342 lines
44 KiB
XML
342 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="B45835809A8921E983DF61E33675F789" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6B02CF3FF17FDE6147AFD52" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Rasopone Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="ADD7191E-85F4-4047-81D2-77174E3ED643" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="210" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="208" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="8B4DFA2A08BDB82E51AB570CE06EB4EA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="CD5FD029D594C12C53E6E1C63ED086E2">
|
||
<mods:title id="DFBA390F8BC018032A6301237DC86520">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="D7376FD77F97CCC8C1DB381D95FA7F56" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D6BECD2D9A098C4F25146538583BD455">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E66550D580E0EADB69126DE9704BEF8D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="561C65750E8E3733F89CB3FCEB7F0887">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="9BD2A82E4B23E9D9F4A803A6C388D233" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E24E79B0FF1CBA60B8A4290108B96247">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2B3962C4882FE33BD294A40A8A83BAED">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="FC16E278CF482265E87B027A47FFAB82">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="0B1A10631E5493C415953F0185C0EF35">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="462599AF1B929830434925BC2150AAAE" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="DB5203DF5F839A71E2EA25F69E02AC1E">
|
||
<mods:title id="9FD7CC7FF1BBA9AD3698298572031B5B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="4F39F133781C8F0A08E902594DD399EE">
|
||
<mods:date id="A1FDA7DA0B4E3A8A4C2CBF06739D2D26">2014</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="285E92A77271215A9B5DBF6BB6FAAEAB" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="2ABF8880FF606E210032B2B3692EEA16">2014-06-18</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="8ECE1DF26402B208B2C4C05348EA0088" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="E5967789A0821B81C0C6FDD388132556">3817</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="53F9926A99671612AB56FB6C1D26492D" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="FC511C71FBE69C9E13C6A1D9E134D356">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="ED242934D5EE75F580EFD3E36E911AF0" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="5E378DADAEBA09A91FFF467F4FAFEC53">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="326D7074FBF5796E24BBCA90D0BC08EA">242</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="4A34A8BC86B9318316ACD3A1B2023A3D">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2F6EDA88B2EF30E7E9C15F1B0C2142F2" type="CLB-Dataset">5350</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0923DAC4A2E7E05E3A467FE3F29BB305" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9265CA40E01F6D846545BA59C453667C" type="GBIF-Dataset">d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="052782AD898F45797FB00D17A4E94050" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="87006522070A78D65FF1FAFE4D27855D" type="Zenodo-Dep">10086256</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="AB1755C6E867890606AC2B663BDA1588" type="ZooBank">A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03775906A6B02CF3FF17FDE6147AFD52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117638" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117638" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ADD7191E-85F4-4047-81D2-77174E3ED643" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6B02CF3FF17FDE6147AFD52" lastPageId="209" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B02CEDFF17FDE611E7FDE0" box="[151,386,512,538]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF17FDE611E7FDE0" blockId="207.[151,386,512,571]" box="[151,386,512,538]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<heading id="D0295F7CA6B02CEDFF17FDE611E7FDE0" bold="true" box="[151,386,512,538]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF17FDE611E7FDE0" bold="true" box="[151,386,512,538]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFF17FDE6116BFDE0" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,270,512,538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF17FDE6116BFDE0" bold="true" box="[151,270,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6B02CEDFE94FDE611E7FDE0" box="[276,386,512,538]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B02CEDFF17FDC41560FD10" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF17FDC41083FDC1" blockId="207.[151,386,512,571]" box="[151,230,546,571]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6B02CEDFF17FDC41083FDC1" box="[151,230,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="208.[151,250,1938,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-177@208.[151,1436,445,1916]" captionTargetPageId="208" captionText="FIGURE 50. Worker caste of Rasopone ferruginea: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249143, Ryan Perry and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Rasopone." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120925/files/figure.png" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF17FD8C13D2FD7A" blockId="207.[151,951,618,640]" box="[151,951,618,640]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFEA8FD8D12A4FD7A" authority="Smith, F. 1858 b: 100" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1858" box="[296,705,618,640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFEA8FD8D1181FD7A" box="[296,484,618,640]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Ponera ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
Smith, F. 1858b: 100
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; by present designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF17FD481560FD10" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFF17FD481160FD3F" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,261,686,709]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF17FD481160FD3F" box="[151,261,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is small genus of Central and South America ants known from 11 species. They are found in a wide range of habitats but are most common in rainforests where they forage in leaf litter and rotten wood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B02CEDFF47FD13116AFCAC" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF47FD13116AFCAC" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47FD13112BFCF7" bold="true" box="[199,334,757,782]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFED6FD1011A1FCF7" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[342,452,758,781]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFED6FD1011A1FCF7" box="[342,452,758,781]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the geographic region of the New World where these ants occur (from the Ancient Egyptian “rsw”, “south wind”) combined with the suffix “-pone”, derived from the subfamily name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFF17FCDB116EFCAC" box="[151,267,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B02CEDFF47FC87142FF890" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF47FC871435FAD0" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47FC871124FC80" bold="true" box="[199,321,865,890]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFE5AFC84122DFC83" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[474,584,866,889]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFE5AFC84122DFC83" box="[474,584,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack obvious autapomorphies and are superficially similar to those of a number of other genera, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFDADFC6012A3FC67" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[557,710,902,925]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFDADFC6012A3FC67" box="[557,710,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFD58FC601301FC67" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[728,868,902,925]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFD58FC601301FC67" box="[728,868,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFCF6FC601396FC67" box="[886,1011,902,925]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFCF6FC601396FC67" box="[886,1011,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFBB0FC6314B7FC64" box="[1072,1234,901,926]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFBB0FC6314B7FC64" box="[1072,1234,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Separation from these and other genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFE7EFC4F120BFC38" box="[510,622,937,962]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the following set of characters: eyes present, mandibles relatively long, mandibular pit or groove absent, mesosomal profile nearly continuous, the metanotal groove shallow or absent, metapleural gland orifice without a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip, propodeal spiracle round or ovoid, mesotibiae dorsally without abundant stout traction setae, ventral apex of the metatibia with both a large pectinate spur and a smaller simple spur, fenestra absent from the petiolar process, prora present on anterior margin of first gastral sternite, and stridulatory organ absent from A4 pretergite. While similar overall,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFB7AFBB8150DFB8F" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1274,1384,1118,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFB7AFBB8150DFB8F" box="[1274,1384,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFF17FB641171FB63" box="[151,276,1154,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF17FB641171FB63" box="[151,276,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Neoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belong to different genus groups and can be separated by the configuration of the metapleural gland opening.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFE83FB4011EAFB47" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[259,399,1190,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFE83FB4011EAFB47" box="[259,399,1190,1213]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while also somewhat similar, has only a single metatibial spur while two are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFF17FB2C1160FB1B" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,261,1226,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF17FB2C1160FB1B" box="[151,261,1226,1249]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Separation from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFE4EFB2F1215FB18" box="[462,624,1225,1250]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFE4EFB2F1215FB18" box="[462,624,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the lack of a basal mandibular pit or groove and the presence of a round or ovoid propodeal spiracle. And the Australian and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B02CEDFC17FB081457FAFC" box="[919,1074,1261,1286]" name="New Zealand" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFB0CFB081540FAFF" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1164,1317,1262,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFB0CFB081540FAFF" box="[1164,1317,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in possessing a stridulatory organ on A4 and in having a differently configured clypeus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF47FAD3109BFA88" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47FAD311A3FAB4" bold="true" box="[199,454,1333,1358]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFE51FAD31242FAB4" box="[465,551,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium- to large-sized (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6B02CEDFCFDFAD31388FAB4" box="[893,1005,1333,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="4.0">4–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFF17FABF109FFA88" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[151,250,1369,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF46FA9B13BEF94C" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Mandibles triangular, with roughly seven to twelve teeth, often variable size, and without a basal pit or groove. Anterior margin of clypeus variable, broadly convex or centrally concave, sometimes with a medially tooth. Frontal lobes moderately large and closely approximated. Eyes small to moderately large, located far anterior on sides of head. Mesopleuron generally entire but sometimes divided by a weak transverse impression. Metanotal groove reduced to a suture or shallow angle. Propodeum not narrowing dorsally. Metapleural gland orifice without a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip. Propodeal spiracles round or ovoid. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform. Gaster with a girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head and body finely punctate, sometimes with light striations on the sides of the mesosoma, and with sparse to abundant pilosity and often dense pubescence. Color variable, ferrugineous to dark brown-black.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF47F924146CF907" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47F9241172F923" box="[199,279,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but slightly larger, alate, with ocelli and larger compound eyes, and with the modifications of the thoracic sclerites that are typical of alate ponerine queens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF47F8EF14A0F8D8" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" box="[199,1221,1801,1826]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47F8EF116DF8D8" box="[199,264,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B02CEDFE8EF8EF1153F8D8" box="[270,310,1801,1826]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
descriptions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B02CEDFE6FF8EF137CF8D8" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[495,793,1801,1826]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for several of the species placed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF47F8C815FFF8BC" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" box="[199,1434,1837,1862]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47F8C81174F8BF" box="[199,273,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFE38F8C813E8F8BC" authority="(Wheeler & Wheeler, 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler & Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[440,909,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFE38F8C81228F8BC" box="[440,589,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B02CEDFDDCF8CB13E0F8BC" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[604,901,1837,1862]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">Wheeler & Wheeler, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFC44F8C815F3F8BC" authority="(Wheeler & Wheeler, 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler & Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[964,1430,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopolta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFC44F8C81436F8BC" box="[964,1107,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">R. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B02CEDFBE1F8CB15E8F8BC" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[1121,1421,1837,1862]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="278 - 281" refId="ref167170" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1974) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: third supplement (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 76, 278 - 281." type="journal article" year="1974">Wheeler & Wheeler, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CEDFF47F8B7142FF890" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" box="[199,1098,1873,1898]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47F8B7118AF890" bold="true" box="[199,495,1873,1898]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B02CEDFE75F8B41206F893" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[501,611,1874,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFE75F8B41206F893" box="[501,611,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to Central and South America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B02CF3FF47F893147AFD52" lastPageId="209" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B02CF2FF47F89312EFFE72" blockId="207.[151,1437,685,2006]" lastBlockId="208.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="208" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B02CEDFF47F89311B5F874" bold="true" box="[199,464,1909,1934]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
While these ants are most abundant in forested habitats, they occur in a wide range of habitats, including open disturbed grassy areas, cacao and coffee plantations, mixed dry oak forest, upper montane oak forest, rocky tropical canyons, second growth rainforest, tropical montane evergreen forest, wet montane forest, primary rainforest, and cloud forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AF2CF2FD0AFF7113D6FF4A" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[650,947,151,176]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AF2CF2FC46FF7F1438FF4A" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler & Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[966,1117,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FC46FF7F1438FF4A" box="[966,1117,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been collected in caves near the entrances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AF2CF2FEF4FF5A12B8FF2F" author="Reddell, J. & Cokendolpher, J." box="[372,733,188,213]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="129 - 154" refId="ref160813" refString="Reddell, J. & Cokendolpher, J. (2001) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the caves of Belize, Mexico and California and Texas (U. S. A). Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs, 5, 129 - 154." type="journal article" year="2001">Reddell & Cokendolpher, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers forage in leaf litter and rotten wood and have been collected in subterranean traps baited with Vienna sausage; they are known to be attracted to carrion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AF2CF2FAA2FF39115FFEE7" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." pageId="208" pageNumber="209" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most species nest in soil with some also nesting in rotten wood.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AF2CF2FB9CFEE214D1FEE7" author="Baena, M. L." box="[1052,1204,260,285]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="13 - 21" refId="ref132002" refString="Baena, M. L. (1993) Hormigas cazadoras del genero Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera; Ponerinae) de la Isla Gorgona y la planicie Pacifica Colombiana. Boletin del Museo de Entomologi'a de la Universidad del Valle, 1 (1), 13 - 21." type="journal article" year="1993">Baena (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AF2CF2FF35FECF1150FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[181,309,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conicula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FF35FECF1150FEBA" box="[181,309,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">R. conicula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(listed as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AF2CF2FE28FECF1251FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler & Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[424,564,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopolta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FE28FECF1251FEBA" box="[424,564,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">P. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) collected in a rotten log, and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6AF2CF2FC35FECE1380FEBA" box="[949,997,296,320]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AF2CF2FBD1FECF14DAFEBA" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1105,1215,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cernua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FBD1FECF14DAFEBA" box="[1105,1215,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">R. cernua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in a log, suggesting that logs may be the normal nesting site for these species. Most flights of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AF2CF2FB06FEAB1563FE9F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1158,1286,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arhuaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FB06FEAB1563FE9F" box="[1158,1286,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">R. arhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in the middle of the summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AF2CF2FE1CFE89121BFE72" author="Kaspari, M. & Pickering, J. & Windsor, D." box="[412,638,367,392]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="245 - 257" refId="ref148780" refString="Kaspari, M., Pickering, J. & Windsor, D. (2001) The reproductive flight phenology of a Neotropical ant assemblage. Ecological Entomology, 26, 245 - 257. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2311.2001.00320. x" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Kaspari
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FE7CFE971251FE72" box="[508,564,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6AF2CF2FF17F8741468F83C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120925/files/figure.png" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" startId="208.[151,250,1938,1960]" targetBox="[151,1436,445,1904]" targetPageId="208">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6AF2CF2FF17F8741468F83C" blockId="208.[151,1436,1938,1990]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FF17F874114CF85D" bold="true" box="[151,297,1938,1960]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">FIGURE 50.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AF2CF2FE7CF87512BFF852" box="[508,730,1938,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FE7CF87512BFF852" box="[508,730,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Rasopone ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249143, Ryan Perry and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AF2CF2FC24F857146DF83C" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[932,1032,1969,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AF2CF2FC24F857146DF83C" box="[932,1032,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6AE2CF3FF47FF7114DEFE2A" blockId="209.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FF47FF7112B5FF4A" bold="true" box="[199,720,151,176]" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
None of the species treated here as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FB71FF7F153AFF4A" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1265,1375,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FB71FF7F153AFF4A" box="[1265,1375,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AE2CF3FE9EFF5A1184FF2F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[286,481,188,213]" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
phylogeny and our analysis is based on morphology alone. They were examined in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AE2CF3FE81FF391248FF02" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[257,557,223,248]" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who placed them in two species complexes, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FBD5FF3914D7FF02" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1109,1202,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arhuaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FBD5FF3914D7FF02" box="[1109,1202,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">arhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FA04FF071091FEE7" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arhuaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FA04FF071091FEE7" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. arhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FE87FEE311FDFEE7" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[263,408,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="becculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FE87FEE311FDFEE7" box="[263,408,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. becculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FE2BFEE31278FEE6" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[427,541,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cernua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FE2BFEE31278FEE6" box="[427,541,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. cernua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FDB0FEE312D0FEE7" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[560,693,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conicula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FDB0FEE312D0FEE7" box="[560,693,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. conicula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FD48FEE3131FFEE7" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[712,890,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longidentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FD48FEE3131FFEE7" box="[712,890,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. longidentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FC3BFEE31435FEE7" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler & Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[955,1104,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopolta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FC3BFEE31435FEE7" box="[955,1104,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FB49FEE2155AFEE7" box="[1225,1343,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FB49FEE2155AFEE7" box="[1225,1343,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FE89FECF11C0FEBA" authorityName="Mackay & Mackay" authorityYear="2008" box="[265,421,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviscapa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FE89FECF11C0FEBA" box="[265,421,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. breviscapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FE34FECF122EFEBA" box="[436,587,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FE34FECF122EFEBA" box="[436,587,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FDDBFECF12AEFEBA" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[603,715,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FDDBFECF12AEFEBA" box="[603,715,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. lunaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FD5CFECF132FFEC5" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1920" box="[732,842,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FD5CFECF132FFEC5" box="[732,842,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. minuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FC04FECF147CFEBA" baseAuthorityName="Mackay & Mackay" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[900,1049,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rupinicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FC04FECF147CFEBA" box="[900,1049,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">R. rupinicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Because all were considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6AE2CF3FF17FEAA11A7FE9F" author="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E." box="[151,450,332,357]" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" refId="ref152898" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, 642 pp." type="book" year="2010">Mackay & Mackay (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FDD7FEAA1293FE9F" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[599,758,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FDD7FEAA1293FE9F" box="[599,758,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the focus of their work was species-level identification, the relationships among these species and others in the subfamily were not discussed in detail but rather only in general terms. Further detailed study specifically aimed at elucidating the relationship of this group of species to the remainder of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FE00FE511195FE2A" box="[384,496,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
will be required to fully understand the evolution of this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6AE2CF3FF47FE3B147AFD52" blockId="209.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FF47FE3B1150FE0E" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[199,309,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FF47FE3B1150FE0E" box="[199,309,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically very similar to species here placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FC7CFE3A14F0FE09" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1020,1173,476,499]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FC7CFE3A14F0FE09" box="[1020,1173,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and they share many characters. They differ in that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FD81FDE71215FDE2" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[513,624,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FD81FDE71215FDE2" box="[513,624,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers lack a stridulatory organ on A4 and in having a differently configured clypeus. These differences are subtle and it may be more appropriate to combine these two genera in the future when their true relationships are better understood. We are, however, proposing both as separate for the time being based on morphological (as outline above) and biogeographic considerations (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FBCAFD8B14DDFD7E" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1098,1208,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FBCAFD8B14DDFD7E" box="[1098,1208,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from Central and South America while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6AE2CF3FD94FD7612C8FD5D" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[532,685,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6AE2CF3FD94FD7612C8FD5D" box="[532,685,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="209" pageNumber="210">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the Australian region).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |