163 lines
19 KiB
XML
163 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="527FD85EBAA05BEA2FC08766CDB9EF6C">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F4ECCF504789E77D02C540E6D8848534">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4223E93483050875D68391B50953D183">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="037E20DB2CEF4A99EC85671EB9524998">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285EFFC9F7F0FECBFF52B4A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046998" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285EFFC9F7F0FECBFF52B4A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285EFFC9F7F0FECBFF52B4A0" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285EFFC9F7F0FECBFE9BB195" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7F0FECBFDCBB158" blockId="30.[151,616,332,358]" box="[151,616,332,358]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285EFFC9F7F0FECBFDCBB158" bold="true" box="[151,616,332,358]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FECBFDCBB158" bold="true" box="[151,616,332,358]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FECBFF7DB158" bold="true" box="[151,222,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0FECBFF7AB158" box="[151,217,332,358]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Apanthesis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leuce">leuce</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F782FECBFDCBB158" authority="Scudder, 1889" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[229,616,332,358]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Apanthesis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leuce">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F782FECBFE11B158" bold="true" box="[229,434,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Apanthesis leuce</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F6DEFECBFDCBB158" author="Scudder" box="[441,616,332,358]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7F0FE14FE9BB195" blockId="30.[151,1437,402,1182]" box="[151,312,402,427]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Incertae sedis.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285EFFC9F7A0FE30FF52B4A0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FE30FC44B1F0" blockId="30.[151,1437,402,1182]" box="[199,999,438,463]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285EFFC9F7A0FE30FC44B1F0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739256" box="[199,999,438,463]" country="United States of America" county="Teller County" location="Teller County" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655285EFFC9F7A0FE30FEA1B1F1" box="[199,258,439,463]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F66AFE31FEDBB1F1" box="[269,376,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285EFFC9F66AFE31FEDBB1F1" box="[269,376,438,463]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DD4E49285EFFC9F6E4FE31FDBCB1F1" box="[387,543,438,463]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Teller County</collectingCounty>
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, Florissant; late Priabonian, late Eocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FE5DFDD9B1CD" blockId="30.[151,1437,402,1182]" box="[199,634,474,499]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Depository: MCZH (holotype, 16354).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FE79FB37B229" blockId="30.[151,1437,402,1182]" box="[199,1172,510,535]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F6FEFE79FDD6B229" author="Emmel" box="[409,629,510,535]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F696FE78FD81B229" box="[497,546,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285EFFC9F5E7FE79FD1EB229" box="[640,701,510,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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/10);
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F59AFE79FB32B229" author="Scudder" box="[765,1169,510,535]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">
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Scudder (1889: Pl. LII
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285EFFC9F367FE79FB24B229" box="[1024,1159,510,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 13" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1787,1809]" captionTargetBox="[211,1372,202,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[174,1418,193,1750]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 13. Ƒanessa pluto Heer, 1849. Figures copied from (1875), Plate II, figures 1, 17 and 7, respectively. (A), copied by Scudder from original description by Heer; (B) and (C), figures sent to Scudder by Mr. Brunner de Wattenwyl, made after the same object. Note differences in wing shape and other details. Figs 14 – 16. Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875. Figures copied from Scudder (1875), Plate III, figures 9, 1 and 3, respectively. (A), underside of fossil; (B), reconstruction of venation; (C), reconstruction of markings. In (A) two separate subcostal veins have been drawn in the forewing, an impossible configuration in Lepidoptera, and apparently a mistake, corrected in (B) and (C). Fig. 17. Cyllo sepulta Boisduval, 1841, wing venation after Scudder (1875). Fig. 18. Butterfly fossil recorded by Wangrin (1939), but shown to be a fraud by Ansorge (2015). Photo kindly provided by J. Ansorge, Horst, Germany (see text for explanation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583188/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 12, 13</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285EFFC9F7A0FDA4FF52B4A0" blockId="30.[151,1437,402,1182]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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One forewing only, with venation and design well preserved. Radial formula 1, 2, 3+(4+5), udc absent, M1, R3+(4+5) and mdc almost originating from the same point; ldc weak. According to Scudder, the radial branching is typical for the “tribe Vanessidi” (
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F56CFDEDFD0BB2BD" box="[523,680,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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), but I do not know what is so typical about it, except for the weak ldc.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F7A0FD09FE60B299" author="Comstock" box="[199,451,654,679]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Comstock, W. P. (1961) Butterflies of the American Tropics: the Genus Anaea, Lepidoptera Nymphalidae. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 214 pp." type="book" year="1961">Comstock (1961: 181)</bibRefCitation>
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observed a closer similarity to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F446FD08FC2AB298" box="[801,905,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limenitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F446FD08FC2AB298" box="[801,905,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Limenitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with which also the markings correspond with a uniformously brown hue with a submarginal band parallel to termen and consisting of light-coloured, slightly kidney-shaped spots, and vague spots between the band and termen in intervenal areas). Because
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F266FD50FACAB2D0" box="[1281,1385,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limenitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F266FD50FACAB2D0" box="[1281,1385,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Limenitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0FD7CFF7CB32C" box="[151,223,763,786]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Anaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FD7CFF7CB32C" box="[151,223,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Anaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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share characters in the male genitalia,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F5C3FD7DFCCAB32D" author="Comstock" box="[676,873,762,787]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Comstock, W. P. (1961) Butterflies of the American Tropics: the Genus Anaea, Lepidoptera Nymphalidae. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 214 pp." type="book" year="1961">Comstock (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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considered the discovery of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F3DFFD7DFADBB32D" box="[1208,1400,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Apanthesis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leuce">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F3DFFD7DFADBB32D" box="[1208,1400,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Apanthesis leuce</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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an indication of a northern origin of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F56DFC98FDF2B308" box="[522,593,799,822]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Anaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F56DFC98FDF2B308" box="[522,593,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Anaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This is, however, an unwarranted speculation. The venational arrangement could as well be plesiomorphic and is, for instance, also similar to the arrangement in the pierid genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F22FFCC3FA36B365" box="[1352,1429,836,859]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eronia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F22FFCC3FA36B365" box="[1352,1429,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Eronia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FCE0FF51B340" box="[151,242,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Euronia</emphasis>
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was considered a primitive member of the pierid tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F412FCE1FC63B341" box="[885,960,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pierini">Pierini</taxonomicName>
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||
by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F488FCE1FBDCB341" author="Klots" box="[1007,1151,870,895]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Klots, A. B. (1931) A generic revision of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera). Entomologica Americana, 12, 139 - 204." type="journal article" year="1931">Klots (1931)</bibRefCitation>
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||
based on morphological grounds.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F798FC0DFE76B39D" box="[255,469,906,931]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Braby, M. F., Vila, R. & Pierce, N. E. (2006) Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography. Zoological Journal Linnean Society, 147, 239 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00218. x" type="journal article">
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Braby
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F62CFC0BFEDFB39D" box="[331,380,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2006)
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</bibRefCitation>
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concluded from a molecular analysis of the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F4AEFC0DFB8BB39D" box="[969,1064,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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||
, that
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F303FC0BFB1CB39D" box="[1124,1215,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Euronia</emphasis>
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||
was grouped in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0FC29FF4BB3F9" box="[151,232,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FC29FF4BB3F9" box="[151,232,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Colotis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
group of genera, the first offshoot of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F5ACFC29FC88B3F9" box="[715,811,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pierinae">Pierinae</taxonomicName>
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. The weakness of ldc may be an argument in favor of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0FC55FE92B3D5" box="[151,305,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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, but it remains to be seen whether in a fossil of some 35 Ma of age the weak ldc in, e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F24BFC53FA37B3D5" box="[1324,1428,980,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limenitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F24BFC53FA37B3D5" box="[1324,1428,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Limenitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, can be distinguished from the rather weak ldc in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F5D2FC70FCA1B430" box="[693,770,1015,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eronia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F5D2FC70FCA1B430" box="[693,770,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Eronia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only reason for considering the fossil a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285EFFC9F7F0FB9DFE8DB40D" box="[151,302,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, therefore, the similarity in wing markings to some recent species, a rather weak argument.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285EFFC9F22CFB9DFE81B469" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
|
||
Emmel
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285EFFC9F7F0FBB8FF6AB469" box="[151,201,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed Scudder's decision; they did not mention Comstock’s remarks. I think it is wise to consider the fossil as without clear affinities, as long as elements of the wing design remain unstudied in a phylogenetic context.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |