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<mods:title id="5D685E7EFA3AFA8C87BDBE633EECBFDA">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F78F7963B5DF37BB8E21BAE0B1393B62">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFEECF8B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639363" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291100" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639363" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFEECF8B0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFEECF8B0" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFDA2FB33" box="[151,604,1250,1277]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFDA2FB33" blockId="26.[151,604,1250,1277]" box="[151,604,1250,1277]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFDA2FB33" bold="true" box="[151,604,1250,1277]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFDA2FB33" ID-CoL="3ZKJV" authority="(Kukenthal, 1919)" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[151,604,1250,1277]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braueri">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFDA2FB33" bold="true" box="[151,604,1250,1277]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FF56FB1BFE8DFB32" bold="true" box="[151,371,1250,1277]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Melithaea braueri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FE43FB1BFDAAFB33" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[386,596,1250,1276]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref103239" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissensschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;, 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal, 1919</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0CFFB6FF56FADEFD3CFAF0" box="[151,706,1319,1343]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0CFFB6FF56FADEFD3CFAF0" blockId="26.[151,706,1319,1343]" box="[151,706,1319,1343]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0CFFB6FF56FADEFD3CFAF0" box="[151,706,1319,1343]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0CFFB6FF56FADEFD40FAF0" authority="Kukenthal, 1919: 902" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="902" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,702,1319,1343]" class="Globothalamea" family="Rotaliellidae" genus="Wrightella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rotaliida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="braueri">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0CFFB6FF56FADEFDC9FAF0" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[151,567,1319,1343]" page="902" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1919">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FF56FADEFEAAFAF0" box="[151,340,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Wrightella braueri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FE9AFADEFDC9FAF0" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[347,567,1319,1343]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref103239" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissensschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;, 1898 - 1899, 13, 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal, 1919: 902</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0CFFB6FD84FADEFD49FAF0" box="[581,695,1319,1343]" name="Seychelles" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0CFFB6FF56FA94FCAFF9D8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0CFFB6FF56FA94FC70FA48" blockId="26.[151,910,1389,1416]" box="[151,910,1389,1416]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0CFFB6FF56FA4CFED7FA00" blockId="26.[151,1437,1461,1560]" box="[151,297,1461,1487]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0CFFB6FF06FA20FCAFF9D8" blockId="26.[151,1437,1461,1560]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FF06FA20FC55FA3C" box="[199,939,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FC7DFA23FB26FA3C" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[956,1240,1497,1524]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FBD2FA23FBB8FA3C" box="[1043,1094,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a: 100
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 47, fig. AD (Nicobar);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FED2FA04FDD9F9D8" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[275,551,1533,1560]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FE45FA07FE4BF9D8" box="[388,437,1533,1559]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 27
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 9, fig. AD (Nicobar).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0CFFB6FF06F9BFFEECF8B0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0CFFB6FF06F9BFFEECF8B0" blockId="26.[151,1437,1605,1919]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FF06F9BFFE5EF990" box="[199,416,1605,1631]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: This species was originally named
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FC98F9BCFBC9F990" box="[857,1079,1605,1631]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0CFFB6FC98F9BCFBCDF990" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1919" box="[857,1075,1605,1631]" class="Globothalamea" family="Rotaliellidae" genus="Wrightella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rotaliida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="braueri">Wrightella braueri</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but despite
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FB11F9BCFA62F990" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1232,1436,1605,1631]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal (1924)</bibRefCitation>
expanding his very short original description, there have never been any colony or sclerite illustrations of the species and therefore the necessary details of the characteristics remain unknown to this day and identifying specimens as this species based on Kükenthals text alone seems impossible. The publications of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FBB8F94BFA95F904" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[1145,1387,1713,1740]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FB11F94BFAF5F904" box="[1232,1291,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
(2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FF56F92CFE65F920" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[151,411,1749,1775]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FECAF92FFEB8F920" box="[267,326,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
present an identical account, which must be based on assumptions and is not verifiable.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FF56F903FE8EF8DB" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[151,368,1785,1812]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. &amp; Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FF2BF903FEE4F8DC" box="[234,282,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
just lists the species under the original name and provide a colony image,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FB5BF903FF22F8F7" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. &amp; Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">Kumar &amp; Raghunathan (2015</bibRefCitation>
: PY-P) just list the species, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FDF8F8E7FCF0F8F7" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[569,782,1821,1848]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. &amp; Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FD4CF8E7FD43F8F8" box="[653,701,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
. (2015
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FCD9F8E4FCACF8F8" author="Geetha, S. &amp; Kumar, J. S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[792,850,1821,1847]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2390 - 2394" refId="ref100797" refString="Geetha, S., Kumar, J. S. Y, Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2018) Space competition studies between Briareum violaceum (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea) and scleractinian corals in Shark Island, north Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Studies, 47 (12), 2390 - 2394." type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
) lists the species and provide a colony figure.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FA8EF8E7FEE1F894" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1344 - 1350" refId="ref103415" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019) New report of Melithaea delicata Hickson, 1905 (subclass: oOctocorallia) from Little Andaman Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (9), 1344 - 1350." type="journal article" year="2019">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0CFFB6FF56F8BBFF35F894" box="[151,203,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
. (2019
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0CFFB6FEECF8B8FE8DF894" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[301,371,1857,1883]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1516 - 1520" refId="ref103476" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019 a) New record of Melithaea retifera (Lamarck, 1816) from Andaman and Nicobar Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (10), 1516 - 1520." type="journal article" year="2019">2019a</bibRefCitation>
) remark that the species has been reported from the
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0CFFB6FC14F8B8FACEF894" box="[981,1328,1857,1883]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
and give references.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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