156 lines
18 KiB
XML
156 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5A3AF50E37C87ABC5E40120E32AF1D36">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9C350DC52DEC8C8AEFFD2365F2F4E7E8">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="02F8EA6187DA2C5AF1404B4CBBDA5781">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="28400F24322F5D947E7F228E09596379">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="957B3E44FF395A95CE55B231FB1C2C75">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BAE1EEB0C59A55AA4DC82DB66462878B">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B71FFCBFF56FCC0FE58F9CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641137" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641137" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B71FFCBFF56FCC0FE58F9CA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B71FFCBFF56FCC0FE58F9CA" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B71FFCBFF56FCC0FDD6FC9C" box="[151,552,825,852]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56FCC0FDD6FC9C" blockId="103.[151,552,825,852]" box="[151,552,825,852]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B71FFCBFF56FCC0FDD6FC9C" bold="true" box="[151,552,825,852]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFF56FCC0FDD6FC9C" ID-CoL="5B8KM" authority="(Esper, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[151,552,825,852]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF56FCC0FDD6FC9C" bold="true" box="[151,552,825,852]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF56FCC0FE80FC9B" bold="true" box="[151,382,825,852]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Verrucella umbella</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE4EFCC3FDDEFC9C" author="Esper, E. J. G." box="[399,544,825,852]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref100627" refString="Esper, E. J. G. (1798) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit. Farben erleuchtet nest Beschreibungen, Nurnberg, 48 pp." type="book" year="1798">Esper, 1798</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B71FFCBFF56FC81FBBEFC1E" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56FC81FC9BFC5F" blockId="103.[151,869,887,912]" box="[151,869,887,912]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFF56FC81FE2CFC5F" authority="Esper, 1798" authorityName="Esper" authorityYear="1798" box="[151,466,888,912]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF56FC81FEAFFC5F" box="[151,337,888,912]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonia umbella</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE96FC81FE2CFC5F" author="Esper, E. J. G." box="[343,466,888,912]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref100627" refString="Esper, E. J. G. (1798) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit. Farben erleuchtet nest Beschreibungen, Nurnberg, 48 pp." type="book" year="1798">Esper, 1798</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: v2, p. 30, t. 53, f. 1.2 (Bay of Bengal?)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56FC4EFBBEFC1E" blockId="103.[151,1088,951,978]" box="[151,1088,951,978]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Opinion: This species possibly occurs in the region but its true identity is unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B71FFCBFF56FC01FE58F9CA" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56FC01FED6FBDD" blockId="103.[151,1437,1016,1148]" box="[151,296,1016,1042]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF06FBE4FB9AFBB3" blockId="103.[151,1437,1016,1148]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF06FBE4FC77FBFA" box="[199,905,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFC54FBE4FACEFBFA" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[917,1328,1053,1077]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson 1909: 272–274</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 8, fig. 8&10 (Puri; Kanyakumari) (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFE2FFBB8FD30FB96" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[494,718,1089,1113]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFE2FFBB8FD30FB96" box="[494,718,1089,1113]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonella umbella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFD25FBB8FBD6FB96" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[740,1064,1089,1113]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">Thomas & George 1990: 422</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1h, 1–3; pl. 1B (off
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B71FFCBFAF5FBB8FA6AFB96" box="[1332,1428,1089,1113]" name="India" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Mumbai</collectingCountry>
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) (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFF7EFB9DFE61FBB3" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[191,415,1124,1148]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF7EFB9DFE61FBB3" box="[191,415,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonella umbella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE77FB9DFD38FBB3" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[438,710,1124,1148]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Thomas
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFDD6FB9CFDB6FBB3" box="[535,584,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995: 141
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</bibRefCitation>
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(NE coast) (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFCB2FB9DFBAAFBB3" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[883,1108,1124,1148]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFCB2FB9DFBAAFBB3" box="[883,1108,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonella umbella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF06FB55FE9AFAB9" blockId="103.[151,1437,1195,1541]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF06FB55FE69FB0C" box="[199,407,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was originally described as
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFC9FFB55FBD6FB0C" authorityName="Esper" authorityYear="1798" box="[862,1064,1195,1219]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFC9FFB55FBD6FB0C" box="[862,1064,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonia umbella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, possibly from the Bay of Bengal, and included a colony figure. Ridley (1887) could not have known the nature of the sclerites when he recorded the species from the Mergui Archipelago, transferring it to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFC44FB0AFBFAFAC4" box="[901,1028,1267,1291]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFC44FB0AFBFAFAC4" box="[901,1028,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and not providing any illustrations. Likewise, without knowledge of the microscopic details,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFCE2FAEFFB82FAE0" author="Thomson, J. A. & Crane, G." box="[803,1148,1302,1327]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="125 - 135" refId="ref108343" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Crane, G. (1909) The Alcyonarians of Okhamandal. In: Hornell, J. (Eds.), Report Government Baroda Marine Zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar. Part 1. Williams and Norgate, London, pp. 125 - 135." type="book chapter" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson’s (1909)</bibRefCitation>
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claim to have specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFF79FAC3FE62FA9D" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[184,412,1338,1362]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF79FAC3FE62FA9D" box="[184,412,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonella umbella</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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from several Indian locations is unproven, as is the extensive list of synonyms given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFF56FAA7FEA1FAB9" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[151,351,1374,1398]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal (1924)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF06FA7BFE58F9CA" blockId="103.[151,1437,1195,1541]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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The species is accepted as a
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFDC0FA7BFD8BFA55" box="[513,629,1410,1434]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFDC0FA7BFD8BFA55" box="[513,629,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Verrucella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but unless Esper’s original specimen is still in existence and is someday redescribed, the characteristics of the species will never be known. Therefore, there is no way of knowing if the material recorded by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE42FA30FD5DFA2E" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[387,675,1481,1505]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">Thomas & George (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFD19FA30FC3EFA2E" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[728,960,1481,1505]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Thomas
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFCF9FA33FC97FA2E" box="[824,873,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
under the old name
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFB62FA30FA7DFA2E" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[1187,1411,1481,1505]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFB62FA30FA7DFA2E" box="[1187,1411,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonella umbella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the same as this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |