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163 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5252/g2012n3a1" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5381526" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="3" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1630293395267" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Hanke, Gavin F. & Davis, Samuel P." docDate="2012" docId="038D5604FFDC0447FF70034CF075FCB1" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.2012.34.3.469-487.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 34 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2012n3a1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DF8BFA78045876A77BB343B212438C9A.1:Geodiversitas.2011-2012.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="DF8BFA78045876A77BB343B212438C9A" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2011-2012.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Acanthodii Owen 1846" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="472" masterDocId="FFB42E7CFFDF0444FFCA025BF449FF9D" masterDocTitle="A re-examination of Lupopsyrus pygmaeus Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977 (Pisces, Acanthodii)" masterLastPageNumber="487" masterPageNumber="469" pageNumber="472" updateTime="1630924229713" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A re-examination of Lupopsyrus pygmaeus Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977 (Pisces, Acanthodii)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hanke, Gavin F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Davis, Samuel P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-09-30</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>34</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>469</mods:start>
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<mods:end>487</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2012n3a1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/g2012n3a1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5381526</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5466111" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5466111" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D5604FFDC0447FF70034CF075FCB1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D5604FFDC0447FF70034CF075FCB1" lastPageNumber="472" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">
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<subSubSection box="[186,573,279,305]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[186,573,279,305]" box="[186,573,279,305]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">
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<heading box="[186,573,279,305]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" reason="2">
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Class
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<taxonomicName authority="Owen, 1846" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1846" box="[249,573,279,305]" class="Acanthodii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">ACANTHODII Owen, 1846</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="472" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[112,649,343,1700]" box="[113,213,343,369]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">REMARKS</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[112,649,343,1700]" lastBlockId="3.[675,1212,216,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">
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The order
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[232,399,374,400]" class="Acanthodii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Climatiiformes</taxonomicName>
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is thought to contain the most primitive acanthodian species, including
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernacsek & Dineley" authorityYear="1977" box="[112,341,438,463]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiiformes (awaiting allocation)" genus="Lupopsyrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
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<emphasis box="[112,341,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">Lupopsyrus pygmaeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The diagnosis of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" class="Acanthodii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Climatiiformes</taxonomicName>
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provided by
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<bibRefCitation author="DENISON R." box="[378,548,469,495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" refId="ref9430" refString="DENISON R. 1979. - Acanthodii (volume 5), in SCHULTZE H. - P. (ed.), Handbook of Palaeoichthyology. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, 62 p." type="book" year="1979">Denison (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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included acanthodians with enlarged cranial tesserae and scales, a dermal shoulder girdle including pinnal and lorical plates, and in some cases, prepectoral spines, plus all climatiiforms possessed two dorsal fins. Not surprisingly, the diagnosis of the order has changed with each new publication as new taxa are shoe-horned into the classification scheme.
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<bibRefCitation author="GAGNIER P. - Y. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[212,515,723,750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="241 - 258" refId="ref9610" refString="GAGNIER P. - Y. & WILSON M. V. H. 1996 a. - Early Devonian acanthodians from northern Canada. Palaeontology 39: 241 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Gagnier & Wilson (1996a)</bibRefCitation>
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revised this diagnosis and limited the climatiiform character list to include: scales with, or derived from
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<taxonomicName authority="Pander, 1856" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">Nostolepis</emphasis>
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Pander, 1856
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<typeStatus box="[351,398,818,844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">type</typeStatus>
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histological structure, the presence of two dorsal fins, and the presence of fairly large head scales to accommodate
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<taxonomicName authority="Gagnier & Wilson, 1996 a" authorityName="Gagnier & Wilson" authorityYear="1996" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiiformes (awaiting allocation)" genus="Kathemacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosulentus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">Kathemacanthus rosulentus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="GAGNIER P. - Y. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[354,641,913,939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="241 - 258" refId="ref9610" refString="GAGNIER P. - Y. & WILSON M. V. H. 1996 a. - Early Devonian acanthodians from northern Canada. Palaeontology 39: 241 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Gagnier & Wilson, 1996a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authority="Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977" authorityName="Bernacsek & Dineley" authorityYear="1977" class="Acanthodii" family="Ischnacanthiformes (awaiting allocation)" genus="Brochoadmones" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacanthiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="milesi">
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<emphasis box="[163,395,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">Brochoadmones milesi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="BERNACSEK G. M. & DINELEY D. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref8943" refString="BERNACSEK G. M. & DINELEY D. L. 1977. - New acanthodians from the Delorme Formation (Lower Devonian) of N. W. T., Canada. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 159: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1977">Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; note that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gagnier & Wilson" authorityYear="1996" box="[301,441,976,1002]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiiformes (awaiting allocation)" genus="Kathemacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosulentus">
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<emphasis box="[301,441,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">K. rosulentus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been recently reclassified as a putative chondrichthyan based primarily on scale growth (
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<bibRefCitation author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="159 - 182" refId="ref9922" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2010. - The putative chondrichthyans Kathemacanthus and Seretolepis from the Lower Devonian MOTH locality, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. in ELLIOTT D. K., MAISEY J. G., YU X. & MIAO D. (eds), Morphology, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Fossil Fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 159 - 182." type="book chapter" year="2010">Hanke & Wilson 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="GAGNIER P. - Y. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[193,490,1071,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="241 - 258" refId="ref9610" refString="GAGNIER P. - Y. & WILSON M. V. H. 1996 a. - Early Devonian acanthodians from northern Canada. Palaeontology 39: 241 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Gagnier & Wilson (1996a)</bibRefCitation>
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excluded pinnal and lorical plate armour and prepelvic spine presence from their climatiiform character list, to incorporate their new taxa and because mesacanthids also possess prepelvic spines (see:
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<bibRefCitation author="EGERTON P." pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="51 - 75" refId="ref9467" refString="EGERTON P. 1861. - British Fossils (descriptions of Tristichopterus, Acanthodes, Climatius, Diplacanthus, Cheiracanthus). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (British Organic Remains), Dec. X: 51 - 75." type="journal article" year="1861">Egerton 1861</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="MILES R. S." box="[191,323,1229,1255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="147 - 194" refId="ref10727" refString="MILES R. S. 1966. - The acanthodian fishes of the Devonian Plattenkalk of the Paffrath trough in the Rhineland. Arkiv fur Zoologi 18: 147 - 194." type="journal article" year="1966">Miles 1966</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="MILES R. S." box="[337,398,1230,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref10759" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">1973</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="DENISON R." box="[412,579,1229,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" refId="ref9430" refString="DENISON R. 1979. - Acanthodii (volume 5), in SCHULTZE H. - P. (ed.), Handbook of Palaeoichthyology. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, 62 p." type="book" year="1979">Denison 1979</bibRefCitation>
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; Gagnier 1996;
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<bibRefCitation author="UPENICE I." box="[241,402,1261,1287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="383 - 398" refId="ref11498" refString="UPENICE I. 1996. - Lodeacanthus gaujicus n. g. et sp. (Acanthodii: Mesacanthidae) from the Late Devonian of Latvia. Modern Geology 20: 383 - 398." type="journal article" year="1996">Upenice 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="CUMBAA S. L. & SCHULTZE H. - P." pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="1457 - 1465" refId="ref9287" refString="CUMBAA S. L. & SCHULTZE H. - P. 2002. - An Early Devonian (Emsian) acanthodian from the Bear Rock Formation, Anderson River, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39: 1457 - 1465." type="journal article" year="2002">Cumbaa & Schultze 2002</bibRefCitation>
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; Hanke 2008). Some mesacanthids also have fairly large head scales, so we think that this feature too is not unique to climatiiforms. Support for Gagnier & Wilson’s decision to eliminate prepectoral and prepelvic spines as a climatiiform characteristic follows the discovery of several new taxa from MOTH which possess these spines but lack characteristic scales and perichondral bone of acanthodians (
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<bibRefCitation author="WILSON M. V. H. & HANKE G. F." box="[307,571,1546,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="57 - 58" refId="ref11974" refString="WILSON M. V. H. & HANKE G. F. 1998. - Body form and fin spines in species with scales of chondrichthyan growth pattern from the Lower Devonian of the Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. Ichthyolith Issues, Special Publication 4: 57 - 58." type="journal article" year="1998">Hanke & Wilson 1998</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[584,644,1547,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="187 - 214" refId="ref9856" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematics, in ARRATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Freidrich Pfeil, Munchen: 187 - 214." type="book chapter" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[115,173,1578,1604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="159 - 182" refId="ref9922" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2010. - The putative chondrichthyans Kathemacanthus and Seretolepis from the Lower Devonian MOTH locality, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. in ELLIOTT D. K., MAISEY J. G., YU X. & MIAO D. (eds), Morphology, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Fossil Fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 159 - 182." type="book chapter" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="WILSON M. V. H. & HANKE G. F." box="[182,427,1578,1604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="57 - 58" refId="ref11974" refString="WILSON M. V. H. & HANKE G. F. 1998. - Body form and fin spines in species with scales of chondrichthyan growth pattern from the Lower Devonian of the Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. Ichthyolith Issues, Special Publication 4: 57 - 58." type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson& Hanke 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). This leaves us with: 1) scales derived from a
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[377,482,1610,1636]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[377,482,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">Nostolepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-
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<typeStatus box="[489,538,1610,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">type</typeStatus>
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of histology; and 2) two dorsal fins, as potential features defining the order
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[311,479,1673,1699]" class="Acanthodii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Climatiiformes</taxonomicName>
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.Two dorsal fins are present in non climatiid acanthodians such as: diplacanthids, ischnacanthids and also gyracanthids plus early chondrichthyans, osteichthyans and sarcopterygians (
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<bibRefCitation author="JANVIER P." box="[904,1049,311,338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" refId="ref10097" refString="JANVIER P. 1996. - Early Vertebrates. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 33. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 393 p." type="book" year="1996">
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<date box="[904,1049,311,338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" value="1996-01">Janvier 1996</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Furthermore, most “
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[753,860,342,368]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[753,860,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">Nostolepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” species are known only from isolated microremains, with the exception of a few taxa (
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<bibRefCitation author="VALIUKEVICIUS J." box="[782,1008,406,432]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="131 - 204" refId="ref11564" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. 2003 a. - Devonian Acanthodians from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 131 - 204." type="journal article" year="2003">Valiukevičius 2003a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="BURROW C. J. & TURNER S." pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref9115" refString="BURROW C. J. & TURNER S. 2010. - Reassessment of " Protodus " scoticus from the Early Devonian of Scotland, in ELLIOTT D. K., MAISEY J. G., YU X. & MIAO D. (eds), Morphology, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Fossil Fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, Germany: 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2010">Burrow & Turner 2010</bibRefCitation>
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), and acritolepid ischnacanthiforms have
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[679,783,469,495]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[679,783,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">Nostolepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-
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<typeStatus box="[790,839,470,496]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">type</typeStatus>
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scale histology (
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<bibRefCitation author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J." pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="635 - 649" refId="ref11694" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J. 2005. - Diversity of tissues in acanthodians with Nostolepis - type histological structure. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (3): 635 - 649." type="journal article" year="2005">Valiukevičius & Burrow 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
). As a result we cannot support the definition of climatiiform acanthodians using histological features now known to exist outside the group. This historical perspective shows there are no synapomorphies to unite the climatiiforms as historically defined (
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||
<bibRefCitation author="JANVIER P." box="[903,1050,659,685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" refId="ref10097" refString="JANVIER P. 1996. - Early Vertebrates. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 33. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 393 p." type="book" year="1996">
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||
<date box="[903,1050,659,685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" value="1996-01">Janvier 1996</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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; Hanke 2001;
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||
<bibRefCitation author="DAVIS S. P." box="[678,809,691,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" refId="ref9334" refString="DAVIS S. P. 2002. - Relationships of the Acanthodian Fishes. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University College London, London." type="book" year="2002">Davis 2002</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[822,1084,691,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="187 - 214" refId="ref9856" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematics, in ARRATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Freidrich Pfeil, Munchen: 187 - 214." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke & Wilson 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation author="BURROW C. J. & TURNER S." pageId="3" pageNumber="472" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref9115" refString="BURROW C. J. & TURNER S. 2010. - Reassessment of " Protodus " scoticus from the Early Devonian of Scotland, in ELLIOTT D. K., MAISEY J. G., YU X. & MIAO D. (eds), Morphology, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Fossil Fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, Germany: 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2010">Burrow & Turner 2010</bibRefCitation>
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), and as a result, the higher classification of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernacsek & Dineley" authorityYear="1977" box="[759,888,755,780]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiiformes (awaiting allocation)" genus="Lupopsyrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
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<emphasis box="[759,888,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="472">L. pygmaeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is left open pending detailed reexamination of climatiiform fishes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |