196 lines
22 KiB
XML
196 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="844130A06F4AEB361F7696B3910ABF6F">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="48956DA035F7A7EA40F4636C76707A81">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B44FFFFFF56FAE1FCC1FE3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639687" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291075" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639687" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B44FFFFFF56FAE1FCC1FE3A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B44FFFFFF56FAE1FCC1FE3A" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B44FFFEFF56FAE1FD9FFAFD" box="[151,609,1304,1331]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B44FFFEFF56FAE1FD9FFAFD" blockId="82.[151,609,1304,1331]" box="[151,609,1304,1331]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B44FFFEFF56FAE1FD9FFAFD" bold="true" box="[151,609,1304,1331]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B44FFFEFF56FAE1FD9FFAFD" ID-CoL="4TQ8L" ID-ENA="2598885" authority="(Nutting, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,609,1304,1331]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Rumphella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aggregata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFF56FAE1FD9FFAFD" bold="true" box="[151,609,1304,1331]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFF56FAE1FE63FAFC" bold="true" box="[151,413,1304,1331]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Rumphella aggregata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFE6DFAE1FDA7FAFD" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[428,601,1304,1330]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B44FFFEFF56FAA4FC70FA13" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B44FFFEFF56FAA4FBDAFABA" blockId="82.[151,1060,1373,1428]" box="[151,1060,1373,1397]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B44FFFEFF56FAA4FBDAFABA" box="[151,1060,1373,1397]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B44FFFEFF56FAA4FDC8FABA" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,566,1373,1397]" page="5" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B44FFFEFF56FAA4FDC8FABA" authority="Nutting, 1910 a: 4 - 5" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,566,1373,1397]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aggregata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFF56FAA4FE9FFABA" box="[151,353,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Plexaura aggregata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFEA9FAA4FDC8FABA" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[360,566,1373,1397]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref104980" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910 a) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition IV. The Plexauridae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b 1, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910a: 4–5</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1a; pl. 4, fig. 1 (Seba, Savu Island).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B44FFFEFF56FA85FCE8FA5B" blockId="82.[151,1060,1373,1428]" box="[151,790,1403,1428]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B44FFFEFF56FA85FCE8FA5B" box="[151,790,1403,1428]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B44FFFEFF56FA85FE8CFA5C" ID-CoL="4TQ8L" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,370,1404,1428]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Rumphella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aggregata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFF56FA85FE8CFA5C" box="[151,370,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Rumphella aggregata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(new comb.)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B44FFFEFE3EFA85FD54FA5B" author="Bayer, F. M." box="[511,682,1403,1428]" page="212" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1955">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFE3EFA85FD54FA5B" author="Bayer, F. M." box="[511,682,1403,1428]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="207 - 220" refId="ref98513" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1955) Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105 (3357), 207 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3357.207" type="journal article" year="1955">Bayer 1955: 212</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 2a–b.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B44FFFEFF56FA3BFC70FA13" blockId="82.[151,910,1474,1500]" box="[151,910,1474,1500]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B44FFFFFF56F9F3FCC1FE3A" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B44FFFEFF56F9F3FED7F9EB" blockId="82.[151,1437,1546,1644]" box="[151,297,1546,1572]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B44FFFEFF06F9D7FA9AF9A3" blockId="82.[151,1437,1546,1644]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFF06F9D7FC4CF987" box="[199,946,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFC05F9D7FB2BF986" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[964,1237,1582,1609]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFBDDF9D6FBAEF987" box="[1052,1104,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 56
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 25, fig. A–D (
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B44FFFEFF5EF9ABFE07F9A3" box="[159,505,1618,1644]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFDCDF9ABFCCEF9A3" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[524,816,1618,1644]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFDBCF9AAFD50F9A3" box="[637,686,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 220
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 101, fig. A–D (
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B44FFFEFBC6F9ABFA9EF9A3" box="[1031,1376,1618,1644]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B44FFFEFF06F962FA82F837" blockId="82.[151,1437,1690,2040]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFF06F962FE64F97B" box="[199,410,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was originally erected by Nuttting as
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B44FFFEFC16F963FB48F97B" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[983,1206,1690,1716]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aggregata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFC16F963FB48F97B" box="[983,1206,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Plexaura aggregata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for a specimen from
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B44FFFEFF56F947FEF9F917" box="[151,263,1726,1752]" name="Indonesia" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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, and was later transferred to the new genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B44FFFEFD3EF947FC86F917" box="[767,888,1726,1752]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Rumphella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFD3EF947FC86F917" box="[767,888,1726,1752]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Rumphella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFC64F947FBC1F916" author="Bayer, F. M." box="[933,1087,1726,1753]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="207 - 220" refId="ref98513" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1955) Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105 (3357), 207 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3357.207" type="journal article" year="1955">Bayer (1955)</bibRefCitation>
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. There are obvious differences between the traits of this species and those of the material described in the accounts (both identical) given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFF56F8FFFE79F8EF" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[151,391,1798,1824]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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||
Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFF2CF8FEFED9F8EF" box="[237,295,1798,1824]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2014a)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B44FFFEFE01F8FFFD3CF8EF" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[448,706,1798,1824]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFDF3F8FEFD92F8EF" box="[562,620,1798,1824]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
. In the Indian papers the colonies are described as having thick, “whip-like” branches with blunt tips, which somewhat matches the illustration of the collected specimen where the terminal branches actually appear to be thin and tapered (“whip-like”). This is all in contrast to the non-tapering branches of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B44FFFEFEDCF88AFE53F843" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[285,429,1907,1932]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aggregata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFEDCF88AFE53F843" box="[285,429,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">R. aggregata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with their characteristsic clavate tips as shown in Nutting’s figure (1910a: pl. 1, fig. 1). The colony in the underwater photograph in the Indian papers does not appear to be the same as the collected specimen and looks more like a
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B44FFFEFE48F843FDE8F81B" box="[393,534,1978,2004]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B44FFFEFE48F843FDECF81B" box="[393,530,1978,2004]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Hicksonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Hicksonella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The Indian material is also described as being “dirty white to grey in colour when live”. The species is photosynthetic and so this is possibly the colour when colonies have their polyps extended.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B45FFFFFF06FF6EFE28FEAA" blockId="83.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
The sclerites of Nutting’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B45FFFFFE27FF6EFDB6FF7E" box="[486,584,151,177]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are poorly drawn and do not show the spiny nature of the sclerites, which are very similar to those described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B45FFFFFDDDFF42FCF6FF1B" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[540,776,187,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Hicksonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="princeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B45FFFFFDDDFF42FCF6FF1B" box="[540,776,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Hicksonella princeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B45FFFFFC80FF42FBD8FF1A" author="Alderslade, P." box="[833,1062,187,213]" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="81 - 93" part="3" refId="ref98262" refString="Alderslade, P. (1986) An unusual leaf-like gorgonian (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef. The Beagle, 3 (1), 81 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 260876" title="An unusual leaf-like gorgonian (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef" type="journal article" year="1986">Alderslade 1986: 93</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 6). The spiny warts are quite different to the warts on the sclerites of the Indian specimen. Of particular note are the subsurface spindles figured in the Indian account that bear little resemblance to the very characteristic girdled form shown by Alderslade and also in Bayer’s figure 2a. Additionally, the small “four radiates” and capstans illustrated for the Indian material are not reported for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B45FFFFFF06FE96FCC1FE3A" blockId="83.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B45FFFFFF06FE96FE58FE46" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[199,422,366,393]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B45FFFFFEDDFE96FEB3FE46" box="[284,333,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just list the species and provide the same image of the collected colony that appears in the 2014 and 2017 papers above, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B45FFFFFDF1FE6AFCE0FE62" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[560,798,403,429]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref103354" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018 a) Diversity and distribution of gorgonians (Octocorallia) in the Long Island and it's adjacent areas in Middle Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 47, 96 - 102." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B45FFFFFD47FE6AFD46FE62" box="[646,696,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just list the species. This species has only been reported from the Central West Pacific and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B45FFFFFDD8FE4EFD74FE1E" box="[537,650,439,465]" name="Indonesia" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In this region, large bushy colonies with long, upright branches could be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B45FFFFFF78FE22FDDDFE3A" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[185,547,475,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Rumphella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antipathies">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B45FFFFFF78FE22FE4BFE3A" box="[185,437,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Rumphella antipathies</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B45FFFFFD9FFE22FCC9FE3A" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[606,823,475,501]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999: 19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |