166 lines
19 KiB
XML
166 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4A6E2DC4A469A34945AFA37A57715BDA">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C178C5FA51063F047FA269782FF4F0AF">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1CB726D576332BBEFAC34C8F867EDBC0" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="C9BD379C8685796F7E0A5EA41C4FC241">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A585C3F25D5A5E1BCFC855B646D07600">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="56775922240FEC3F66B2A9521470A8D5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="44E09F7CDCB8DF25F6B36546AC3E76F8">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B49FFCCFF56FAC3FD90FE46" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639728" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290896" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639728" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B49FFCCFF56FAC3FD90FE46" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B49FFCCFF56FAC3FD90FE46" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B49FFF3FF56FAC3FDF8FA9B" box="[151,518,1338,1365]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF56FAC3FDF8FA9B" blockId="95.[151,518,1338,1365]" box="[151,518,1338,1365]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B49FFF3FF56FAC3FDF8FA9B" bold="true" box="[151,518,1338,1365]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FF56FAC3FDF8FA9B" ID-CoL="749RP" authority="Whitelegge, 1897" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,518,1338,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laxa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF56FAC3FDF8FA9B" bold="true" box="[151,518,1338,1365]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF56FAC3FED7FA9A" bold="true" box="[151,297,1338,1365]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Nicella laxa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FEF1FAC3FDF8FA9B" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[304,518,1338,1364]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B49FFF3FF56FA86FC70FA10" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF56FA86FCD1FA58" blockId="95.[151,815,1407,1431]" box="[151,815,1407,1431]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B49FFF3FF56FA86FCD1FA58" box="[151,815,1407,1431]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B49FFF3FF56FA86FDFCFA58" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[151,514,1407,1431]" page="318" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" year="1897">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FF56FA86FDFCFA58" ID-CoL="749RP" authority="Whitelegge, 1897: 318" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityPageNumber="318" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,514,1407,1431]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laxa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF56FA86FEEDFA58" box="[151,275,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Nicella laxa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FED9FA86FDFCFA58" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[280,514,1407,1431]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897: 318</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 17, fig. 30–33 (Funafuti).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF56FA3CFC70FA10" blockId="95.[151,910,1477,1504]" box="[151,910,1477,1504]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B49FFCCFF56F9F4FD90FE46" lastPageId="96" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF56F9F4FED7F9E8" blockId="95.[151,1436,1549,1648]" box="[151,297,1549,1575]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF06F9C8FC62F9A0" blockId="95.[151,1436,1549,1648]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF06F9C8FC70F984" box="[199,910,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FC5DF9CBFB62F984" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[924,1180,1585,1612]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FC2EF9CBFBE1F984" box="[1007,1055,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 32
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 13, fig.A–D (Twin Islands);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FF3EF9ACFDDCF9A0" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[255,546,1621,1648]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FEAEF9AFFE5FF9A0" box="[367,417,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 296
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 139, fig. A–D (Twin Islands).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF06F967FD1EF818" blockId="95.[151,1437,1693,2008]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF06F967FE60F978" box="[199,414,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was established for a specimen from Funafuti in the Central West Pacific. It has been synonymised with
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FE32F93BFCD6F914" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1860" box="[499,808,1729,1756]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FE32F93BFD19F914" box="[499,743,1729,1756]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Scirpearia dichotoma</emphasis>
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Gray
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FCA0F938FB87F914" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[865,1145,1729,1755]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FCA0F938FBC9F914" box="[865,1079,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Nicella mauritiana</emphasis>
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Gray
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</taxonomicName>
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, but is currently accepted as a valid species. Whitelegge only presented three rudimentary sclerites drawings, and as the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B49FFF3FB07F91CFAD6F930" box="[1222,1320,1765,1791]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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has never been redescribed, the exact details of the sclerites are unknown. But Whitelegge did record the double heads of the surface layer as being
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B49FFF3FE52F8D4FDC8F887" box="[403,566,1837,1864]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6" metricValueMax="7" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="0.06" valueMax="0.07" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.07 mm</quantity>
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long and the subsurface sclerites as “broad or narrow fusiform spindles, with rather obtusely pointed ends …some of which possess a transverse median constriction”, and as being
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B49FFF3FAFBF8A8FF3DF85F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="0.175" valueMax="0.25" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.25 mm</quantity>
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long.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FEC8F88CFE36F840" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[265,456,1909,1935]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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assigned material from
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B49FFF3FD17F88FFC7DF840" box="[726,899,1909,1936]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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to this species but recorded the surface sclerites as only
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B49FFF3FF2EF860FE6CF87B" box="[239,402,1945,1972]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="0.035" valueMax="0.04" valueMin="0.03">0.03–0.04 mm</quantity>
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long and the subsurface as only
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B49FFF3FCC2F860FC58F87B" box="[771,934,1945,1972]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="0.08" valueMax="0.09" valueMin="0.07">0.07–0.09 mm</quantity>
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long, and there is only the slightest hint of a median constriction in a few of the figured sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B76FFCCFF06FF6EFD90FE46" blockId="96.[151,1437,151,393]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
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The publications of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B76FFCCFE6DFF6EFD65FF7E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[428,667,151,177]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B76FFCCFDC3FF6EFDC5FF7E" box="[514,571,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
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(2014a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B76FFCCFD12FF6EFC2CFF7E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[723,978,151,177]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B76FFCCFC84FF6EFC81FF7E" box="[837,895,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
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(2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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present identical accounts and state that there is a “subsurface layer of flattened rods or spindles generally without a distinct waist” that can be “two to four times the length of the double heads”. But their figure shows subsurface sclerites that are not flattened, that have a distinct waist, that are only about twice the length of the surface sclerites, and that just have a few girdles of tubercles, quite unlike those figured by Whitelegge. It seems much more likely the Indian material is a species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B76FFCCFF56FEB2FEF2FEAA" box="[151,268,331,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B76FFCCFF56FEB2FEF2FEAA" box="[151,268,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Verrucella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B76FFCCFEDAFEB2FE03FEAA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[283,509,330,357]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B76FFCCFEB0FEB2FE54FEAA" box="[369,426,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species and figure the colony from the 2014 and 2017 papers above.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B76FFCCFF56FE96FE7CFE46" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[151,386,367,393]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref103354" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018 a) Diversity and distribution of gorgonians (Octocorallia) in the Long Island and it's adjacent areas in Middle Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 47, 96 - 102." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B76FFCCFF2DFE96FEE3FE46" box="[236,285,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |