, , Carlos Jarami & Kri, nd Jurgen" docDate="2022" docId="03CA87C46F278201FF2DF99CFADB2322" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.20.1.1-36.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2091959) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Spathochoira calvertense Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri 2022, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFF3FFBC6F2A820FFF99FF8CFF88256D" masterDocTitle="Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1711485829411" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="726C060E3B8628886633140632ED073B">Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="704C564943C788EF09B5C0CDD8F74EB5">Gracia, Carlos De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C3C9A4ECC050CE310033896435800046">Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek Platz 2 (UZA II) / 2 A 323, 1090, Vienna, Austria; & Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="35AF839F13469308BC898038F3E72933">Correa-Metrio, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B6E8919C94255A5456F93A89BA356E6C">Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Campus Juriquilla, Quer ́ etaro 76230, Mexico; & Instituto de Geolog ́ ıa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, M ́ exico, D. F., Mexico;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CC2E9A9EFA6C3507451433F314DE56B0">Carvalho, Monica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7502281FF38A7CF34F1B2EBDCCDABB26">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A3FDBB840D266F3075298BB5C20B805F">Velez-Juarbe, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D1C4B435D2ECAA4E11959A4C6576ABCB">Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; & Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0B731A19FAD03A54CEFAE50E2DD15E6F">P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D22BFBE395F77FEE6C60B1C3F0006A2F">, Carlos Jarami</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2C6E27E403B6D9D5045069054F8047A2">Kri, nd Jurgen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="BD9D2EA2C6279D2B3136989FB4F50948">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="564851CB8D393BE6FF00D91E1E627479">2091959</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="3503AEEBC5B3A6B97F7F35A310A43EC1">2022-08-19</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03CA87C46F278201FF2DF99CFADB2322" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87C46F278201FF2DF99CFADB2322" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C46F278201FF2DF99CFADB2322" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F278202FF2DF99CFD70234A" box="[180,760,1552,1576]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FF2DF99CFD70234A" blockId="13.[180,760,1552,1610]" box="[180,760,1552,1576]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="D09481BE6F278202FF2DF99CFD70234A" box="[180,760,1552,1576]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" reason="8">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FF58F99CFDFD234A" authority="(Berry, 1917)" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Berry" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[193,629,1552,1575]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Spathochoira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calvertense" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FF58F99CFE51234A" bold="true" box="[193,473,1552,1575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Spathochoira calvertense</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FE70F99CFDE4234A" author="Berry, E. W." box="[489,620,1552,1575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="461 - 464" refId="ref23803" refString="Berry, E. W. 1917. A sail fish from the Virginia Miocene. American Journal of Science, 43, 461 - 464." type="journal article" year="1917">Berry, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F278202FDE7F99CFD70234A" box="[638,760,1552,1575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F278202FEFCF9BFFC232439" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FEFCF9BFFDCF2327" blockId="13.[180,760,1552,1610]" box="[357,583,1587,1610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FEF7F9BFFE4E2327" box="[366,454,1587,1610]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figs 7B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FE4AF9BFFE7E2327" box="[467,502,1587,1610]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="13">8A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FD9AF9BFFDB62327" box="[515,574,1587,1610]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">9J, K</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD3FF31FA0F25B9" blockId="13.[842,1467,188,340]" box="[842,1415,188,212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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1917 †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FC0FFF31FB6A25B9" authority="Berry" authorityName="Berry" authorityYear="1917" box="[918,1250,189,212]" class="Mammalia" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Istiophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calvertensis">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FC0FFF31FB1F25B9" box="[918,1175,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Istiophorus calvertensis</emphasis>
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Berry
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</taxonomicName>
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: 461, figs 1, 2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD3FF51FC6B2479" blockId="13.[842,1467,188,340]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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1987 †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FC01FF51FADC2599" authority="(Berry)" baseAuthorityName="Berry" box="[920,1364,221,244]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Pseudohistiophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calvertensis">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FC01FF51FB7F2599" box="[920,1271,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Pseudohistiophorus calvertensis</emphasis>
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(Berry)
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</taxonomicName>
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, Schultz: 120, tab. 2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD3FE91FC232439" blockId="13.[842,1467,188,340]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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1990 †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FC3CFE91FA892459" authority="(Berry)" baseAuthorityName="Berry" box="[933,1281,285,308]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calvertensis">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FC3CFE91FB1F2459" box="[933,1175,285,308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Makaira calvertensis</emphasis>
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(Berry)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Fierstine: 15, tab. 2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F278202FCD5FEE1FAF327CB" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD5FEE1FAF327CB" blockId="13.[844,1467,365,678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FCD5FEE1FC4924E9" bold="true" box="[844,961,365,388]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This taxon is characterized by the following combination of morphological traits (an asterisk indicates autapomorphic traits): a sub-cylindrical and anteriorly gradually tapering rostrum with extremely large internal canals and that are oval in cross-section in the most distal part; in having a concave ventral margin in the anterior two-thirds forming a pronounced ventral canal along the whole length of rostrum resulting in a cross-sectional shape reminiscent of a pig nose at 0.5
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<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FCEBFD03FC0A27CB" box="[882,898,655,678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">L</collectionCode>
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$; prenasals that terminate close to distal tip$.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F278202FCD5FD33FB93260B" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD5FD33FC69279B" blockId="13.[844,1466,703,758]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FCD5FD33FC3327BB" bold="true" box="[844,955,703,726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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<typeStatus id="54D888706F278202FCD5FD33FC3E27BB" box="[844,950,703,726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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USNM 9344, a
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<quantity id="4C9B9B376F278202FB03FD33FB6727BB" box="[1178,1263,703,726]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
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long distal rostral fragment.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD5FC83FB93260B" blockId="13.[844,1466,783,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FCD5FC83FC51264B" bold="true" box="[844,985,783,806]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Late Miocene, Eastover Formation, Tar Bay, James River,
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<collectingRegion id="49A7F8306F278202FBABFCA3FB06262B" box="[1074,1166,815,838]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Virginia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37476426F278202FB38FCA3FB5E262B" box="[1185,1238,815,838]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">USA</collectingCountry>
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(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FAC4FCA3FC09260B" author="Fierstine, H. L." pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="30 - 42" refId="ref25139" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1998. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Eastover Formation, late Miocene, Virginia, and a reexamination of † Istiophorus calvertensis Berry, 1917. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 30 - 42. doi: 10. 1080 / 02724634.1998.10011032" type="journal article" year="1998">Fierstine 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FC08FCC3FC4E260B" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[913,966,847,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="21 - 69" refId="ref25312" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 2001. Analysis and new records of billfish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Yorktown Formation, early Pliocene of eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 90, 21 - 69." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FC4FFCC3FB83260B" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[982,1035,847,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="433 - 453" refId="ref25360" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 2006. Fossil history of billfishes (Xiphioidei). Bulletin of Marine Science, 79, 433 - 453." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37965596F278201FCD5FCF3FADB2322" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD5FCF3FA332034" blockId="13.[844,1467,895,1627]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FCD5FCF3FC3326FB" bold="true" box="[844,955,895,918]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FC44FCF3FB7C26FB" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[989,1268,895,918]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Spathochoira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calvertensis" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FC44FCF3FB7C26FB" box="[989,1268,895,918]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Spathochoira calvertensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F278202FA91FCF3FAFE26FB" box="[1288,1398,895,918]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is a
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F278202FCD5FC2CFC2826DA" box="[844,928,928,951]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
|
||
long distal fragment of a rostrum that is dorsally covered by poorly preserved denticles at
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F278202FA9AFC4CFAD526BA" box="[1283,1373,960,983]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7299999999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="57.3">57.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
from its distal tip (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FC20FC6CFBD8269A" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[953,1104,992,1015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="30 - 42" refId="ref25139" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1998. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Eastover Formation, late Miocene, Virginia, and a reexamination of † Istiophorus calvertensis Berry, 1917. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 30 - 42. doi: 10. 1080 / 02724634.1998.10011032" type="journal article" year="1998">Fierstine 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FBF8FC6CFB1C269A" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[1121,1172,992,1015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="21 - 69" refId="ref25312" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 2001. Analysis and new records of billfish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Yorktown Formation, early Pliocene of eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 90, 21 - 69." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The rostrum is sub-cylindrical in cross-section, tapering gradually until the cross-section becomes oval in outline towards the most distal part (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FC1FFBCDFB882135" author="Berry, E. W." box="[902,1024,1089,1112]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="461 - 464" refId="ref23803" refString="Berry, E. W. 1917. A sail fish from the Virginia Miocene. American Journal of Science, 43, 461 - 464." type="journal article" year="1917">Berry 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FB85FBCDFBE72135" box="[1052,1135,1089,1112]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distal tip is slender and resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FB90FBEDFB3F2115" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[1033,1207,1121,1144]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Istiompax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FB90FBEDFB3F2115" box="[1033,1207,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Istiompax indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FB51FBEDFA872115" box="[1224,1295,1121,1144]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7I</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are two grooves on the dorsal surface that represent the sutures for prenasals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FC24FB2DFB8721D5" box="[957,1039,1185,1208]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). These grooves decrease gradually distally until they disappear completely near the distal tip (P distance) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FC20FB6EFBBA2194" author="Berry, E. W." box="[953,1074,1250,1273]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="461 - 464" refId="ref23803" refString="Berry, E. W. 1917. A sail fish from the Virginia Miocene. American Journal of Science, 43, 461 - 464." type="journal article" year="1917">Berry 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ventral surface of the rostrum is concave in its anterior two thirds and there is a pronounced median suture that forms a distinct canal identifiable along the whole length of the rostrum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FAAEFACEFA392034" author="Berry, E. W." box="[1335,1457,1346,1369]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="461 - 464" refId="ref23803" refString="Berry, E. W. 1917. A sail fish from the Virginia Miocene. American Journal of Science, 43, 461 - 464." type="journal article" year="1917">Berry 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FCD4FAEEFA332336" blockId="13.[844,1467,895,1627]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FCCCFAEEFC382014" box="[853,944,1378,1401]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[159,226,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[177,1469,197,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-269@16.[159,1469,188,1133]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. A–D, Istiophoridae holotypes represented by fragmented rostrums in dorsal, right lateral and ventral view; A, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344), holotype; B, Makaira belgica (IRSNB P1117), holotype; C, †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250), holotype; D, Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), holotype. Dashed black lines show the positions where the sections at 0.5L and 0.25L have been studied. White dashed lines indicates the prenasal sutures. Scale bar = 5 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figs 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FC59FAEEFC742014" box="[960,1020,1378,1401]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">9J, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rostrum is broken proximally and the transversal fracture represents the 0.5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FA97FA0FFA9620F7" box="[1294,1310,1411,1434]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">L</collectionCode>
|
||
distance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FA0BFA0FFCEB20D7" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9J</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F278202FCE4FA2FFB9C20D7" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[893,1044,1443,1466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="21 - 69" refId="ref25312" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 2001. Analysis and new records of billfish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Yorktown Formation, early Pliocene of eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 90, 21 - 69." type="journal article" year="2001">Fierstine 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FBB4FA2FFBC820D7" box="[1069,1088,1443,1466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">A</collectionCode>
|
||
pair of large internal canals is visible (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E103696F278202FC1DFA4FFC5C20B7" box="[900,980,1475,1498]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[159,218,187,208]" captionText="Table 3. Relationship between height of left nutrient canal at 0.5 L (H1) with the CA1/AR1 ratio (canal area / cross-section area at 0.5 L). Using H1 as size estimator, small nutrient canals range between 1.0 and 3.9 mm and big canals range between 4.0 and 8.5 mm. The ratio CA1/AR1 removes the size effect and small canals have values CA1/AR1 of 0.002–0.019 and big canals of 0.02–0.07. In the score column ‘b’ is big and ‘s’ is small for the H1 and CA1/AR1 variables. For †Makaira purdyi variables at 0.25 L were used given the special morphology of this species. Ranges were defined after studying fossils and modern specimens together (Table S1)." pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
), which are located at 11.0 mm from the dorsal surface of the rostrum (DD1 distance) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FAB5FA6FFAFF2097" box="[1324,1399,1507,1530]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The internal canals are very large based on their proportion relative to the rostral depth (D1) (Table 4). The position of the canals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F278202FC53F9C8FBB12336" box="[970,1081,1604,1627]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9J, K</figureCitation>
|
||
) is medial and they have a central
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FF05F915FF3923C1" blockId="13.[156,1469,1689,1877]" box="[156,177,1689,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FF05F915FF3923C1" box="[156,177,1689,1708]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">·</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F278202FF06F936FCD82238" blockId="13.[156,1469,1689,1877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FF06F936FEF123A2" bold="true" box="[159,377,1722,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FE95F936FE9523A2" box="[268,285,1722,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">A</collectionCode>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FEB0F936FEB323A2" box="[297,315,1722,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">C</collectionCode>
|
||
, G–I,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FE08F936FD1E23A2" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[401,662,1722,1743]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Morgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="donosochagrense" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FE08F936FD1E23A2" box="[401,662,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Morgula donosochagrense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F278202FD3BF936FCCF23A2" box="[674,839,1722,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888706F278202FCCFF936FC2123A2" box="[854,937,1722,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(MUPAN–STRI31293);
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FB3EF936FB3723A2" bold="true" box="[1191,1215,1722,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FB3EF936FB3123A2" box="[1191,1209,1722,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">A</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
rostrum dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FA3EF936FA3523A2" bold="true" box="[1447,1469,1722,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">B,</emphasis>
|
||
rostrum left lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FE07F959FE3D2387" bold="true" box="[414,437,1749,1770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FE07F959FE382387" box="[414,432,1749,1770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">C</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
rostrum ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FD02F959FD412387" bold="true" box="[667,713,1748,1770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">G–I,</emphasis>
|
||
lower jaw showing articulate dentaries;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FBC6F959FBFF2387" bold="true" box="[1119,1143,1749,1770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">G,</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FA93F959FAAB2387" bold="true" box="[1290,1315,1749,1770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">H,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FA34F959FA342387" bold="true" box="[1453,1468,1749,1770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">I,</emphasis>
|
||
disarticulated right partial dentary in lateral view showing the interdentary joint and the mandibular foramen.
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FB4AF97CFA8D2268" bold="true" box="[1235,1285,1775,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">D–F,</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F278202FA80F97CFA342268" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[1305,1468,1776,1797]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fierstini" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FA80F97CFA342268" box="[1305,1468,1776,1797]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Makaira fierstini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F278202FF06F886FF672272" box="[159,239,1802,1823]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888706F278202FF63F886FED82272" box="[250,336,1802,1823]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, USNM 358534;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FE67F886FD9E2272" bold="true" box="[510,534,1802,1823]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">D,</emphasis>
|
||
rostrum dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FD76F886FC8D2272" bold="true" box="[751,773,1802,1823]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">E,</emphasis>
|
||
rostrum ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FC7EF886FC742272" bold="true" box="[999,1020,1802,1823]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">F,</emphasis>
|
||
detail of the right lateral view of the rostrum at its proximal end. Missing parts of the bone are indicated by dash-lines.
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FC2DF8A9FBF22257" bold="true" box="[948,1146,1829,1850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Abbreviations: mf,</emphasis>
|
||
mandibular foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FAFBF8A9FAFB2257" bold="true" box="[1378,1395,1829,1850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">N</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FF06F8CCFF4C2238" bold="true" box="[159,196,1856,1877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">PM</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F278202FEDCF8CCFEED2238" bold="true" box="[325,357,1856,1877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">PN</emphasis>
|
||
, prenasal. Scale bars:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F278202FDD8F8CCFDDA2238" box="[577,594,1856,1877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">A</collectionCode>
|
||
–F =
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F278202FD17F8CCFD422238" box="[654,714,1856,1877]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
, G–I =
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F278202FC85F8CCFCC42238" box="[796,844,1856,1877]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1C665A6F248201FF06FAD9FDF120CD" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" startId="14.[159,226,1365,1386]" targetBox="[159,1469,205,1348]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F248201FF06FAD9FDF120CD" blockId="14.[159,1467,1365,1440]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FF06FAD9FECA2007" bold="true" box="[159,322,1365,1386]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 6. A, B,</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F248201FEC0FAD9FDD52007" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[345,605,1365,1386]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Morgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="donosochagrense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FEC0FAD9FDD52007" box="[345,605,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Morgula donosochagrense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293);
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FC65FAD9FB9C2007" bold="true" box="[1020,1044,1365,1386]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">A,</emphasis>
|
||
cross-section at 0.5 L;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FA9BFAD9FA902007" bold="true" box="[1282,1304,1365,1386]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">B,</emphasis>
|
||
cross-section at 0.25 L.
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FF6BFAFCFEBA20E8" bold="true" box="[242,306,1392,1413]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">C, D,</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F248201FED6FAFCFD9920E8" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[335,529,1392,1413]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonense" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FED6FAFCFD9920E8" box="[335,529,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Makaira colonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F248201FDBBFAFCFDF120E8" box="[546,633,1392,1413]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MUPAN–STRI39292);
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FC18FAFCFC1020E8" bold="true" box="[897,920,1392,1413]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">C,</emphasis>
|
||
cross-section at 0.5 L;
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FB38FAFCFB3020E8" bold="true" box="[1185,1208,1392,1413]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">D,</emphasis>
|
||
cross-section at 0.25 L.
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FF06FA07FEDD20CD" bold="true" box="[159,341,1419,1440]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Abbreviation: PN</emphasis>
|
||
, prenasal. Scale bars = 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F248201FF06FA58FC852260" blockId="14.[159,781,1492,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
arrangement following our terminology (Supplemental material Fig. S2). The canals are levogyres (Supplemental material Fig. S2I) rotated about 40
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F248201FD5AF99CFD44234C" attach="none" box="[707,716,1552,1569]" fontSize="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">ǫ</superScript>
|
||
, they are wider inferiorly and separated from each other by 1.0 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F248201FE98F9D9FE082301" author="Berry, E. W." box="[257,384,1621,1644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="461 - 464" refId="ref23803" refString="Berry, E. W. 1917. A sail fish from the Virginia Miocene. American Journal of Science, 43, 461 - 464." type="journal article" year="1917">Berry 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the midline suture,
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F248201FD06F9D9FD232301" box="[671,683,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 7.0 mm dorsomedial to the canals, a central oblanceolate foramen with a 1.0 mm diameter is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F248201FDBCF919FDF823C1" box="[549,624,1685,1708]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9J</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F248201FD13F919FC8D23C1" author="Berry, E. W." box="[650,773,1685,1708]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="461 - 464" refId="ref23803" refString="Berry, E. W. 1917. A sail fish from the Virginia Miocene. American Journal of Science, 43, 461 - 464." type="journal article" year="1917">Berry 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F248201FF06F939FEBF23A1" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[159,311,1717,1740]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 69" refId="ref25312" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 2001. Analysis and new records of billfish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Yorktown Formation, early Pliocene of eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 90, 21 - 69." type="journal article" year="2001">Fierstine 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cross-section at 0.25
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F248201FDC6F939FDE723A1" box="[607,623,1717,1740]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">L</collectionCode>
|
||
for this specimen was studied with the help of CT scans and estimated to be
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F248201FF7AF97AFEB02260" box="[227,312,1782,1805]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="134.0">134 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the distal tip (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F248201FDB8F97AFD352260" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[545,701,1782,1805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="30 - 42" refId="ref25139" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1998. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Eastover Formation, late Miocene, Virginia, and a reexamination of † Istiophorus calvertensis Berry, 1917. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 30 - 42. doi: 10. 1080 / 02724634.1998.10011032" type="journal article" year="1998">Fierstine 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F248201FD56F97AFC8B2260" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[719,771,1782,1805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 69" refId="ref25312" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 2001. Analysis and new records of billfish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Yorktown Formation, early Pliocene of eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 90, 21 - 69." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F248201FF06F89AFADB2322" blockId="14.[159,781,1492,1901]" lastBlockId="14.[845,1467,1492,1615]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F248201FF3EF89AFF742240" box="[167,252,1814,1837]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The CT results show that the rostrum is oval, the ventral convexity is visible, and the internal canals are ovals and proportionately large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F248201FDD3F8DAFD4C2200" box="[586,708,1878,1901]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9J, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The internal canals at this position are in a medial position, centrally arranged and are
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F248201FBF7FA7AFB422360" box="[1134,1226,1526,1549]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.72" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="5.72">5.72 mm</quantity>
|
||
height (H2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F248201FAC6FA7AFA322360" box="[1375,1466,1526,1549]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.29" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="3.29">3.29 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (N2) and are separated by 2.0 mm bone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F248201FAC7F99BFC092322" author="Fierstine, H. L." pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="30 - 42" refId="ref25139" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1998. Makaira sp., cf. M. nigricans Lac´ep`ede, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Eastover Formation, late Miocene, Virginia, and a reexamination of † Istiophorus calvertensis Berry, 1917. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 30 - 42. doi: 10. 1080 / 02724634.1998.10011032" type="journal article" year="1998">Fierstine 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F248201FC09F9B4FC4C2322" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[912,964,1592,1615]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 69" refId="ref25312" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 2001. Analysis and new records of billfish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Yorktown Formation, early Pliocene of eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 90, 21 - 69." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F248201FC47F9B4FBB92322" box="[990,1073,1592,1615]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9K</figureCitation>
|
||
, Supplemental material 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |