155 lines
15 KiB
XML
155 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="88255820BEAD2B0776A5E2F5BBE7E105" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFDBFFDAFAB6FE19EF78F7BE" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hippocamelus antisensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="437" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="437" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="699BBB962B640E27126A550E8CED416B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7CE7026F855C707B9E11AC229CF9EFC8">
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<mods:title id="AFFC0E89848CC9EFABD94EE2CB54E0F1">Cervidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="132E4DAD0B24622854FF751088F2EF36" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="003DB46F28E64B8390FCAC3ADD240DFE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F571E4935E304EB6CC15F801EF90A777">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7D87525420EF764FF8AD40585CEF5CCE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0856701FB6B86F43FDC666ED7EB6F23F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B570564FA914A55567636350AA2FA9F9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="97107E9AEEE907A9A2E36AF1215B26FA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="E4369BBAF6E9B5BFFB19B8290AE2FBA9">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="36C00A3BC0D84F2C4A8F5AD113A9156C" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="649121079BEF27DE9F14F81CFD73052C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="74B716EF517FFF9D561440C638061EC9">
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<mods:placeTerm id="DC40D9B6DD4E0F11728CAA95972DE68E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="42AA810A9C3D500CE27D1E35DD355869">
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<mods:title id="D112C9FFD4B364DD7289B07A98AFF011">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8F63CA2802EA7436A4F92DC70EB6385B">
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<mods:extent id="B90E12A5C3669AB62BEB9B8C1F196751" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="E0FB6CC66E25061D587799208C32F3CD">350</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="32CC331A756C69AD6AF3B669D440209F">443</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="1DA10AFB632C3E5552BE6C0ED694309C">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5202F3FA89FE113FCD67F7D2ED9F7718" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EFA3FF0B771F4992D5A93AA147F390F9" type="GBIF-Dataset">58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="265B5D763CC0563AA3BCD378E70FD8F4" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B39E4903EB1B703567D821FA19BBBBE6" type="Zenodo-Dep">6514377</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFDBFFDAFAB6FE19EF78F7BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6587455" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6587455" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFDBFFDAFAB6FE19EF78F7BE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFDBFFDAFAB6FE19EF78F7BE" lastPageNumber="437" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFAB6FE19E38AFE2D" box="[1405,1463,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFAB6FE19E38AFE2D" box="[1405,1463,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFAB6FE19E38AFE2D" box="[1405,1463,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">40.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA0CFE19E18DFE2D" box="[1479,1968,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA0CFE19E18DFE2D" box="[1479,1968,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFA0CFE19E18DFE2D" box="[1479,1968,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">North Andean Huemul</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF82FFE19EF8CFE2D" box="[2020,2481,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF82FFE19EF8CFE2D" box="[2020,2481,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAF82FFE19EF8CFE2D" box="[2020,2481,430,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDBFFDAF82FFE19EF8CFE2D" ID-CoL="3LZJW" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[2020,2481,430,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Hippocamelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antisensis">Hippocamelus antisensis</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFAB6FE51EEF9FE02" box="[1405,2244,486,507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFAB6FE51EEF9FE02" box="[1405,2244,486,507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFAB6FE51EEF9FE02" box="[1405,2244,486,507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">French: Taruca / German: Nordlicher Andenhirsch / Spanish: Huemul septentrional</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFAB6FDB9EE0DFDDA" box="[1405,2096,526,547]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFAB6FDB9EE0DFDDA" box="[1405,2096,526,547]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDBFFDAFAB6FDB9EE0DFDDA" box="[1405,2096,526,547]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Other common names: Northern Huemul, Peruvian Heumul, Taruca</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF82FFDF9EE10FD6E" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF82FFDF9EE10FD6E" blockId="30.[2020,2607,590,1017]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF82FFDF9EE42FD96" bold="true" box="[2020,2175,590,623]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDBFFDAF751FDF9EE15FD6E" authority="d'Orbigny, 1834" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1834" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antisensis">Cervus antisensis d’Orbigny, 1834</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF7F2FDCDEF2DFD6E" box="[2105,2320,634,663]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF7F2FDCDEF2DFD6E" blockId="30.[2020,2607,590,1017]" box="[2105,2320,634,663]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFDBFFDAF7F2FDCDEF2DFD6E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196330" box="[2105,2320,634,663]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Bolivian Andes.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF82FFD16EF70FD47" box="[2020,2381,673,702]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF82FFD16EF70FD47" blockId="30.[2020,2607,590,1017]" box="[2020,2381,673,702]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF82FFD7AEECEFCF4" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFDBFFDAF82FFD7AEECEFCF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514531/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" targetBox="[132,726,759,1175]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF82FFD7AEECEFCF4" blockId="30.[2020,2607,590,1017]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF82FFD7AEEAEFD1F" bold="true" box="[2020,2195,717,742]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The Andes in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDBFFDAF6BAFD7AEF89FD1F" box="[2417,2484,717,742]" name="Peru" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Peru</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDBFFDAF60CFD7AEC1AFD1F" box="[2503,2599,717,742]" name="Bolivia" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and NW
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDBFFDAF7ABFD5BEED2FCF4" box="[2144,2287,748,781]" name="Argentina" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAF82FFCA4E060FAF7" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAF82FFCA4E060FAF7" blockId="30.[2020,2607,590,1017]" lastBlockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAF82FFCA4EEC7FCCD" bold="true" box="[2020,2298,787,820]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 140-145 cm, tail 11-12 cm, shoulder height 75-80 cm (males) and 70-75 cm (females); weight 55-60 kg (males) and 45-55 kg (females). Medium-sized deer, with a stocky, short-legged body. Tail relatively short. Ears long and pointed. The coat is sandy-gray to grayish-brown, with a white rump-patch, a dark band over eyes, a whitish patch around the muzzle, and a pale throat. The hairs are coarse, long, and brittle. Fawns are unspotted. Permanent dentition of 34 teeth. Preorbital, tarsal, and interdigital glands are present; the preorbital gland is very large. Antlers of adults are forked and 22-25 cm long. Antler cycle is highly synchronized, with antler casting around September and velvet cleaning around January.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFAB4FAA4EC10FA7A" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFAB4FAA4EC10FA7A" blockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFAB4FAA4E3D0FACD" bold="true" box="[1407,1517,1299,1332]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Habitat.</emphasis>
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It lives at high elevations, up to
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDBFFDAF80EFAA4EE10FACD" box="[1989,2093,1299,1332]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" unit="m" value="5000.0">5000 m</quantity>
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above sea level, in open landscapes near rock outcrops, in alpine grasslands and scrublands. It seems to prefer rocky areas of sparse vegetation with nearby water sources, usually a small ravine, lagoon or marsh.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFAB4FA3EEF16FA2B" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFAB4FA3EEF16FA2B" blockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFAB4FA3EE0B8FA53" bold="true" box="[1407,1669,1417,1450]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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It is an intermediate feeder with a tendency to select more digestible plants. Its diet mainly consists of small forbs and young grasses.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFAB4FA6FEC13F96F" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFAB4FA6FEC13F96F" blockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFAB4FA6FE038FA00" bold="true" box="[1407,1541,1496,1529]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Females likely reach puberty at about 18 months of age. Reproduction is markedly seasonal, with a rutting season around June-July, during the driest period of the year. The mean length of pregnancy is about 240 days. The peak of births is in February-March, in the middle of or towards the end of the rainy season. Females usually give birth to a singleton, but twins are recorded in particularly productive habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFAB5F92BEF81F944" box="[1406,2492,1692,1725]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFAB5F92BEF81F944" blockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" box="[1406,2492,1692,1725]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFAB5F92BE054F944" bold="true" box="[1406,1641,1692,1725]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Mainly diurnal; most active in early morning and afternoon.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA4BF974EF39F87B" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA4BF974EF39F87B" blockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA4BF974EE7CF91D" bold="true" box="[1408,2113,1731,1764]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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It is very agile on steep slopes and rocks. During the day it makes elevational movements, ascending toward noon and descending in late afternoon and night. It forms small, fluid, mixed groups led by a dominant female. These open groups, of three to six animals, which continuously change composition, are part of local cohesive population units.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA4AF83FE12EF7D9" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA4AF83FE12EF7D9" blockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA4AF83FE0D8F850" bold="true" box="[1409,1765,1928,1961]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List and decreasing. The total population is around 12,000-17,000 individuals, of which 9000-13,000 are in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDBFFDAF921F860E113F801" box="[1770,1838,2007,2040]" name="Peru" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. Habitatloss, competition with livestock, and predation by dogs are the main threats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDBFFDAFA49F799EF78F7BE" box="[1410,2373,2094,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDBFFDAFA49F799EF78F7BE" blockId="30.[1405,2615,1024,2119]" box="[1410,2373,2094,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDBFFDAFA49F799E021F7BE" bold="true" box="[1410,1564,2094,2119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="437">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Barrio (2010), Barrio & Ferreyra (2008), Merkt (1987), Roe & Rees (1976).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |