214 lines
25 KiB
XML
214 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E3B1A40EE7405A1E92C31BC56904905F">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3DBF351A8E992B58B08BF3F16E5D956F">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8413A5CE50ED46385BE13236097D58F7">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C03985F5A6E83B690E37B010ABBA2304">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="DE452371B9BAB9391F5FCEAEBBDD7B40">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B2BFF91FF56FE23FCA7FA5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639525" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291188" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639525" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B2BFF91FF56FE23FCA7FA5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B2BFF91FF56FE23FCA7FA5D" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2BFF91FF56FE23FDFFFE3B" box="[151,513,474,501]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF56FE23FDFFFE3B" blockId="61.[151,513,474,501]" box="[151,513,474,501]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B2BFF91FF56FE23FDFFFE3B" bold="true" box="[151,513,474,501]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FF56FE23FDFFFE3B" ID-CoL="3ZQ3L" authority="(Nutting, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,513,474,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flora">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FF56FE23FDFFFE3B" bold="true" box="[151,513,474,501]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FF56FE23FEC3FE3A" bold="true" box="[151,317,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Menella flora</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FE8DFE23FE07FE3B" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[332,505,474,500]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2BFF91FF56FDE6FCA3FD51" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B2BFF91FF56FDE6FBF6FD99" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF56FDE6FA95FDF8" blockId="61.[151,1387,543,598]" box="[151,1387,543,567]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FF56FDE6FDFFFDF8" ID-CoL="6DVLR" authority="(Nutting, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,513,543,567]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flora">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FF56FDE6FEA7FDF8" box="[151,345,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Echinogorgia flora</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FEA7FDE6FE07FDF8" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[358,505,543,567]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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: 66–67, pl. 11, figs. 2, 2a; pl. 21, fig. 10 (New
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2BFF91FC1AFDE6FBD7FDF8" box="[987,1065,543,567]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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);
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2BFF91FBFBFDE6FB0AFDF8" author="Stiasny, G." box="[1082,1268,543,567]" page="363" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FBFBFDE6FB0AFDF8" author="Stiasny, G." box="[1082,1268,543,567]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="336 - 341" refId="ref107209" refString="Stiasny, G. (1938) Diagnosen einiger neuer Gorgonarien-Arten aus dem Roten Meere. Zoologischen Anzeiger, Leipzig, 121, 336 - 341." type="journal article" year="1938">Stiasny 1938: 363</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2BFF91FB3FFDE6FA99FDF8" author="Stiasny, G." box="[1278,1383,543,567]" page="197" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" year="1942">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FB3FFDE6FA99FDF8" author="Stiasny, G." box="[1278,1383,543,567]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="191 - 199" refId="ref107287" refString="Stiasny, G. (1942) Ergebnisse der Nachuntersuchung der Muriceidae (Gorgonaria) der Siboga - Expedition. Vorlaufige Mitteilung. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 140 (9 / 10), 191 - 199." type="journal article" year="1942">1942: 197</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF56FDC7FBF6FD99" blockId="61.[151,1387,543,598]" box="[151,1032,574,598]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FF56FDC7FEDCFD99" ID-CoL="3ZQ3L" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,290,574,598]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flora">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FF56FDC7FEDCFD99" box="[151,290,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Menella flora</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(new comb.)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2BFF91FE6FFDC7FC7AFD99" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Hermanlimianto, M. I. Y. T." box="[430,900,574,598]" page="36" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" year="2014">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FE6FFDC7FC7AFD99" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Hermanlimianto, M. I. Y. T." box="[430,900,574,598]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="19 - 58" refId="ref109370" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Hermanlimianto, M. I. Y. T. (2014) Siboga plexaurids (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) re-examined. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 88 (3), 19 - 58." type="journal article" year="2014">van Ofwegen & Hermanlimianto 2014: 36–38</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 18–20.
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||
</paragraph>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF56FD7DFCA3FD51" blockId="61.[151,861,644,671]" box="[151,861,644,671]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Opinion: There is no evidence this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2BFF91FF56FD35FCA7FA5D" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF56FD35FED7FD29" blockId="61.[151,1437,716,887]" box="[151,297,716,742]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF06FD09FDE5FCB9" blockId="61.[151,1437,716,887]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FF06FD09FC67FCC5" box="[199,921,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FC69FD09FB0CFCC4" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[936,1266,752,779]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 105</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1k, 1–3, y (Vizhinjam);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FEEDFCEDFDACFCE0" author="Thomas, P. A. & Jacob, R. M." box="[300,594,788,815]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="20 - 27" refId="ref108121" refString="Thomas, P. A. & Jacob, R. M. (1987) On five species of commercially important gorgonids new to Indian seas. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 34, 20 - 27." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas & Jacob 1987: 25</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1, D, E, F (Vizhinjam)
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FC47FCECFB2CFCE1" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[902,1234,788,815]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus 2004: 36–37</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 12;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FAF3FCEDFEDAFC9C" author="Fernando, S. A." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 65–66</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 40, fig. 1–1d (SE & NW coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FD75FCC0FC4BFC9D" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[692,949,824,851]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FCC9FCC0FCC6FC9D" box="[776,824,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 74
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 34, fig. A–D;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FBB8FCC1FA69FC9D" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1145,1431,824,851]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FB28FCC0FAE7FC9D" box="[1257,1305,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2017: 133
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 61, fig. A–D (SE & NW coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF06FC5CFD55FB11" blockId="61.[151,1437,932,1427]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FF06FC5CFE5EFC71" box="[199,416,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: Nutting only figured a single sclerite of this species but that, along with the colony form, clearly characterises it as a member of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FCE5FC31FC7EFC2D" box="[804,896,968,994]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FCE5FC31FC7EFC2D" box="[804,896,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Menella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
and not
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FC2AFC31FB7AFC2D" box="[1003,1156,968,994]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FC2AFC31FB7AFC2D" box="[1003,1156,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2BFF91FB0AFC31FAD3FC2D" box="[1227,1325,968,994]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
has been comprehensively described by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FDC1FC14FC26FBC9" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Hermanlimianto, M. I. Y. T." box="[512,984,1004,1031]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="19 - 58" refId="ref109370" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. & Hermanlimianto, M. I. Y. T. (2014) Siboga plexaurids (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) re-examined. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 88 (3), 19 - 58." type="journal article" year="2014">van Ofwegen & Hermanlimianto (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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||
. The descriptions given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FAE0FC15FEC2FBE5" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FE5BFBE8FD57FBE5" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[410,681,1040,1067]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
represent a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FCF4FBE9FC6FFBE5" box="[821,913,1040,1066]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FCF4FBE9FC6FFBE5" box="[821,913,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Menella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but both feature the same, few, crude outline drawings of leafscales that could apply to a number of species of the genus. In the description given by Fernando in 2011 the leafscales are said to be thin and flat, like those in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2BFF91FC9CFBA1FC3CFBBD" box="[861,962,1112,1138]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but those in the figures appear to be quite thick and knobbly and could represent a number of other species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FCB8FB85FB88FB59" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[889,1142,1148,1175]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FC2BFB84FBE5FB59" box="[1002,1051,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FB70FB84FA62FB59" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1201,1436,1148,1175]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FAC7FB84FAC9FB59" box="[1286,1335,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
use the the same description as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FDD5FB59FD42FB75" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[532,700,1184,1210]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but illustrate it with an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FC06FB59FB9EFB75" box="[967,1120,1184,1210]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FC06FB59FB9EFB75" box="[967,1120,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All Indian records describe red colonies, whereas the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2BFF91FE78FB3DFDE5FB11" box="[441,539,1220,1246]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is off-white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2BFF91FF06FB11FCA7FA5D" blockId="61.[151,1437,932,1427]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
There are clearly errors with the synonymic listing provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FC60FB11FBA3FACD" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[929,1117,1256,1282]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FB57FB11FA66FACD" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1174,1432,1256,1282]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FAC8FB10FABCFACD" box="[1289,1346,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The authors are clearly of the opinion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FDABFAF5FC5CFAE9" authority="Nutting, 1910" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[618,930,1292,1318]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FDABFAF5FCFFFAE9" box="[618,769,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Menella flora</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FCC9FAF5FC5CFAE9" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[776,930,1292,1318]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FC17FAF5FA8AFAE9" authority="Ridley, 1884" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" box="[982,1396,1292,1318]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Plexauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="praelonga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FC17FAF5FB1FFAE9" box="[982,1249,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Plexauroides praelonga</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2BFF91FB26FAF5FA8AFAE9" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[1255,1396,1292,1318]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="327 - 365" refId="ref106082" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1884) Alcyonaria. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert' 1881 - 2. British Museum, London, pp. 327 - 365, pls. 36 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the same species, but they state that the latter is a junior synonym of the former, which obviously cannot be because the former was established after the latter. They also include a reference to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FC28FAADFA9CFAA1" authority="Bayer 2001, p. 928" authorityName="Bayer" authorityPageNumber="928" authorityYear="2001" box="[1001,1378,1364,1391]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FC28FAADFB7CFAA1" box="[1001,1154,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Menella flora</emphasis>
|
||
Bayer 2001, p. 928
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, but this is just a figure of a single leafclub captioned “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2BFF91FD0BFA81FCB3FA5D" box="[714,845,1400,1426]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2BFF91FD0BFA81FCD8FA5D" box="[714,806,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Menella</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |