231 lines
24 KiB
XML
231 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="FC76486511D1EE141441B7EC6E17D8AE" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFCFFFCFFAB4F8EDE779FD39" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rusa timorensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="418" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="417" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0CD35896555501E3A7407E871AA6EB81">
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<mods:title id="4459F23B874DEA2D97A0048DE9B7AB8A">Cervidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B3581F4704F6C7234764632EEED89BD5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="214634E8528F0CDB3D51C5FA8D5EF6AA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CF17E79FF2CDAC6884395590E2686C86">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="740FA7FD7692EE5011D8153BA0F7942A">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="1005B36571CDF00344ECEBBBE442169A" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="DF43CD07B6CC4E128943A2EE32F67402">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="F9FFCE66AA3C86FB7F836B5229AF014A">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="FE891F61A5DA723EE3CE9FCB53F3B26D">
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<mods:title id="20E9D8F0CACB1AC59723E8AF049EEE89">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="F648E446C824AA7905B83A1607103787">
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<mods:identifier id="B5B30A2A7D11D168D4CA64A09A3A7F52" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFCFFFCFFAB4F8EDE779FD39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514481" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514481" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFCFFFCFFAB4F8EDE779FD39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFCFFFCFFAB4F8EDE779FD39" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB4F8EDE385F871" box="[1407,1464,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB4F8EDE385F871" blockId="10.[1404,2212,1882,2006]" box="[1407,1464,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFAB4F8EDE385F871" box="[1407,1464,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<figureCitation id="13322A57FFCFFFCEFAB4F8EDE385F871" box="[1407,1464,1882,1928]" captionStart="Plate 17: Cervidae" captionStartId="8.[137,169,3395,3416]" captionTargetBox="[13,2763,16,3636]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="13. Chital (Axis axis), 14. Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), 15. Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6554879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6554879/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">20.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFA0BF8EDE096F871" box="[1472,1707,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFA0BF8EDE096F871" blockId="10.[1404,2212,1882,2006]" box="[1472,1707,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFA0BF8EDE096F871" box="[1472,1707,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEFA0BF8EDE096F871" box="[1472,1707,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Javan Deer</vernacularName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEF917F8EDEE38F871" box="[1756,2053,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF917F8EDEE38F871" blockId="10.[1404,2212,1882,2006]" box="[1756,2053,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEF917F8EDEE38F871" box="[1756,2053,1882,1928]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEF917F8EDEE38F871" ID-CoL="4TQSK" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1756,2053,1882,1928]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEF917F8EDEE38F871" box="[1756,2053,1882,1928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Rusa timorensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB5F82EEE9EF82F" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5F82EEE44F857" blockId="10.[1404,2212,1882,2006]" box="[1406,2169,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFAB5F82EEE44F857" box="[1406,2169,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB5F82EE3F6F857" bold="true" box="[1406,1483,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEFA1FF82EE061F857" box="[1492,1628,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Cerf de Timor</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEF9A4F82EE0F6F857" bold="true" box="[1647,1739,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEF91EF82EE15CF857" box="[1749,1889,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Mahnenhirsch</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEF8BDF82EE1EFF857" bold="true" box="[1910,2002,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEF810F82EEE44F857" box="[2011,2169,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEF810F82EEE1BF857" box="[2011,2086,1945,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sambar</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEF786F82EEE44F857" box="[2125,2169,1945,1966]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Java</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB6F876EE9EF82F" blockId="10.[1404,2212,1882,2006]" box="[1405,2211,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFAB6F876EE9EF82F" box="[1405,2211,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB6F876E049F82F" bold="true" box="[1405,1652,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEF9B5F876E129F82F" box="[1662,1812,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Maned Sambar</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEF8E8F876E1B7F82F" box="[1827,1930,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Rusa Deer</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEF85CF876EE15F82F" box="[1943,2088,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sunda Sambar</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEF7FFF876EE9EF82F" box="[2100,2211,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Timor Deer</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEF82FF7B0EE13F7B5" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82FF7B0EE13F7B5" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEF82FF7B0EE42F7DD" bold="true" box="[2020,2175,2055,2084]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEF75BF7B0EE14F7B5" ID-CoL="T56Q" authority="de Blainville, 1822" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Cervus timorensis de Blainville, 1822</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEF7F2F784EECBF7B5" box="[2105,2294,2099,2124]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF7F2F784EECBF7B5" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" box="[2105,2294,2099,2124]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFCFFFCEF7F2F784EECBF7B5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196315" box="[2105,2294,2099,2124]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Timor Island.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEF82EF7E6EF96F763" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82EF7E6EF96F763" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Seven subspecies are usually recognized, but their legitimacy is debatable.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEF82EF717EF1DF511" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFCFFFCEF82EF717EF1DF511" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514441" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514441/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" targetBox="[1403,1996,2058,2473]" targetPageId="10">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82EF717EF49F738" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" box="[2021,2420,2208,2241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEF82EF717EF49F738" bold="true" box="[2021,2420,2208,2241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82DF767EC11F710" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" box="[2022,2604,2256,2281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEF82DF767EC11F710" authority="de Blainville, 1822" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[2022,2604,2256,2281]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="timorensis">R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82DF758EE5CF6C1" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEF82DF758EE5CF6C1" authority="Van Bemmel, 1949" authorityName="Van Bemmel" authorityYear="1949" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="djonga">
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEF82DF758EE5CF6C1" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs.</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82EF6F5EFCAF6A6" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" box="[2021,2551,2370,2399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEF82EF6F5EFCAF6A6" authority="Heude, 1897" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1897" box="[2021,2551,2370,2399]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="flovesiensis">
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF82EF6F5EFCAF6A6" box="[2021,2551,2370,2399]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1.</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82DF6DAEC25F67F" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" box="[2022,2584,2413,2438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEF82DF6DAEC25F67F" authority="Heude, 1896" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1896" box="[2022,2584,2413,2438]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="macassarica">
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEF82DF6DAEC25F67F" box="[2022,2584,2413,2438]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi.</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEF82DF622E010F62C" blockId="10.[2020,2606,2055,2478]" lastBlockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEF82DF622E010F62C" authority="Quoy & Gaimard, 1830" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="moluccensis">R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5F66DE133F602" blockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" box="[1406,1806,2522,2555]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFAB5F66DE133F602" authority="Sody, 1932" authorityName="Sody" authorityYear="1932" baseAuthorityName="Sody" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[1406,1806,2522,2555]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="renschi">
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEFAB5F66DE133F602" box="[1406,1806,2522,2555]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali.</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5F5B1E185F5DA" blockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" box="[1406,1976,2566,2595]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFAB5F5B1E164F5DA" authority="Muller & Schlegel, 1845" authorityName="Muller & Schlegel" authorityYear="1845" box="[1406,1881,2566,2595]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="russa">R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEF8BDF5B1E189F5DA" box="[1910,1972,2566,2595]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Java</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5F59EEF1DF511" blockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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Possibly it is native only to
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEF92DF59EE11FF5B3" box="[1766,1826,2601,2634]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Java</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEF8A2F59EE1A0F5B3" box="[1897,1949,2601,2634]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Bali</collectingRegion>
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islands, introduced into Lombok,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF649F59EEFE5F5B3" box="[2434,2520,2601,2634]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Flores</collectingCountry>
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, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEF973F5EEE113F58B" box="[1720,1838,2649,2674]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF6DAF537EF45F560" box="[2321,2424,2688,2713]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Aru Islands, New Britain Is,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF995F51FE0E1F538" box="[1630,1756,2728,2753]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF93BF51FE190F538" box="[1776,1965,2728,2753]" name="New Zealand" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF80AF51FEEA6F538" box="[1985,2203,2728,2753]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF77BF51FEF0AF538" box="[2224,2359,2728,2753]" name="Mauritius" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB7F545E073F361" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB7F545E073F361" blockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB7F545E0BFF4F6" bold="true" box="[1404,1666,2802,2831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 150-180 cm (males) and 140-170 (females), tail
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFCFFFCEFAB5F4ADE3EBF4CE" box="[1406,1494,2842,2871]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||
, shoulder height 95-110 cm (males) and 85-100 (females); weight of males 70-135 kg and of females 50-90 kg. Males are 40-70% heavier than females. Medium-sized deer with relatively long and narrow tail; males have relatively slender and less rugose antlers, with a brow tine pointing forward and a trez tine in a median position. Males develop a conspicuous neck mane. The coat is dark brown to graybrown. Underparts are paler than back. Females are paler than males. Newborn fawns are unspotted. Adult antlers are 50-80 cm long, with records of
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFCFFFCEF6A0F3B6EFFEF3DB" box="[2411,2499,3073,3106]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" unit="cm" value="95.0">95 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Antler casting peaks in December—January, velvet shedding in May-June. Pedicles begin to grow at about 5-9 months of age. The first antler set begins to develop at 7-11 months of age.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB7F329EF8CF31F" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB7F329EF8CF31F" blockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB7F329E3D6F346" bold="true" box="[1404,1515,3230,3263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
It is basically a tropical grassland species, but very adaptable, with populations living in forests, shrubs, and marshes, from sea level to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFCFFFCEF7B4F372EEE9F31F" box="[2175,2260,3269,3302]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB7F342EC16F2F7" box="[1404,2603,3317,3342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB7F342EC16F2F7" blockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" box="[1404,2603,3317,3342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB7F342E0BDF2F7" bold="true" box="[1404,1664,3317,3342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
It has an extensive diet, feeding on grasses, herbs, leaves, and bark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCFFAB7F2A3E2ABFEA7" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCFFAB7F2A3E2ABFEA7" blockId="10.[1404,2608,2488,3460]" lastBlockId="11.[190,1402,282,709]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB7F2A3E03FF2CC" bold="true" box="[1404,1538,3348,3381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females attain puberty at 7-15 months of age. Males are able to reproduce at about 24 months of age. Hinds are polyestrous, with a mean estrous length of 18 days. Javan Deer seems to breed at any time of the year, with a rutting peak from June to September. After a gestation of 249-253 days hinds give birth to a single calf weighing 3-5 kg. The Leopard (Panthera pardus) is the main predator.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCEFFCFFF08FEDEE4D7FE7F" box="[195,746,361,390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCEFFCFFF08FEDEE4D7FE7F" blockId="11.[190,1402,282,709]" box="[195,746,361,390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCEFFCFFF08FEDEE790FE7F" bold="true" box="[195,429,361,390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
It is primarily diurnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCEFFCFFF0FFE3CE454FE05" pageId="11" pageNumber="418" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCEFFCFFF0FFE3CE454FE05" blockId="11.[190,1402,282,709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCEFFCFFF0FFE3CE546FE55" bold="true" box="[196,891,395,428]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
It is a gregarious species, with males and females forming distinct groups except during the rutting season. Herds may comprise up to 25 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCEFFCFFF0EFDB2E48EFD88" pageId="11" pageNumber="418" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCEFFCFFF0EFDB2E48EFD88" blockId="11.[190,1402,282,709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCEFFCFFF0EFDB2E419FDDB" bold="true" box="[197,548,517,546]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. It may be locally common, but the global trend in its native range is negative, due to habitat loss, habitat degradation, and poaching.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCEFFCFFF0DFDC8E779FD39" pageId="11" pageNumber="418" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCEFFCFFF0DFDC8E779FD39" blockId="11.[190,1402,282,709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCEFFCFFF0DFDC8E762FD61" bold="true" box="[198,351,639,664]" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. (2005), Hedges et al. (2008),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCEFFCFFC15FDC8E239FD61" box="[990,1028,639,664]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="11" pageNumber="418">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mourik (1986), Woodford & Dunning (1992).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |