195 lines
22 KiB
XML
195 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8B33B59335FAA4B88146B3D734BA8E3A">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="137CB0F753CC12123DD8E076DF9D2E7A">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3CCABA075540C4B8AF8C88D9C37917CD" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="709EAC69A0156DA419EC294E12DBDD95">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5E8BDF3881BC3288FEE5B265435EDDE5" type="email">phil.alderslade@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="24379D5BEFC7D7ED674163244C8CF665">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="082ED86C7F5061C87BF06FD6C6AB4CB4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D055E21B08B4FA72DCD2F43D85E2C092">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D5C100D6B78C80791967C558D491E6A0">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B20FF9AFF56FD4BFEC9F95B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641080" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291208" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641080" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B20FF9AFF56FD4BFEC9F95B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B20FF9AFF56FD4BFEC9F95B" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B20FF9AFF56FD4BFD73FD03" box="[151,653,690,717]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B20FF9AFF56FD4BFD73FD03" blockId="54.[151,653,690,717]" box="[151,653,690,717]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B20FF9AFF56FD4BFD73FD03" bold="true" box="[151,653,690,717]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFF56FD4BFD73FD03" bold="true" box="[151,653,690,717]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFF67FD4BFD73FD03" authority="(Nutting, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[166,653,690,717]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFF67FD4BFE36FD02" bold="true" box="[166,456,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Echinogorgia squamata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFE19FD4BFD7BFD03" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[472,645,690,716]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B20FF9AFF56FD0EFC70FC98" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B20FF9AFF56FD0EFC06FCC0" blockId="54.[151,1016,759,783]" box="[151,1016,759,783]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B20FF9AFF56FD0EFC06FCC0" box="[151,1016,759,783]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B20FF9AFF56FD0EFDC7FCC0" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,569,759,783]" page="81" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFF56FD0EFDC7FCC0" ID-CoL="6VNJ6" authority="Nutting, 1910: 81" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,569,759,783]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Placogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFF56FD0EFE80FCC0" box="[151,382,759,783]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Placogorgia squamata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFE45FD0EFDC7FCC0" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[388,569,759,783]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910: 81</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 12, figs. 2–2a, pl. 22, fig.8. (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B20FF9AFC45FD0EFC13FCC0" box="[900,1005,759,783]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B20FF9AFF56FCC4FC70FC98" blockId="54.[151,910,829,856]" box="[151,910,829,856]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B20FF9AFF56FC7CFEC9F95B" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B20FF9AFF56FC7CFED7FC50" blockId="54.[151,1436,901,1000]" box="[151,297,901,927]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B20FF9AFF06FC50FC9EFC28" blockId="54.[151,1436,901,1000]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFF06FC50FC46FC0C" box="[199,952,937,963]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFC0AFC50FB2FFC0C" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[971,1233,937,963]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 40–41</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 17, fig. 2–2c (Pamban);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFED2FC34FDD9FC28" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[275,551,973,1000]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFE45FC37FE4BFC28" box="[388,437,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 81
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 35, fig. 1–1c (Pamban).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B20FF9AFF06FBEFFEC9FABB" blockId="54.[151,1437,1045,1684]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFF06FBEFFE65FBE0" box="[199,411,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: The descriptions of the Indian material as
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFC47FBEFFB78FBE0" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[902,1158,1046,1071]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Discogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFC47FBEFFB78FBE0" box="[902,1158,1046,1071]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Discogorgia squamata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFB70FBECFA92FBE0" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1201,1388,1045,1071]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFF56FBC0FE6EFB9C" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,400,1081,1108]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFEC6FBC3FEC6FB9C" box="[263,312,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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are identical, and in their list of synonymies they cite “
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFC34FBC0FF4AFBB8" authority="Nutting, 1910: 81" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1910" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Placogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFC34FBC0FB0DFB9C" box="[1013,1267,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Placogorgia squamata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFB3BFBC0FF4AFBB8" author="Nutting, C. C." pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910: 81</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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” and “
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFEC4FBA7FCF4FBB8" authority="Kukenthal, 1919: 812" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="812" authorityYear="1919" box="[261,778,1117,1143]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Discogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFEC4FBA7FDF8FBB8" box="[261,518,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Discogorgia squamata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFDCFFBA4FCF4FBB8" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[526,778,1117,1143]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref103239" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissensschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal, 1919: 812</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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”. This Kükenthal reference appears to have a typographic error for page 842 where the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFDECFB7BFD46FB54" authorityName="Kükenthal" authorityYear="1919" box="[557,696,1154,1179]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Discogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFDECFB7BFD46FB54" box="[557,696,1154,1179]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Discogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is established and assigned as a senior synonym to “
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFAD0FB78FA62FB54" box="[1297,1436,1153,1179]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Placogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFAD0FB78FA62FB54" box="[1297,1436,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Placogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(part.) Auct.”, and the Indian authors have apparently assumed Nutting’s species
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFBEFFB5FFB49FB70" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1919" box="[1070,1207,1190,1215]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Discogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFBEFFB5FFB49FB70" box="[1070,1207,1190,1215]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. squamata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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should be included. But in the same tome,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFE4FFB30FD7BFB2C" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[398,645,1225,1251]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref103239" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissensschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919: 277</bibRefCitation>
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, 280) stated that the new species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFBD0FB30FB62FB2C" box="[1041,1180,1225,1251]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Placogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFBD0FB30FB62FB2C" box="[1041,1180,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Placogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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established by Nutting belong largely to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFE0DFB14FD9BFAC8" box="[460,613,1261,1287]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFE0DFB14FD9BFAC8" box="[460,613,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFD22FB17FC95FAC8" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1919" box="[739,875,1262,1287]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Discogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFD22FB17FC95FAC8" box="[739,875,1262,1287]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. squamata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and that proper identifications could not be made because Nutting did not provide adequate descriptions and the original specimens needed re-examining.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFAD0FAE8FEFAFA80" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Placogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="squamata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFAD0FAE8FEFAFA80" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Placogorgia squamata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears under its original name in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFD51FACCFCA9FA80" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[656,855,1333,1359]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal’s 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
publication with the comment that it is probably an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFF56FAA0FECEFABC" box="[151,304,1369,1395]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFF56FAA0FECEFABC" box="[151,304,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B20FF9AFF06FA84FEC9F95B" blockId="54.[151,1437,1045,1684]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Without a more detailed description of the colony and the sclerites it is not possible to accurately ascertain the genus of the material described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFDE8FA58FD18FA74" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[553,742,1441,1467]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B20FF9AFCDEFA58FBDFFA74" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[799,1057,1441,1468]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFC53FA5BFC3BFA74" box="[914,965,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which is reported to have: some fusiform sclerites that resemble the scaphoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFD13FA3CFC56FA10" baseAuthorityName="Williams & Lindo" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[722,936,1477,1503]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Pseudopterogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFD13FA3CFC56FA10" box="[722,936,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Pseudopterogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and “irregular shaped, mostly ellipsoid or fusiform warty discs” averaging
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B20FF9AFDC5FA10FD59F9CB" box="[516,679,1513,1540]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="0.56" valueMax="0.64" valueMin="0.48">0.48–0.64 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, some reaching
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B20FF9AFC54FA10FC04F9CB" box="[917,1018,1513,1540]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="0.97">0.97 mm</quantity>
|
||
, that are concave on the “subsurface” and finely tuberculated on the “flat surface”. Nutting did not mention the size of the sclerites in his material, but he did say there were no large spindles, and the largest of the two sclerites in his figure 8, plate 22, is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B20FF9AFAF9F9C8FA63F983" box="[1336,1437,1585,1612]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="0.27">0.27 mm</quantity>
|
||
across. The Indian material seems to be quite different to that described by Nutting and is clearly not a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B20FF9AFF56F980FECEF95C" box="[151,304,1657,1683]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B20FF9AFF56F980FECEF95C" box="[151,304,1657,1683]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |