165 lines
20 KiB
XML
165 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7203250E187BAF3AD37171698613AA8F">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2D75AA662159EB4F459066196F2F548F">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9AA091C2FF7EAB1DF5425D4AE54621F3">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B53FFE9FF56FD76FCACFA15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639591" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639591" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B53FFE9FF56FD76FCACFA15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B53FFE9FF56FD76FCACFA15" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B53FFE9FF56FD76FD8BFD67" box="[151,629,654,681]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B53FFE9FF56FD76FD8BFD67" blockId="69.[151,629,654,681]" box="[151,629,654,681]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B53FFE9FF56FD76FD8BFD67" bold="true" box="[151,629,654,681]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B53FFE9FF56FD76FD8BFD67" ID-CoL="58VCH" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,629,654,681]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Trimuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caledonica">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FF56FD76FD8BFD67" bold="true" box="[151,629,654,681]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FF56FD76FE56FD66" bold="true" box="[151,424,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Trimuricea caledonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FE71FD77FD8BFD67" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[432,629,654,680]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B53FFE9FF56FD2DFC70FC9D" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B53FFE9FF56FD2DFCDFFCC5" blockId="69.[151,1436,723,778]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B53FFE9FF56FD2DFD90FD24" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,622,723,747]" page="50" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B53FFE9FF56FD2DFD90FD24" ID-CoL="58VCH" authority="Grasshoff, 1999: 48 - 50" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="48 - 50" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,622,723,747]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Trimuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caledonica">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FF56FD2DFE85FD24" box="[151,379,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Trimuricea caledonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FE41FD2AFD90FD24" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[384,622,723,747]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999: 48–50</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 81–83 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B53FFE9FD32FD2AFC6AFD24" box="[755,916,723,747]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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);
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B53FFE9FC62FD2AFB0EFD24" author="Grasshoff, M. & Bargibant, G." box="[931,1264,723,747]" page="183" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FC62FD2AFB0EFD24" author="Grasshoff, M. & Bargibant, G." box="[931,1264,723,747]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref101543" refString="Grasshoff, M. & Bargibant, G. (2001) Les gorgones des recifs coralliens de Nouvelle Caledonie. Institut de recherche pour le developpement, Paris, 335 pp." type="book" year="2001">Grasshoff & Bargibant 2001: 183</bibRefCitation>
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(New Caldonia);
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B53FFE9FF06FD0BFD6CFCC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6077935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6077935" author="Samimi-Namin, K. & van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[199,658,754,778]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E8793991AD965D4C09AE0855C31F3" page="11" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" year="2016">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FF06FD0BFD6CFCC5" author="Samimi-Namin, K. & van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[199,658,754,778]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref106453" refString="Samimi-Namin, K. & van Ofwegen, L. P. (2016) A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4105 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Samimi-Namin & van Ofwegen 2016: 11–13</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. 4c, 7–8.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B53FFE9FF56FCC1FC70FC9D" blockId="69.[151,910,824,851]" box="[151,910,824,851]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B53FFE9FF56FC79FCACFA15" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B53FFE9FF56FC79FED7FC55" blockId="69.[151,1436,896,995]" box="[151,297,896,922]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B53FFE9FF06FC5DFC9FFC2D" blockId="69.[151,1436,896,995]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FF06FC5DFC67FC71" box="[199,921,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FC69FC5CFB53FC71" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[936,1197,932,959]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FC3CFC5CFBD0FC71" box="[1021,1070,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 86
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 40, A–D (Munak Gate);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FF25FC31FE07FC2D" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[228,505,968,995]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FE94FC30FE78FC2D" box="[341,390,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 97
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 43, fig. A–D (Munak Gate).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B53FFE9FF06FBE8FCACFA15" blockId="69.[151,1437,1040,1499]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FF06FBE8FE62FBE5" box="[199,412,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: A major character of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B53FFE9FD5EFBE8FCE5FBE5" authorityName="Gordon" authorityYear="1926" box="[671,795,1041,1066]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Trimuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FD5EFBE8FCE5FBE5" box="[671,795,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Trimuricea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the presence of thornscales in the calyces that have a tuberculate basal root (that may consist of 2 diverging processes or be complexly branched) from which a smooth or thorny spine arises that may be accompanied by 2 smaller spines angled to the sides. The most characteristic feature, however, is the presence of thornscale-like sclerites in the polyps, usually accompanied by some curved spindles.
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B53FFE9FEC3FB58FDFFFB75" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[258,513,1184,1210]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Trimuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caledonica">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FEC3FB58FDFFFB75" box="[258,513,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Trimuricea caledonica</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was comprehensively redescribed by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FC71FB59FA92FB75" author="Samimi-Namin, K. & van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[944,1388,1184,1211]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref106453" refString="Samimi-Namin, K. & van Ofwegen, L. P. (2016) A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4105 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Samimi-Namin & van Ofwegen (2016)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and the sclerites bear no resemblance to those illustrated in the two identical accounts given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FB47FB3CFA90FB11" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1158,1390,1220,1247]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FB1BFB3CFAF4FB11" box="[1242,1290,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2014a)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FF56FB11FE6CFACD" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,402,1256,1283]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FEC6FB10FEC9FACD" box="[263,311,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
. In fact, it is very difficult to assign their material to a genus. The sclerites from the calyx that are figured do not look like thornscales, appearing instead to have a base of thin radiating arms and a central boss. The left-most sclerite of the four labelled “POLYP” looks like one of the radial forms viewed from the side. These sclerites look more like they originate from the coenenchymal and are very similar to those that occur in species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B53FFE9FF56FA81FEEBFA5D" box="[151,277,1400,1426]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Villogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FF56FA81FEEBFA5D" box="[151,277,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Villogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The polyp sclerites that are figured are not of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B53FFE9FC92FA80FC31FA5D" authorityName="Gordon" authorityYear="1926" box="[851,975,1401,1426]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Trimuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FC92FA80FC31FA5D" box="[851,975,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Trimuricea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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form and are perhaps not polyp sclerites at all.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FF21FA64FE43FA78" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[224,445,1436,1463]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
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Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FEF6FA64FE94FA79" box="[311,362,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B53FFE9FE0BFA65FDFAFA79" author="Geetha, S. & Kumar, J. S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[458,516,1436,1462]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="2390 - 2394" refId="ref100797" refString="Geetha, S., Kumar, J. S. Y, Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018) Space competition studies between Briareum violaceum (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea) and scleractinian corals in Shark Island, north Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Studies, 47 (12), 2390 - 2394." type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
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) just listed the species and provided the same colony image in their 2014 paper.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B53FFE9FF56FA38FE68FA15" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,406,1472,1498]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Trimuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caledonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B53FFE9FF56FA38FE68FA15" box="[151,406,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Trimuricea caledonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is possibly endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B53FFE9FD5CFA38FCB0FA15" box="[669,846,1472,1499]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |