1070 lines
172 KiB
XML
1070 lines
172 KiB
XML
<document id="0DEC81934F5C74CEE9ED1B5748258316" ID-CLB-Dataset="21132" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1006284" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b0fd0742-ddaf-42c0-bab2-2b6c502aa7b7" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598292096640" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Luz, Fernando A., Gonçalves, Gislene L., Moreira, Gilson R. P. & Becker, Vitor O." docDate="2015" docId="03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.49.31-32.1849-1875.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 49 (31)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F.6:JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Locharcha Meyrick 1923" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="1867" masterDocId="FFD2FFDFA874FF8A4D77782DFF92FFE6" masterDocTitle="Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="1875" masterPageNumber="1849" pageNumber="1854" updateTime="1698845289197" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="06D4ADC3F0247F3B0FA62EDD00FEB819">Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7C8BDDFAE4D789353B1151226E86BCE7">Luz, Fernando A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="ADD1F0F650926A35386EE4D03185DA92">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9E93CD4DDF0C1B5F04B4A066F4DEB720">Gonçalves, Gislene L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="30E4A4974FCF0BB839060AAF759323F3">Moreira, Gilson R. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="219A14DFE810318B470973EF534C1D07">Becker, Vitor O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3F018819939DC615B778889523D97C22">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="ECC5505B6A7F9B40D6B0FD274745D96B">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="36237CFC1BE1F93E5E725A727CCBA488">
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<mods:date id="39DE77A54C12A756E0573E907C713468">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AD28AC6A7263152DDC4D84897BC58F8B">2015-02-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7B0D9DC6DDA6330733DC5F695DFE3422">49</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C834174F8C23B054EB932582DBB3977B">1849</mods:start>
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<treatment id="03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323915" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167307977" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4323915" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1867" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">
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<subSubSection id="C358653AA871FF8F4CAE7AB3FC94FD50" box="[473,774,670,694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A871FF8F4CAE7AB3FC94FD50" blockId="5.[309,938,575,790]" box="[473,774,670,694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">
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<heading id="D0B581DDA871FF8F4CAE7AB3FC94FD50" box="[473,774,670,694]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" reason="2">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A871FF8F4F5D7AB3FC94FD50" ID-CoL="92DGQ" authority="Meyrick" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1923" box="[554,774,670,694]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A871FF8F4F5D7AB3FD0DFD50" bold="true" box="[554,671,670,694]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">Locharcha</emphasis>
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Meyrick
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C358653AA871FF804C427A92FE7CFB38" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1859" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A871FF8F4C427A92FC35FD10" blockId="5.[309,938,575,790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">
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Type species
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A871FF8F4CBB7A93FC9BFD30" authority="Meyrick" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1923" box="[460,777,702,726]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emicans">
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A871FF8F4CBB7A93FD31FD30" bold="true" box="[460,675,702,726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">Locharcha emicans</emphasis>
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Meyrick
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</taxonomicName>
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by monotypy
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A871FF8F4C4F7AF3FC8AFD10" authority="Moreira and Becker" authorityName="Moreira and Becker" authorityYear="2015" box="[312,792,734,758]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A871FF8F4C4F7AF3FDB4FD10" bold="true" box="[312,550,734,758]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
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Moreira and Becker
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20557D8A871FF8F4E527AF2FC35FD10" box="[805,935,734,758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A871FF8F4F537AD3FD29FCF0" blockId="5.[309,938,575,790]" box="[548,699,766,790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13792A34A871FF8F4F5A7AD3FD20FCF0" box="[557,690,766,790]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figure 6" captionStart-6="Figure 7" captionStart-7="Figure 8" captionStartId-0="5.[144,211,1717,1739]" captionStartId-1="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionStartId-2="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionStartId-3="8.[212,279,772,794]" captionStartId-4="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionStartId-5="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionStartId-6="10.[212,279,1046,1068]" captionStartId-7="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox-0="[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetBox-1="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetBox-3="[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetBox-4="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetBox-5="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetBox-6="[213,1169,168,1014]" captionTargetBox-7="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId-6="figure@10.[213,1170,168,1014]" captionTargetId-7="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="11" captionText-0="Figure 1. Locharcha opportuna adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on Tibouchina sellowiana leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively." captionText-1="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." captionText-2="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." captionText-3="Figure 4. Female genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively." captionText-4="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." captionText-5="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." captionText-6="Figure 7. Locharcha opportuna pupa, in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views, respectively. Scale bar = 1 mm." captionText-7="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999750" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999758" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999764" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3999750/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3999758/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3999764/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">Figures 1–8</figureCitation>
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)
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||
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3D6639A871FF8F4DE77E98FE9EF8E3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999750" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999750/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" startId="5.[144,211,1717,1739]" targetBox="[145,1102,856,1685]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A871FF8F4DE77E98FE9EF8E3" blockId="5.[144,1104,1717,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A871FF8F4D8C7E98FE46F92D" box="[251,468,1717,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A871FF8F4D8C7E98FE46F92D" box="[251,468,1717,1739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A871FF8F4F6F7EFFFD64F901" box="[536,758,1746,1767]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A871FF8F4F6F7EFFFD64F901" box="[536,758,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1854">Tibouchina sellowiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF3D6639A872FF8C4DA37BDDFC1CFBA6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" startId="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" targetBox="[219,1164,168,976]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A872FF8C4DA37BDDFC1CFBA6" blockId="6.[212,1172,1008,1088]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A872FF8C4C4A7BDDFD86FBE0" box="[317,532,1008,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A872FF8C4C4A7BDDFD86FBE0" box="[317,532,1008,1030]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A872FF8C4DA37CB5FEE2FB49" box="[212,368,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">Type material</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A872FF8C4DA37C93FB06FA50" blockId="6.[212,1172,1175,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">
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<collectingCountry id="F3557621A872FF8C4DA37C93FED3FB30" box="[212,321,1214,1238]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
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: Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata (CPCN Pró- Mata;
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29°29
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16
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A872FF8C4CF27CF3FE02FB10" bold="true" box="[389,400,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">″</emphasis>
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S
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,
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50°10
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<emphasis id="B936EAA3A872FF8C4C877CF3FE64FB10" bold="true" box="[496,502,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">ʹ</emphasis>
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60
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W
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;
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), São Francisco de Paula Municipality,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4986F853A872FF8C491E7CF3FE58FAF0" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">Rio Grande do Sul State</collectingRegion>
|
||
(RS), Brazil. Adults preserved dried and pinned, reared by the senior author from galls induced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A872FF8C4FA37D33FEB0FAB0" authority="Moreira & Becker" authorityName="Moreira & Becker" class="Insecta" family="Momphidae" genus="Palaeomystella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fernandesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A872FF8C4FA37D33FB91FAD0" box="[724,1027,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">Palaeomystella fernandesi</emphasis>
|
||
Moreira & Becker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A872FF8C4C497D13FE42FAB0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[318,464,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A872FF8C4C907D13FDE6FAB0" box="[487,628,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Momphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Momphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A872FF8C4FB67D13FE20FA90" authority="(Cham.) Cogn." authorityName="Cogn." baseAuthorityName="Cham." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A872FF8C4FB67D13FC5AFAB0" box="[705,968,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">Tibouchina sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
(Cham.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4CB47D73FD9FFA90" box="[451,525,1374,1398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
174,
|
||
<date id="FFFC1071A872FF8C4F2E7D73FC87FA90" box="[601,789,1374,1398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" value="2012-03-26">26 March 2012</date>
|
||
, by G.R.P. Moreira, F.A. Luz and P. Pollo;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4C027D53FE2DFA70" box="[373,447,1406,1430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
210,
|
||
<date id="FFFC1071A872FF8C4F757D52FD52FA70" box="[514,704,1406,1430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" value="2013-03-07" valueMax="2013-03-09" valueMin="2013-03-07">7–9 March 2013</date>
|
||
by G.R.P. Moreira, F.A. Luz and L.T. Pereira.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98813A872FF8C4C327DB3FE76FA50" box="[325,484,1438,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C4F777DB3FD86FA50" box="[512,532,1438,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4F427DB3FD12FA50" box="[565,640,1438,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
210–189), donated to
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4EBF7DB3FB84FA53" box="[968,1046,1438,1461]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
(29.418).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A872FF8C4DA37D93FD4DF993" blockId="6.[212,1172,1175,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C4DA37D93FD1AFA30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971308" box="[212,648,1470,1494]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 210-45" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98813A872FF8C4DA37D93FEECFA30" box="[212,382,1470,1494]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C4CF87D93FE2FFA30" box="[399,445,1470,1494]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4CA47D93FD12FA30" box="[467,640,1470,1494]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 210–45</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C4FEC7D93FCA1FA13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971302" collectionCode="DZUP" latitude="29.419" longLatPrecision="73" longitude="29.42" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 174-179" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C4FEC7D93FD4CFA30" box="[667,734,1470,1494]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4F847D93FC38FA30" box="[755,938,1470,1494]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 174–179</specimenCode>
|
||
and 193), donated to
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4D817DF3FED6FA13" box="[246,324,1502,1525]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765076A872FF8C4C207DF0FE35FA13" box="[343,423,1501,1525]" degrees="29.419" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" precision="55" value="29.419">29.419</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765076A872FF8C4CC17DF0FD93FA13" box="[438,513,1501,1525]" degrees="29.420" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" precision="55" value="29.42">29.420</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and 29.421, respectively)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C4E357DF0FBD1FA13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971301" box="[834,1091,1501,1526]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 174-180" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C4E357DF0FCFDFA10" box="[834,879,1501,1526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4EF57DF0FBA9FA13" box="[898,1083,1501,1526]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 174–180</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C49247DF0FEF7F9D3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971305" collectionCode="MCNZ" latitude="81.904" longLatPrecision="56" longitude="81.905" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 174-40" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C49247DF0FB06FA10" box="[1107,1172,1501,1526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4DAC7DD0FE1AF9F3" box="[219,392,1533,1557]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 174–40</specimenCode>
|
||
and 210–57), donated to
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4FAE7DD0FCBDF9F3" box="[729,815,1533,1557]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765076A872FF8C4E307DD0FC05F9F3" box="[839,919,1533,1557]" degrees="81.904" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" precision="55" value="81.904">81.904</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765076A872FF8C4EDC7DD0FC64F9F3" box="[939,1014,1533,1557]" degrees="81.905" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" precision="55" value="81.905">81.905</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and 81.906, respectively)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C4C017E30FDE8F9D3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971306" box="[374,634,1565,1589]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 174-187" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C4C017E30FE36F9D3" box="[374,420,1565,1589]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4CCF7E30FDE0F9D3" box="[440,626,1565,1589]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 174–187</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C4FFC7E30FCB4F9B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971303" collectionCode="MCTP" latitude="36.227" longLatPrecision="70" longitude="36.228" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 174-41" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C4FFC7E30FD5CF9D3" box="[651,718,1565,1589]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4F967E30FC18F9D3" box="[737,906,1565,1589]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 174–41</specimenCode>
|
||
and 176), donated to
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4DA37E10FEB6F9B3" box="[212,292,1597,1621]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rq94-ajyg" name="Museu de Ciencias" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">MCTP</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765076A872FF8C4C4C7E10FE18F9B3" box="[315,394,1597,1621]" degrees="36.227" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" precision="55" value="36.227">36.227</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE765076A872FF8C4CE97E10FE7BF9B3" box="[414,489,1597,1621]" degrees="36.228" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" precision="55" value="36.228">36.228</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and 36.229, respectively)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C4E4D7E10FBA8F9B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971309" box="[826,1082,1597,1621]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 210-64" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C4E4D7E10FCF9F9B3" box="[826,875,1597,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4EF47E10FBA0F9B3" box="[899,1074,1597,1621]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 210–64</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA872FF8C49387E10FD49F993" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971304" collectionCode="VOB" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" specimenCode="LMCI 174-194" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A872FF8C49387E10FB06F9B3" box="[1103,1172,1597,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA872FF8C4DAC7E70FE1DF993" box="[219,399,1629,1653]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">LMCI 174–194</specimenCode>
|
||
and 196), donated to
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A872FF8C4FEA7E70FD49F993" box="[669,731,1629,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1855">VOB</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A873FF8D4DE77D4BFEF5F9E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1856" startId="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" targetBox="[145,1102,168,1350]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A873FF8D4DE77D4BFEF5F9E8" blockId="7.[144,1104,1382,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1856">
|
||
Figure 3. Male genital morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A873FF8D4F687D4AFD66FA9A" box="[543,756,1383,1404]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1856" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A873FF8D4F687D4AFD66FA9A" box="[543,756,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1856">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A87CFF824DA37B29FD19FCB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999758" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999758" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999758/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857" startId="8.[212,279,772,794]" targetBox="[213,1170,168,740]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87CFF824DA37B29FD19FCB2" blockId="8.[212,1173,772,852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857">
|
||
Figure 4. Female genital morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87CFF824FFC7B29FCF6FCFC" box="[651,868,772,794]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87CFF824FFC7B29FCF6FCFC" box="[651,868,772,794]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A87CFF824DA37E2CFC51F9B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857" startId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" targetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87CFF824DA37E2CFC51F9B4" blockId="8.[212,1171,1537,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87CFF824C357E2FFD8FF9F1" box="[322,541,1538,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87CFF824C357E2FFD8FF9F1" box="[322,541,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1857">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A87DFF834DE77C0AFC95FB29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" startId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" targetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87DFF834DE77C0AFC95FB29" blockId="9.[144,1104,1063,1231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">
|
||
Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87DFF834F2A7C0AFCA6FBDB" box="[605,820,1063,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87DFF834F2A7C0AFCA6FBDB" box="[605,820,1063,1085]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87DFF834DE77D21FE25FAC2" blockId="9.[144,1104,1292,1675]" box="[144,439,1292,1316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581DDA87DFF834DE77D21FE25FAC2" box="[144,439,1292,1316]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87DFF834DE77D21FE25FAC2" box="[144,439,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Other specimens examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87DFF804DE77D19FE7CFB38" blockId="9.[144,1104,1292,1675]" lastBlockId="10.[212,1172,1190,1246]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1859" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3CECA87DFF804DE77D19FE79FB38" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2848971307" collectionCode="LMCI" country="Canada" county="In" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1859" location="Adults" municipality="Dietrich'" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" specimenCode="LMCI 174-174, 177, 182, 191, 210-62, GRPM 50-24, LMCI 174-185, 188, 195, 210-46, GRPM 50-25, LMCI 174-206, LMCI 174-210, GRPM 50-63, GRPM 50-64, GRPM 50-59, GRPM 50-61, GRPM 59-66, LCMI 174-55, LMCI 174-216, LMCI 174-217, 222, LMCI 174-53" specimenCount="31" specimenCount-female="11" specimenCount-male="11" specimenCount-pupa="9">
|
||
With the same collection data, deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED53AE74A87DFF834FFE7D19FD44FAAA" box="[649,726,1332,1356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8E9D606AA87DFF834F947D19FCA3FAAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E:8E9D606AA87DFF834F947D19FCA3FAAA" box="[739,817,1332,1356]" country="Canada" county="In" municipality="Dietrich'" name="Adults" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Adults</location>
|
||
, dried and pinned:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF8349667D19FBC2FAAA" box="[1041,1104,1332,1356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="male">6 ♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834DE07D79FED8FA8A" box="[151,330,1364,1388]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LMCI 174–174</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834C207D79FE10FA8A" box="[343,386,1364,1388]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">177</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834CF87D79FE28FA8A" box="[399,442,1364,1388]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">182</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834CB07D79FE60FA8A" box="[455,498,1364,1388]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">191</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834C887D79FDC0FA8A" box="[511,594,1364,1388]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">210–62</specimenCode>
|
||
; 174–170, with genitalia in glycerine
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834E8C7D79FF44FA6D" collectionCode="GRPM" country="0" name="Public Museum of Grand Rapids" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">GRPM 50–24</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF834D9D7D5EFEB5FA6A" box="[234,295,1395,1420]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="female">5 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834C417D5EFE7AFA6D" box="[310,488,1395,1420]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LMCI 174–185</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834C837D5EFD8DFA6D" box="[500,543,1395,1419]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">188</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834F5C7D5EFDC4FA6D" box="[555,598,1395,1419]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">195</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834F157D5EFD26FA6D" box="[610,692,1395,1420]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">210–46</specimenCode>
|
||
; 174–171, with genitalia in glycerine
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834DE77DBEFEA4FA4D" box="[144,310,1427,1451]" collectionCode="GRPM" country="0" name="Public Museum of Grand Rapids" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">GRPM 50–25</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8E9D606AA87DFF834C397DBEFE0EFA4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E:8E9D606AA87DFF834C397DBEFE0EFA4D" box="[334,412,1427,1451]" country="Canada" county="In" municipality="Dietrich'" name="Adults" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Adults</location>
|
||
, fixed in
|
||
<location id="8E9D606AA87DFF834F667DBEFDE7FA4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E:8E9D606AA87DFF834F667DBEFDE7FA4D" box="[529,629,1427,1451]" country="Canada" county="In" municipality="Dietrich'" name="Dietrich'" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Dietrich’</location>
|
||
s fluid, preserved in 70% ethanol:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF8349797DBEFBC2FA4D" box="[1038,1104,1427,1451]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834DE07D9EFEC3FA2D" box="[151,337,1459,1483]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LMCI 174–206</specimenCode>
|
||
and 207, with genitalia in glycerine GRPM 50–68 and 69, respectively);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF834C587DFEFEE0FA0D" box="[303,370,1491,1515]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834CF17DFEFDA9FA0D" box="[390,571,1491,1515]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LMCI 174–210</specimenCode>
|
||
and 211, with genitalia in glycerine GRPM 50–70 and 71, respectively).
|
||
<location id="8E9D606AA87DFF834CBB7DDEFD91F9ED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E:8E9D606AA87DFF834CBB7DDEFD91F9ED" box="[460,515,1523,1547]" country="Canada" county="In" municipality="Dietrich'" name="Slide" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Slide</location>
|
||
preparations, mounted in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3557621A87DFF834E5B7DDEFC16F9ED" box="[812,900,1523,1547]" name="Canada" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
balsam: genitalia,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF834DE77E3EFF2BF9CD" box="[144,185,1555,1579]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834DBD7E3EFEFFF9CD" box="[202,365,1555,1579]" collectionCode="GRPM" country="0" name="Public Museum of Grand Rapids" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">GRPM 50–63</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF834CF57E3EFE52F9CD" box="[386,448,1555,1579]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834CA77E3EFDE3F9CD" box="[464,625,1555,1579]" collectionCode="GRPM" country="0" name="Public Museum of Grand Rapids" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">GRPM 50–64</specimenCode>
|
||
and 65); wings,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF834E587E3EFCFEF9CD" box="[815,876,1555,1579]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834E0A7E3EFB8FF9CD" box="[893,1053,1555,1579]" collectionCode="GRPM" country="0" name="Public Museum of Grand Rapids" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">GRPM 50–59</specimenCode>
|
||
and 60),
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF834DBF7E1EFE99F9AD" box="[200,267,1587,1611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834C567E1EFE5AF9AD" box="[289,456,1587,1611]" collectionCode="GRPM" country="0" name="Public Museum of Grand Rapids" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">GRPM 50–61</specimenCode>
|
||
and 62); 2 last-instar larvae (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834E4E7E1EFC4DF9AD" box="[825,991,1587,1611]" collectionCode="GRPM" country="0" name="Public Museum of Grand Rapids" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">GRPM 59–66</specimenCode>
|
||
and 67).
|
||
<location id="8E9D606AA87DFF834DE77E7EFE92F98C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87A7A871FF994CAE7AB3FE99FB9E:8E9D606AA87DFF834DE77E7EFE92F98C" box="[144,256,1619,1642]" country="Canada" county="In" municipality="Dietrich'" name="Immature" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Immature</location>
|
||
stages, fixed in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B99ACCBA87DFF834CC37E7EFD85F98D" box="[436,535,1619,1643]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">Dietrich’</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
s fluid and preserved in 70% ethanol: 12 last-instar larvae (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834D947E5EFE14F96D" box="[227,390,1651,1675]" collectionCode="LCMI" country="India" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34970" name="Loyola College" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LCMI 174–55</specimenCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D44FD38A87DFF834CED7E5EFE60F96C" box="[410,498,1651,1675]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858" type="pupa">9 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834F777E5EFD20F96D" box="[512,690,1651,1675]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LMCI 174–216</specimenCode>
|
||
); 6 dissected galls (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87DFF834EF37E5EFBA0F96D" box="[900,1074,1651,1675]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="9" pageNumber="1858">LMCI 174–217</specimenCode>
|
||
to
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87EFF804DA37C8BFE92FB58" box="[212,256,1190,1214]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="10" pageNumber="1858">222</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629C4E3DA87EFF804C627C8AFEBFFB58" box="[277,301,1191,1214]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">In</collectingCounty>
|
||
tissue collection, nine larvae (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE49ECAA87EFF804FFE7C8BFCBFFB58" box="[649,813,1190,1214]" collectionCode="LMCI" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">LMCI 174–53</specimenCode>
|
||
and 57) fixed and preserved in 100% ethanol, at −20°C
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A87EFF804DA37C3BFE4BFBAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999764" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999764/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" startId="10.[212,279,1046,1068]" targetBox="[213,1169,168,1014]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87EFF804DA37C3BFE4BFBAF" blockId="10.[212,1172,1046,1097]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">
|
||
Figure 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804C4A7C3BFD81FBCA" box="[317,531,1046,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804C4A7C3BFD81FBCA" box="[317,531,1046,1068]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa, in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views, respectively. Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C358653AA87EFF814DA37D19FD8AF9AB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1860" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87EFF804DA37D19FED2FAAD" blockId="10.[212,1172,1332,1682]" box="[212,320,1332,1355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581DDA87EFF804DA37D19FED2FAAD" box="[212,320,1332,1355]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804DA37D19FED2FAAD" box="[212,320,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87EFF804DA37D76FE59F9D4" blockId="10.[212,1172,1332,1682]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">
|
||
A gelechiid lineage with larvae, pupae and adults having a clear affinity with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804DA37D56FED7FA75" authorityName="Piskunov" authorityYear="1973" box="[212,325,1403,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Teleiodini">Teleiodini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804C2F7D51FE00FA75" box="[344,402,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B40A87EFF804CEA7D56FD00FA75" author="Lee S & Brown RL" box="[413,658,1403,1427]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref11743" refString="Lee S, Brown RL. 2008. Revision of Holartic Teleiodini (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Zootaxa. 1818: 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="2008">Lee and Brown 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is assigned to the (formerly) monotypic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804C6B7DB6FE69FA54" authority="Meyrick" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1923" box="[284,507,1434,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804C6B7DB6FE03FA55" box="[284,401,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">Locharcha</emphasis>
|
||
Meyrick
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having males with very similar wing venation patterns, and a strongly asymmetrical valva associated with a dome-shaped tegumen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B40A87EFF804DAC7DF7FEFBFA14" author="Clarke JFG" box="[219,361,1498,1522]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" refId="ref11085" refString="Clarke JFG. 1969. Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick. Vol. VII. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)." type="book" year="1969">Clarke 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804CF27DF6FDE5FA14" box="[389,631,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804CF27DF6FDE5FA14" box="[389,631,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804E6E7DF6FB93FA14" authority="Meyrick" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1923" box="[793,1025,1498,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804E6E7DF6FC04FA14" box="[793,918,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">L. emicans</emphasis>
|
||
Meyrick
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a different wing colour pattern, uncus subtrapezoidal, tegumen longer than wide, and saccus not developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87EFF814D897E16FD8AF9AB" blockId="10.[212,1172,1332,1682]" lastBlockId="11.[144,1104,1493,1613]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1860" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">
|
||
It is close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804CFA7E17FD39F9B4" authority="Chambers" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[397,683,1594,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804CFA7E17FDBFF9B4" box="[397,557,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
Chambers
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sharing males with an asymmetrical valve, and females with a single spiny, wedge-shaped signum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804E227E77FBD6F994" box="[853,1092,1626,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804E227E77FBD6F994" box="[853,1092,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87EFF804CC57E57FDC0F974" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[434,594,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87EFF804CC57E57FDC0F974" box="[434,594,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1859">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in several characteristics: (1) fore wings with veins R
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A87FFF814DD37DCDFF3CFA16" attach="left" box="[164,174,1504,1520]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860">4</subScript>
|
||
stalked to R
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A87FFF814C337DCDFEDCFA16" attach="right" box="[324,334,1504,1520]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860">5</subScript>
|
||
, and M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A87FFF814CDC7DCDFE27FA16" attach="left" box="[427,437,1504,1520]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860">2</subScript>
|
||
stalked to M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A87FFF814F267DCDFDC9FA16" attach="right" box="[593,603,1504,1520]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860">3</subScript>
|
||
; (2) hind wings with vein R5 separate from M1, and M2 separate from M3; (3) males without hair pencil in anal area of hind wings; (4) females with anterior margin of sterigma asymmetrical, projecting anteriorly as a process on the left side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A87FFF814DE77C94FE9EFA7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860" startId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" targetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87FFF814DE77C94FE9EFA7D" blockId="11.[144,1104,1209,1435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860">
|
||
Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87FFF814F027C94FCC3FB29" box="[629,849,1209,1231]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87FFF814F027C94FCC3FB29" box="[629,849,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1860">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C358653AA878FF874DA37884FD52FE59" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="1862" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A878FF864DA37884FEC1FF26" blockId="12.[212,1172,169,1349]" box="[212,339,169,192]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581DDA878FF864DA37884FEC1FF26" box="[212,339,169,192]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864DA37884FEC1FF26" box="[212,339,169,192]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A878FF864DA378FDFDDCFAA2" blockId="12.[212,1172,169,1349]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864DA378FDFE2EFF0E" box="[212,444,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">
|
||
Adult (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864C5178FCFE35FF0E" box="[294,423,208,232]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="5.[144,211,1717,1739]" captionStartId-1="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionStartId-2="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionStartId-3="8.[212,279,772,794]" captionTargetBox-0="[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetBox-1="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetBox-3="[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="Figure 1. Locharcha opportuna adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on Tibouchina sellowiana leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively." captionText-1="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." captionText-2="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." captionText-3="Figure 4. Female genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999750" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999758" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3999750/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3999758/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figures 1–4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Male and female similar in size and colour. Small moth, with fore wing length varying from
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B54A878FF864F3778DDFC90FEEE" box="[576,770,240,264]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.24" metricValueMax="7.15" metricValueMin="5.33" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861" unit="mm" value="6.24" valueMax="7.15" valueMin="5.33">5.33 to 7.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864E6278DCFCB0FEEE" box="[789,802,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 8).
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864E0778DDFC3FFEEE" box="[880,941,240,264]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864EB778DDFBA4FEEE" box="[960,1078,240,264]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1717,1739]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Locharcha opportuna adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on Tibouchina sellowiana leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999750/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
): Frons and vertex mostly cream-white; labial palpus mostly with cream-white scales tipped with dark grey, terminal segments angled slightly upward; antennae dark grey; proboscis yellowish brown. Vestiture moderately smooth. Eye relatively large, rounded; vertical diameter subequal to interocular distance across frons. Ocellus absent. Antenna filiform, longer than half fore wing; flagellomeres completely encircled by single, dense row of slender scales. Clypeus with ventral margin broadly truncate. Pilifers well developed, triangular. Proboscis ~ length of labial palpus. Maxillary palpus short, smoothly scaled, 4-segmented, bent anteriorly and upward. Labial palpi three-segmented, long, bent anteriorly and upward; ratio of segments from base ~1.0: 3.4: 3.4.
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864E4A7A02FC0BFDA1" box="[829,921,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Tegula and mesonotum mostly cream-white, mottled with sparse yellowish scales; tegula with darkgrey scales anteriorly; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs mostly dark grey; metathoracic legs lighter, mostly covered with cream-white scales tipped with dark grey.
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864C2C7A82FE49FD20" box="[347,475,687,710]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Fore wings</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864C877A83FDE7FD20" box="[496,629,686,710]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1717,1739]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Locharcha opportuna adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on Tibouchina sellowiana leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999750/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figures 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864FFE7A83FD3EFD20" box="[649,684,686,710]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionTargetBox="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
): dorsally covered with dark-grey scales along anterior portion and with cream-white scales on posterior margin, forming two wide, irregularly shaped, longitudinal bands; the cream-white band, mottled with yellowish scales; ventrally covered by darkish-grey scales; fringe yellowish; lanceolate, with 12 veins; L/W index ~ 4.3; retinaculum subcostal, with secondary, adjacent subradial setae in female; discal cell closed, ~ 0.63× length of fore wing; Sc ending circa middle anterior margin; R 5-branched; R
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864E007B55FC13FC6E" attach="left" box="[887,897,888,904]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">1</subScript>
|
||
ending near two-thirds of wing margin; R
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864CDC7BB5FE27FC4E" attach="left" box="[427,437,920,936]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">4</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864F707BB5FD83FC4E" attach="left" box="[519,529,920,936]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">5</subScript>
|
||
stalked
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864F037BA3FD12FC43" box="[628,640,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">c</emphasis>
|
||
.1/2 distance from the cell apex; R
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF8649677BB5FBA0FC4E" attach="left" box="[1040,1074,920,936]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">4+5</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF8649FD7BB5FB06FC4E" attach="left" box="[1162,1172,920,936]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">1</subScript>
|
||
separate; M 3-branched; M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864F6C7B95FDB7FC2E" attach="left" box="[539,549,952,968]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">2</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864FF47B95FD1FFC2E" attach="left" box="[643,653,952,968]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">3</subScript>
|
||
stalked near cubitus; CuA 2-branched; 1A +2A forked basally, extending more than half length of posterior margin. Hind wings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864C5C7BC0FE23FBE3" box="[299,433,1005,1029]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1717,1739]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[145,1102,856,1685]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Locharcha opportuna adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on Tibouchina sellowiana leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999750/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figures 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864CB17BC0FE7AFBE3" box="[454,488,1005,1029]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionTargetBox="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
): light grey on both sides; fringe mostly light grey and yellowish on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; with 9 veins, with a parallel-sided hair pencil at base of anal area; L/W index ~ 4.4, ~ 0.76 fore wing in length; frenulum a single acanthus in male, with two parallel-sided acanthi in female; discal cell closed, ~ 0.63× length of fore wing; Sc+R
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864EEF7C5AFC30FB61" attach="left" box="[920,930,1143,1159]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">1</subScript>
|
||
ending at circa onethird of anterior margin; Rs ending circa two-thirds of anterior margin; M 3- branched, with M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864CC67C9AFE29FB21" attach="left" box="[433,443,1207,1223]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">1</subScript>
|
||
, M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864C9A7C9AFE65FB21" attach="left" box="[493,503,1207,1223]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">2</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864F2C7C9AFDF7FB21" attach="left" box="[603,613,1207,1223]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">3</subScript>
|
||
separate; CuA 2-branched, CuA
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF864E887C9AFB9BFB21" attach="left" box="[1023,1033,1207,1223]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">1</subScript>
|
||
and CuA
|
||
<subScript id="17C634F4A878FF8649FD7C9AFB06FB21" attach="left" box="[1162,1172,1207,1223]" fontSize="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">2</subScript>
|
||
separate; CuP weakly sclerotized, ending at one-third of posterior margin; 1A +2A well developed, ending near basis of posterior margin. Legs with tibial spur pattern 0–2–4; epiphysis present.
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864F2E7D21FD51FAC2" box="[601,707,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: Mostly covered by cream-white scales; pregenital segments unmodified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A878FF864DA37DACFC35F97E" blockId="12.[212,1172,1409,1688]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864DA37DACFDE2FA7F" box="[212,624,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">
|
||
Male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864CE77DAFFD99FA7F" box="[400,523,1409,1433]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionTargetBox="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figures 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864F6B7DACFDCEFA7F" box="[540,604,1409,1433]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">3A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Uncus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864FA17DACFCDFFA7F" box="[726,845,1409,1433]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) small, subtrapezoidal, subequal in length to gnathos and with distal margin setose; tegumen dome-shaped, basal width/length ratio
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A878FF864CC37DEFFE52FA3F" box="[436,448,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">c</emphasis>
|
||
.0.45; gnathos (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864F0A7DECFD65FA3F" box="[637,759,1473,1497]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) falcate; costal part of left valva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864DAB7DCDFEC1FA1E" box="[220,339,1504,1528]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with bulbous base and distal part slender, long and curved; in locus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864DAB7E2DFEDEF9FE" box="[220,332,1536,1560]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionTargetBox="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
), the distal part directed first to the right, and then upward, contouring the tegumen dorsally; saccular part of valve absent; right valve not detected; siccae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864DAB7E6DFEC4F9BE" box="[220,342,1600,1624]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
) symmetrical, curved mesally and setose, with the aedeagus anchored mesially; phallic fulcrum cylindrical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A878FF864F017E4DFC87F99E" box="[630,789,1632,1656]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[144,211,1382,1404]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[145,1102,168,1350]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999756/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1861">Figures 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
), middle-sized, with distal margin ventrally pointed; vesica without cornuti; saccus not developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A879FF874DE77885FD52FE59" blockId="13.[144,1104,168,447]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874DE77885FDC9FF26" box="[144,603,168,192]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
Female genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874C2C7884FE65FF26" box="[347,503,168,192]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionTargetBox="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figures 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874F717885FDD5FF26" box="[518,583,168,192]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[212,279,772,794]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Female genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999758" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999758/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Anal papillae laterally compressed, forming a narrow terminal, setose lobe; apophyses posteriores
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874E5678E4FCBFFF06" box="[801,813,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">c</emphasis>
|
||
.3× length of apophyses anteriores; sterigma with anterior margin asymmetrical; tergum projecting anteriorly on the left side as a pointed process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874F137925FC83FEF9" box="[612,785,264,288]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[212,279,1008,1030]" captionTargetBox="[219,1164,168,976]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[219,1165,168,976]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999752/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figures 2D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874E517925FCD5FEC6" box="[806,839,264,288]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[212,279,772,794]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Female genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999758" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999758/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
); sternum deeply and narrowly emarginated medially, bearing the ostium bursae on anterior, rounded portion, located on the left ventral side; ductus bursae membranous, shorter than corpus bursae, with ductus seminalis inserted medially; corpus bursae an elongate sac, wall covered by small, stout spines and bearing anteriorly a single spiny, wedgeshaped, centrally constricted signum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874F49798AFD22FE59" box="[574,688,423,447]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[212,279,772,794]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,168,740]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Female genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999758" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999758/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C358653AA879FF994DE779DFFE99FB9E" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1868" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A879FF874DE779DFFCE8FDEC" blockId="13.[144,890,498,522]" box="[144,890,498,522]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581DDA879FF874DE779DFFCE8FDEC" box="[144,890,498,522]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874DE779DFFE82FDEC" box="[144,272,498,522]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874CA479DEFDDFFDEC" box="[467,589,499,522]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">opportunus</emphasis>
|
||
[= opportunist]; feminine.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A879FF874DE77A78FED5FD8A" blockId="13.[144,1104,597,1075]" box="[144,327,597,620]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
<heading id="D0B581DDA879FF874DE77A78FED5FD8A" box="[144,327,597,620]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862" reason="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874DE77A78FED5FD8A" box="[144,327,597,620]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Immature stages</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A879FF874DE77A50FE0BFBD5" blockId="13.[144,1104,597,1075]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874DE77A50FD90FD72" box="[144,514,636,660]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
Last larval instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874C1F7A50FE42FD72" box="[360,464,636,660]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figures 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874C977A51FE7FFD72" box="[480,493,636,660]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body length varying from
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B54A879FF874E487A51FC7DFD72" box="[831,1007,636,660]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.81" metricValueMax="5.72" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862" unit="mm" value="4.81" valueMax="5.72" valueMin="3.9">3.9 to 5.72 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF8749767A50FB9CFD72" box="[1025,1038,637,660]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 7). Endophyllous, semiprognathous and tissue-feeder. Head, thorax and abdomen with setae well developed.
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874CE37A91FE42FD32" box="[404,464,700,724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Head</emphasis>
|
||
: light brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874FF57A91FD6BFD32" box="[642,761,700,724]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
), smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874EF77A91FC6BFD32" box="[896,1017,700,724]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
); frons subequal in height and width, extending to circa one-half epicranial notch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874DEF7AD1FEA5FCF2" box="[152,311,764,788]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); labrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874CCE7AD1FDBDFCF2" box="[441,559,764,788]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
) shallowly notched, with six pairs of setae of unequal size; six stemmata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874C8D7B31FDEAFCD2" box="[506,632,796,820]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
) arranged in C-shaped configuration. Chaetotaxy (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874C537B16FE08FCB5" box="[292,410,827,851]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
): A group trisetose; L group unisetose; P group bisetose; C group bisetose; F group unisetose; AF group bisetose; S group trisetose; SS group trisetose. A1, A3, P1, P2, S2 and S3 about equal in length, longest setae on head; C1, C2, F1, A2, AF2, L1 intermediate in length; AF1 shorter. Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874EE07BB6FB9EFC55" box="[919,1036,923,947]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
) twosegmented; mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874CEC7B96FD9CFC35" box="[411,526,955,979]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
) broad, with four teeth and two unequal setae on outer surface; labium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874CF87BF6FE6DFC15" box="[399,511,987,1011]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two-segmented palpi, each bearing a seta; first segment
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874C767BD1FE9FFBF5" box="[257,269,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">c</emphasis>
|
||
.8× longer than second segment; spinneret parallel-sided; maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874DEF7C36FE98FBD5" box="[152,266,1051,1075]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6F</figureCitation>
|
||
) prominent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A879FF874DE77C48FD2AF97D" blockId="13.[144,1104,1125,1692]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A879FF874DE77C48FDD7FB9B" box="[144,581,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">
|
||
Thorax and abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874CEA7C4BFDA2FB9B" box="[413,560,1125,1149]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Prothoracic shield (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874E427C48FC39FB9B" box="[821,939,1125,1149]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
) dark brown, divided longitudinally by indistinct, unpigmented area; anterior and posterior half of mesothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal segments white and violet, respectively, giving a banded appearance to the larva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874F037CE8FD79FB3B" box="[628,747,1221,1245]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
); pinacula small, fuscous; anal plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874DAC7CC8FEC6FB1B" box="[219,340,1253,1277]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) dark brown; anal fork black, with three major pairs of prongs; thoracic legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874C367D29FE53FAFA" box="[321,449,1284,1308]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[213,1170,984,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) dark brown, with a pair of broad bladelike setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874DEF7D09FE9DFADA" box="[152,271,1316,1340]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6G</figureCitation>
|
||
) ventrolateral to terminal claw. Prolegs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A879FF874F9A7D09FCCAFADA" box="[749,856,1316,1340]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1063,1085]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[145,1102,168,1031]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="1862">Figure 6I</figureCitation>
|
||
) on A3–A6 and A10 of equal size; crochets in a biordinal, uniserial circle, mesial penellipse. Thorax chaetotaxy: T1 with D group bisetose, both located on the dorsal shield, D1 shorter than D2; XD group bisetose, similar in length and both on the dorsal shield; SD bisetose, laterally on the dorsal shield; L group trisetose, L1 longer than L2; SV group bisetose, posteroventral to L2, SV1 slightly longer than SV2; V group unisetose. T2 and T3 with D and SD groups bisetose; SD2 shorter than SD1; L trisetose, L3 posterior to L1–L2, similar in length to L1; SV unisetose; V unisetose. Abdomen chaetotaxy: D group bisetose; A1–A9 with D2 slightly longer than D1, and A10 with D1 and D2 similar in size; A1–A8 with SD group unisetose, A10 with SD1 and SD2 similar in size; L group trisetose; A1–A8 with SV group bisetose, SV1 slightly shorter than SV2, SV1 absent in A9; V group unisetose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87AFF844DA37884FB9EFD99" blockId="14.[212,1172,168,639]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844DA37884FE25FF26" box="[212,439,168,192]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">
|
||
Pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844C557884FE15FF26" box="[290,391,168,192]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="10.[212,279,1046,1068]" captionTargetBox="[213,1169,168,1014]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[213,1170,168,1014]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 7. Locharcha opportuna pupa, in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views, respectively. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999764/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figures 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844CE27885FE30FF26" box="[405,418,168,192]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body elongate-oval in dorsal and ventral views, varying from
|
||
<quantity id="4CBA9B54A87AFF8449057885FEF6FF06" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.72" metricValueMax="6.24" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" unit="mm" value="5.72" valueMax="6.24" valueMin="5.2">5.2 to 6.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844C0B78E4FE1BFF06" box="[380,393,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 8) in length, widest in mesothoracic region; vertex rounded; frontoclypeal suture weakly defined, concave medially; labrum U-shaped, labial palpi barely exposed; maxillary palpi short, not extending beyond anterior margin of eye; maxillae extending distally between sclerites of midlegs; antennae meeting mesially and reaching apical margin of fore wings; apices of metathoracic legs large, with distal part wider than antenna. Integument weakly melanized, with a few microsetae scattered dorsally on cephalic region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844FCD79AAFCBCFE79" box="[698,814,391,415]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and abdomen, and on anterior portion of abdominal segments. Abdominal terga mostly covered with stout spinelike microtrichia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844CD479EAFD8AFE39" box="[419,536,455,479]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thoracic and abdominal spiracles rounded, with elevated peritreme (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844CE179CAFD95FE19" box="[406,519,487,511]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
); spiracle A8 partially closed. Sternum A6 with a pair of pseudopodium scars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844CBC7A2AFDACFDF9" box="[459,574,519,543]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
|
||
); the scars on A5 are hidden by the overlying wing. Abdominal segment A7 posteriorly fringed with several aligned groups of short, stout setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844C567A6AFE51FDB8" box="[289,451,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 8B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal segments A8–A10 partially fused, with caudal cremaster bearing a few long, stout, distally coiled setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844E137A4AFC6EFD99" box="[868,1020,615,639]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,211,1209,1231]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[145,1102,168,1177]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999766/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 8F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87AFF844DA37A8AFCEFFBDB" blockId="14.[212,1172,678,1086]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844DA37A8AFE5BFD59" box="[212,457,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Molecular phylogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
A total of 621 nucleotide sites were analysed, of which 150 (24%) were variable. In accordance with our phylogenetic hypothesis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844E847AEAFB01FD39" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[1011,1171,711,735]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844E847AEAFB01FD39" box="[1011,1171,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered as monophyletic in both methods of inference (BI and ML), with high support values (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844CE27B2BFE69FCF8" box="[405,507,774,798]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="15.[144,211,942,964]" captionTargetBox="[145,1101,168,910]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[145,1102,168,910]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Bayesian inference tree for the new genus, based on 621 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (CO-I). Numbers above branches indicate support values> 0.8/60 for Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)/bootstrap – for maximum likelihood (ML); those located below represent the percentage of evolutionary divergence between clades. Asterisk indicates support <0.80/60 for BPP and ML, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999768/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Because the topologies were identical, we decided to present only one (BI).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844C937B0BFD44FCD8" box="[484,726,806,830]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844C937B0BFD44FCD8" box="[484,726,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed as a sister lineage of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844DA37B6BFEE6FCB8" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[212,372,838,862]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844DA37B6BFEE6FCB8" box="[212,372,838,862]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species included in the analyses, with strong BPP and bootstrap support values (0.98 and 88, respectively) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844FBA7B4BFCA2FC98" box="[717,816,870,894]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="15.[144,211,942,964]" captionTargetBox="[145,1101,168,910]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[145,1102,168,910]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Bayesian inference tree for the new genus, based on 621 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (CO-I). Numbers above branches indicate support values> 0.8/60 for Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)/bootstrap – for maximum likelihood (ML); those located below represent the percentage of evolutionary divergence between clades. Asterisk indicates support <0.80/60 for BPP and ML, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999768/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The evolutionary divergence observed between comparisons of pairs of species ranged from 2 to 13% (± 1%) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0030AA87AFF844DAB7B8BFEA0FC58" box="[220,306,934,958]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="16.[143,201,731,753]" captionText="Table 2. Estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences, based on 621 base pairs of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene using the Kimura 2- parameter model. Mean number (± standard error) of base substitutions per site over all sequence pairs between groups obtained by a bootstrap procedure of 1000 replicates is shown. The analysis involved the new species (in bold), eight described species of Coleotechnites and two outgroups (Exoteleia and Recurvaria)." pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). The distance between the new lineage described herein and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844E847B8BFB01FC58" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[1011,1171,934,958]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844E847B8BFB01FC58" box="[1011,1171,934,958]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was 11% (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844C387BE8FE20FC3B" box="[335,434,965,989]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="15.[144,211,942,964]" captionTargetBox="[145,1101,168,910]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[145,1102,168,910]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Bayesian inference tree for the new genus, based on 621 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (CO-I). Numbers above branches indicate support values> 0.8/60 for Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)/bootstrap – for maximum likelihood (ML); those located below represent the percentage of evolutionary divergence between clades. Asterisk indicates support <0.80/60 for BPP and ML, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999768/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, the divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844E177BEAFC67FC38" box="[864,1013,967,990]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844E177BEAFC67FC38" box="[864,1013,967,990]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the outgroups (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844C427BCBFE3CFC1B" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1828" box="[309,430,998,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Recurvaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844C427BCBFE3CFC1B" box="[309,430,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Recurvaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844C867BCBFDC8FC18" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1881" box="[497,602,998,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Exoteleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844C867BCBFDC8FC18" box="[497,602,998,1022]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Exoteleia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844FD17BCBFD20FC1B" box="[678,690,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">c</emphasis>
|
||
.12% (± 1%). Finally, the K2P distances within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844C5F7C28FE5AFBFB" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[296,456,1029,1053]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844C5F7C28FE5AFBFB" box="[296,456,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that this group also shows significant diversity, as evidenced by the range of distances (2–8% ± 1%) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C0030AA87AFF844E607C08FCFFFBDB" box="[791,877,1061,1085]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="16.[143,201,731,753]" captionText="Table 2. Estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences, based on 621 base pairs of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene using the Kimura 2- parameter model. Mean number (± standard error) of base substitutions per site over all sequence pairs between groups obtained by a bootstrap procedure of 1000 replicates is shown. The analysis involved the new species (in bold), eight described species of Coleotechnites and two outgroups (Exoteleia and Recurvaria)." pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87AFF844DA37C48FDECFADA" blockId="14.[212,1172,1125,1340]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844DA37C48FDC8FB9B" box="[212,602,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">
|
||
Distribution.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844C1D7C48FDC8FB9B" box="[362,602,1125,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">Locharcha opportuna</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98813A87AFF844EF57C4BFC20FB98" box="[898,946,1126,1150]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, the Dense Umbrophilous Forest (= Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844E397CABFC44FB7B" box="[846,982,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
) portions of the CPCN Pró-Mata, São Francisco de Paula,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4986F853A87AFF844FB87C88FC21FB5B" box="[719,947,1189,1213]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3557621A87AFF844EB57C88FB9BFB5B" box="[962,1033,1189,1213]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. As already mentioned, it occurs in association with fusiform galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844E147CE8FC7AFB3B" box="[867,1000,1221,1245]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
) induced by a species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844C2B7CC8FE6FFB1B" box="[348,509,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Palaeomystela</emphasis>
|
||
Fletcher (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844FF07CC9FC87FB1A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[647,789,1252,1276]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844E5B7CC9FC25FB1A" box="[812,951,1252,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Momphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Momphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on the terminal branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844C187D28FB89FAFA" authority="(Cham.) Cogn." authorityName="Cogn." baseAuthorityName="Cham." box="[367,1051,1284,1309]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844C187D28FDFCFAFB" box="[367,622,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Tibouchina sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
(Cham.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is described elsewhere (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B40A87AFF844CB57D09FDFCFADA" author="Luz FA & Goncalves GL & Becker VO & Moreira GRP" box="[450,622,1316,1340]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" pagination="97 - 127" refId="ref11848" refString="Luz FA, Goncalves GL, Becker VO, Moreira GRP. 2014. Three new cecidogenous Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae), from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. ZooKeys. 433: 97 - 127." type="journal article" year="2014">Luz et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87AFF854DA37D48FC59FB2B" blockId="14.[212,1172,1380,1692]" lastBlockId="15.[144,1104,1141,1644]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="1864" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844DA37D48FDFCFA9B" box="[212,622,1381,1405]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Life history and seasonal abundance.</emphasis>
|
||
Dissections in the laboratory demonstrated that field-collected galls having intact walls usually contain a larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844E937DA9FB1EFA7A" box="[996,1164,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Momphidae" genus="Palaeomystella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844E937DA9FB1EFA7A" box="[996,1164,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Palaeomystella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can be differentiated from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844FCD7D88FCDEFA5A" box="[698,844,1445,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844FCD7D88FCDEFA5A" box="[698,844,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their cream-white bodies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844DAB7DE9FEC8FA3A" box="[220,346,1476,1500]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
), among other morphological characteristics. Additional galls of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98813A87AFF8449137DE9FB06FA3A" box="[1124,1172,1476,1500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">type</typeStatus>
|
||
left to develop in the laboratory showed that pupation of the cecidogenous larva occurs inside, within a tied-silk cocoon. Prior to pupation in this case, the last larval instar builds an operculum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87AFF844F657E0EFD07F9DD" box="[530,661,1571,1595]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">Figure 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
) through which the adult emerges. However, none of these galls was collected attached to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87AFF844FA87E69FCE6F9BA" box="[735,884,1604,1628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87AFF844FA87E69FCE6F9BA" box="[735,884,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1863">T. sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants during systematic sampling. Observations of individual galls under field conditions, on host plants belonging to the non-destructive sampling group, demonstrated that in fact they are dehiscent, later in ontogeny falling to the ground (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87BFF854FBC7C58FCD9FB6B" box="[715,843,1141,1165]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
), where the cecidogenous larva completes its development. Searches for them on the ground near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87BFF8549407CBBFE90FB2B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87BFF8549407CBBFE90FB2B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">T. sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees resulted in collection of many of these operculated galls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A87BFF854DE77B83FCD1FBDE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999768" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999768/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864" startId="15.[144,211,942,964]" targetBox="[145,1101,168,910]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87BFF854DE77B83FCD1FBDE" blockId="15.[144,1105,942,1080]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">Figure 9. Bayesian inference tree for the new genus, based on 621 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (CO-I). Numbers above branches indicate support values> 0.8/60 for Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)/bootstrap – for maximum likelihood (ML); those located below represent the percentage of evolutionary divergence between clades. Asterisk indicates support <0.80/60 for BPP and ML, respectively.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A87BFF854DCD7CF8FF61F98A" blockId="15.[144,1104,1141,1644]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">
|
||
The dissections also showed that galls having open, rounded orifices in the wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87BFF854DEF7CD8FE84FAEB" box="[152,278,1269,1293]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">Figure 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
) usually contained a larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87BFF854F117CDBFD65FAEB" box="[614,759,1270,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87BFF854F117CDBFD65FAEB" box="[614,759,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87BFF854E717CD8FC16FAEB" box="[774,900,1269,1293]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">Figure 10F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additional galls of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F98813A87BFF854D947D3BFE81FAC8" box="[227,275,1302,1326]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">type</typeStatus>
|
||
left to develop in the laboratory showed that these larvae are residents and live solitarily within these galls, feeding intensively on tissues induced to develop by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87BFF854D927D78FE1FFA8B" box="[229,397,1365,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Momphidae" genus="Palaeomystella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87BFF854D927D78FE1FFA8B" box="[229,397,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">Palaeomystella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. They use the wall orifices to discharge their faeces. Dissection also showed that pupation in this case occurs inside the gall, within a tiedsilk cocoon that is generally covered with faecal pellets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A87BFF854E697DB9FC31FA4A" box="[798,931,1428,1452]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" captionTargetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[145,1102,168,1051]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">Figure 10G</figureCitation>
|
||
). By following each gall throughout ontogeny in the non-destructive samples, we found that, in contrast to the galls containing the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87BFF854F697DF9FD54FA0A" box="[542,710,1492,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Momphidae" genus="Palaeomystella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87BFF854F697DF9FD54FA0A" box="[542,710,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">Palaeomystella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae, this modified gall morphotype does not fall to the ground, but remains attached to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87BFF854E3D7DD8FC70F9EA" box="[842,994,1524,1548]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87BFF854E3D7DD8FC70F9EA" box="[842,994,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">T. sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees for months. They progressively dry out, turning black after the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A87BFF854E477E38FC52F9CA" box="[816,960,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A87BFF854E477E38FC52F9CA" box="[816,960,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1864">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emerge, and are then frequently used as shelters by small arthropods such as collembolans and acarines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A864FF9A4DF87AF6FE98FCAF" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A864FF9A4DF87AF6FE98FCAF" blockId="16.[143,1752,731,841]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
Table 2. Estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences, based on 621 base pairs of the cytochrome oxidase I (
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A48FC7AF6FA2AFD16" box="[1419,1464,731,752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">COI</emphasis>
|
||
) gene using the Kimura 2- parameter model. Mean number (± standard error) of base substitutions per site over all sequence pairs between groups obtained by a bootstrap procedure of 1000 replicates is shown. The analysis involved the new species (in bold), eight described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A49BA7B3BFACFFCCD" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[1229,1373,790,811]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A49BA7B3BFACFFCCD" box="[1229,1373,790,811]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two outgroups (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4B307B3BF937FCCD" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1881" box="[1607,1701,790,811]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Exoteleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4B307B3BF937FCCD" box="[1607,1701,790,811]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">Exoteleia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DF87B1EFF6EFCAE" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1828" box="[143,252,819,840]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Recurvaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DF87B1EFF6EFCAE" box="[143,252,819,840]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">Recurvaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A864FF9A4CBA7B49F945FB5B" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<table id="F942C411A86400754DF87B49F945FB5B" box="[143,1751,868,1213]" gridcols="11" gridrows="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87B49F945FC91" box="[143,1751,868,887]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-10="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67B49FD98FC91" box="[417,522,868,887]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">1.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7B49FD00FC91" box="[554,658,868,887]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">2.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57B49FC89FC91" box="[690,795,868,887]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">3.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7B49FC36FC91" box="[827,932,868,887]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">4.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754EB37B49FBBEFC91" box="[964,1068,868,887]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">5.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA8640075493B7B49FB27FC91" box="[1100,1205,868,887]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">6.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA864007549A27B49FAACFC91" box="[1237,1342,868,887]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">7.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA864007548297B49FA54FC91" box="[1374,1478,868,887]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">8.</th>
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA864007548917B49F9DDFC91" box="[1510,1615,868,887]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">9.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87BBBF945FC4F" box="[143,1751,918,937]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87BBBF945FC4F" box="[143,1751,918,937]" colspan="11" colspanRight="10" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07BBBFEA7FC4F" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1872" box="[167,309,918,937]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercivorella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07BBBFEA7FC4F" box="[167,309,918,937]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">C. quercivorella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87B9CF945FC23" box="[143,1751,945,965]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87B9CFEF5FC23" box="[143,359,945,965]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07B9FFEBBFC23" authorityName="Chambers" authorityYear="1880" box="[167,297,946,965]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07B9FFEBBFC23" box="[167,297,946,965]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">Coleotechnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67B9CFD98FC23" box="[417,522,945,965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.05 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87BE0F945FC06" box="[143,1751,973,992]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87BE0FEF5FC06" box="[143,359,973,992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07BE0FE83FC06" box="[167,273,973,992]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceaella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07BE0FE83FC06" box="[167,273,973,992]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">C. piceaella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67BE0FD98FC06" box="[417,522,973,992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.07 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7BE0FD00FC06" box="[554,658,973,992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.03 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87BC4F945FC1A" box="[143,1751,1001,1020]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87BC4FEF5FC1A" box="[143,359,1001,1020]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07BC4FF65FC1A" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[167,247,1001,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07BC4FF65FC1A" box="[167,247,1001,1020]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">C. florae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67BC4FD98FC1A" box="[417,522,1001,1020]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.04 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7BC4FD00FC1A" box="[554,658,1001,1020]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57BC4FC89FC1A" box="[690,795,1001,1020]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87C29F945FBF1" box="[143,1751,1028,1047]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87C29FEF5FBF1" box="[143,359,1028,1047]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07C29FF64FBF1" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1957" box="[167,246,1028,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="starki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07C29FF64FBF1" box="[167,246,1028,1047]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">C. starki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67C29FD98FBF1" box="[417,522,1028,1047]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.04 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7C29FD00FBF1" box="[554,658,1028,1047]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57C29FC89FBF1" box="[690,795,1028,1047]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.07 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7C29FC36FBF1" box="[827,932,1028,1047]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.05 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87C0DF945FBD5" box="[143,1751,1056,1075]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87C0DFEF5FBD5" box="[143,359,1056,1075]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07C0DFE8DFBD5" authorityName="McLeod" authorityYear="1962" box="[167,287,1056,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blastovora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07C0DFE8DFBD5" box="[167,287,1056,1075]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">C. blastovora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67C0DFD98FBD5" box="[417,522,1056,1075]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.04 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7C0DFD00FBD5" box="[554,658,1056,1075]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.07 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57C0DFC89FBD5" box="[690,795,1056,1075]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.07 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7C0DFC36FBD5" box="[827,932,1056,1075]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.04 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754EB37C0DFBBEFBD5" box="[964,1068,1056,1075]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87C11F945FBA9" box="[143,1751,1084,1103]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87C11FEF5FBA9" box="[143,359,1084,1103]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07C11FEBAFBA9" authorityName="Dietz" authorityYear="1900" box="[167,296,1084,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrupictella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07C11FEBAFBA9" box="[167,296,1084,1103]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">C. atrupictella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67C11FD98FBA9" box="[417,522,1084,1103]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.04 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7C11FD00FBA9" box="[554,658,1084,1103]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.07 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57C11FC89FBA9" box="[690,795,1084,1103]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.08 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7C11FC36FBA9" box="[827,932,1084,1103]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754EB37C11FBBEFBA9" box="[964,1068,1084,1103]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.07 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA8640075493B7C11FB27FBA9" box="[1100,1205,1084,1103]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87C7AF945FB8C" box="[143,1751,1111,1130]" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87C7AFEF5FB8C" box="[143,359,1111,1130]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07C7AFEB2FB8C" authorityName="Kearfott" authorityYear="1907" box="[167,288,1111,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Coleotechnites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coniferella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07C7AFEB2FB8C" box="[167,288,1111,1130]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">C. coniferella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67C7AFD98FB8C" box="[417,522,1111,1130]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.07 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7C7AFD00FB8C" box="[554,658,1111,1130]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.02 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57C7AFC89FB8C" box="[690,795,1111,1130]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.04 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7C7AFC36FB8C" box="[827,932,1111,1130]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754EB37C7AFBBEFB8C" box="[964,1068,1111,1130]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.06 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA8640075493B7C7AFB27FB8C" box="[1100,1205,1111,1130]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.08 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007549A27C7AFAACFB8C" box="[1237,1342,1111,1130]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.08 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87C5EF945FB60" box="[143,1751,1139,1158]" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87C5EFEF5FB60" box="[143,359,1139,1158]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DD07C5EFEF5FB60" box="[167,359,1139,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DD07C5EFEF5FB60" bold="true" box="[167,359,1139,1158]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67C5EFD98FB60" box="[417,522,1139,1158]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4CD67C5EFD98FB60" bold="true" box="[417,522,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.08 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7C5EFD00FB60" box="[554,658,1139,1158]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4F5D7C5EFD00FB60" bold="true" box="[554,658,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.10 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57C5EFC89FB60" box="[690,795,1139,1158]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4FC57C5EFC89FB60" bold="true" box="[690,795,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.11 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7C5EFC36FB60" box="[827,932,1139,1158]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4E4C7C5EFC36FB60" bold="true" box="[827,932,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.08 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754EB37C5EFBBEFB60" box="[964,1068,1139,1158]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4EB37C5EFBBEFB60" bold="true" box="[964,1068,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.09 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA8640075493B7C5EFB27FB60" box="[1100,1205,1139,1158]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A493B7C5EFB27FB60" bold="true" box="[1100,1205,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.09 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007549A27C5EFAACFB60" box="[1237,1342,1139,1158]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A49A27C5EFAACFB60" bold="true" box="[1237,1342,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.09 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007548297C5EFA54FB60" box="[1374,1478,1139,1158]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A48297C5EFA54FB60" bold="true" box="[1374,1478,1139,1158]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.10 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87CA3F945FB44" box="[143,1751,1166,1186]" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" rowspan-10="1">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87CA3FEF5FB44" box="[143,359,1166,1186]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DC57CA2FE95FB44" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1881" box="[178,263,1167,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Exoteleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DC57CA2FE95FB44" box="[178,263,1167,1186]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">Exoteleia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67CA3FD98FB44" box="[417,522,1166,1186]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.10 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7CA3FD00FB44" box="[554,658,1166,1186]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.12 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57CA3FC89FB44" box="[690,795,1166,1186]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.12 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7CA3FC36FB44" box="[827,932,1166,1186]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.10 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754EB37CA3FBBEFB44" box="[964,1068,1166,1186]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.11 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA8640075493B7CA3FB27FB44" box="[1100,1205,1166,1186]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.10 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007549A27CA3FAACFB44" box="[1237,1342,1166,1186]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.11 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007548297CA3FA54FB44" box="[1374,1478,1166,1186]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.12 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007548917CA3F9DDFB44" box="[1510,1615,1166,1186]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A48917CA3F9DDFB47" bold="true" box="[1510,1615,1166,1185]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.11 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357234F3A86400754DF87C87F945FB5B" box="[143,1751,1194,1213]" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<th id="76A35D8FA86400754DF87C87FEF5FB5B" box="[143,359,1194,1213]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A864FF9A4DC57C87FE86FB5B" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1828" box="[178,276,1194,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Recurvaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A4DC57C87FE86FB5B" box="[178,276,1194,1213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">Recurvaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754CD67C87FD98FB5B" box="[417,522,1194,1213]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.11 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754F5D7C87FD00FB5B" box="[554,658,1194,1213]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.13 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754FC57C87FC89FB5B" box="[690,795,1194,1213]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.13 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754E4C7C87FC36FB5B" box="[827,932,1194,1213]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.11 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754EB37C87FBBEFB5B" box="[964,1068,1194,1213]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.12 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA8640075493B7C87FB27FB5B" box="[1100,1205,1194,1213]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.12 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007549A27C87FAACFB5B" box="[1237,1342,1194,1213]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.11 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007548297C87FA54FB5B" box="[1374,1478,1194,1213]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.13 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA864007548917C87F9DDFB5B" box="[1510,1615,1194,1213]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A864FF9A48917C87F9DDFB5B" bold="true" box="[1510,1615,1194,1213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.13 ± 0.01</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76A35D8FA86400754B187C87F945FB5B" box="[1647,1751,1194,1213]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="1865">0.12 ± 0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3D6639A865FF9B4DE77C16FC36FA93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999770" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3999770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999770/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866" startId="17.[144,211,1083,1105]" targetBox="[145,1102,168,1051]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A865FF9B4DE77C16FC36FA93" blockId="17.[144,1104,1083,1397]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">
|
||
Figure 10. Galls induced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A865FF9B4CB67C16FD55FBB6" box="[449,711,1083,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Momphidae" genus="Palaeomystella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fernandesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A865FF9B4CB67C16FD55FBB6" box="[449,711,1083,1104]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">Palaeomystella fernandesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A865FF9B4F837C16FC46FBB6" box="[756,980,1083,1104]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A865FF9B4F837C16FC46FBB6" box="[756,980,1083,1104]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">Tibouchina sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A865FF9B4FCF7C74FC1EFB88" box="[696,908,1113,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A865FF9B4FCF7C74FC1EFB88" box="[696,908,1113,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">Locharcha opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A865FF9B4E4E7D6EFC2EFAB1" box="[825,956,1346,1368]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A865FF9B4E4E7D6EFC2EFAB1" box="[825,956,1346,1368]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">T. sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A865FF984DCD7DF8FC4BFF06" blockId="17.[144,1104,1493,1677]" lastBlockId="18.[212,1172,168,926]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="1867" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">
|
||
Of the total of 512 galls dissected in laboratory, 164 (32.05%) had intact walls, containing larva of the cecidogenous insect; 169 (33.0%) had orifices and thus contained a larva or pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A865FF9B4CCA7E3BFDDDF9CB" box="[445,591,1558,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A865FF9B4CCA7E3BFDDDF9CB" box="[445,591,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the remaining galls had unidentified immatures of either parasitoid wasps (19.92%), predator thrips (9.96%) or cecidophagous curculionids (5.07%). No gall contained living larvae of both the inducer and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A865FF9B49407E7BFE92F96B" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A865FF9B49407E7BFE92F96B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1866">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
living together, but dead bodies and exuviae (head capsules) of the former were found in a few galls that contained living larvae of the latter. The number of galls found with two or more larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A866FF984FEE78E4FCB8FF06" box="[665,810,201,224]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A866FF984FEE78E4FCB8FF06" box="[665,810,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was negligible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A866FF984D8978C5FE35FE19" blockId="18.[212,1172,168,926]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">
|
||
The variation in the frequency of different instars in relation to gall size and colour revealed that early instars (II and III) of the cecidogenous species were found inside green galls, and the later ones (IV) in galls with a colour spectrum ranging from green to violet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A866FF984CFC7965FD9FFE86" box="[395,525,328,352]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[212,279,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[213,1171,1014,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[213,1172,1014,1488]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Variation in green colour intensity of Tibouchina sellowiana galls (median and corresponding quartiles) in relation to larval ontogeny, when considered the presence of larva either of the cecidogenous insect (A; = 10, 81 and 64 individuals, respectively, for instar II to IV) or the kleptoparasite (B; = 29, 38, 32, 64 individuals, respectively for instars I to IV) larvae inside. Bars followed by the same letter do not differ statistically (Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison tests)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999772/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">Figure 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). We presume that galls containing first-instar larvae of the cecidogenous species were not detected in our sampling because of their very small size. Head-capsule exuviae from the first instar were frequently found inside galls with a second instar inside, and these were the smallest galls sampled. In contrast, larvae of the kleptoparasite, from all instars, were found primarily in violet galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A866FF984C6F79CAFE0AFE19" box="[280,408,487,511]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[212,279,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[213,1171,1014,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[213,1172,1014,1488]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Variation in green colour intensity of Tibouchina sellowiana galls (median and corresponding quartiles) in relation to larval ontogeny, when considered the presence of larva either of the cecidogenous insect (A; = 10, 81 and 64 individuals, respectively, for instar II to IV) or the kleptoparasite (B; = 29, 38, 32, 64 individuals, respectively for instars I to IV) larvae inside. Bars followed by the same letter do not differ statistically (Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison tests)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999772/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">Figure 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A866FF984D897A2AFE45FD38" blockId="18.[212,1172,168,926]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">
|
||
Within the continuum from green to violet-coloured galls found in the field (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A866FF984DAB7A0AFECCFDD9" box="[220,350,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[144,211,702,724]" captionTargetBox="[145,1103,168,670]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[145,1104,168,670]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Variation in colour and size among galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, and corresponding use by either cecidogenous or kleptoparasite moths at CPCN Pró-Mata (April 2012 to June 2013). (A) Gradient from green- to violetcoloured for galls that were studied; (B, C) abundance of cecidogenous larvae (closed bars; total = 155 individuals) and kleptoparasite (open bars; total = 163 individuals) inside in relation to intensity of green colour and size of green galls, respectively; (D) linear regression between size and intensity of green colour on galls (y = 0.67x + 8.77, R2 = 0.152, p <0.0001, n = 348)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999774/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">Figure 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
), green galls that were dissected had predominantly cecidogenous larvae inside, and the violet ones contained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A866FF984FF57A65FC87FDB9" box="[642,789,584,607]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Locharcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opportuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A866FF984FF57A65FC87FDB9" box="[642,789,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">L. opportuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A866FF984E507A6AFC35FDB9" box="[807,935,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[144,211,702,724]" captionTargetBox="[145,1103,168,670]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[145,1104,168,670]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Variation in colour and size among galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, and corresponding use by either cecidogenous or kleptoparasite moths at CPCN Pró-Mata (April 2012 to June 2013). (A) Gradient from green- to violetcoloured for galls that were studied; (B, C) abundance of cecidogenous larvae (closed bars; total = 155 individuals) and kleptoparasite (open bars; total = 163 individuals) inside in relation to intensity of green colour and size of green galls, respectively; (D) linear regression between size and intensity of green colour on galls (y = 0.67x + 8.77, R2 = 0.152, p <0.0001, n = 348)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999774/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">Figure 12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The smallest fieldcollected galls contained no larvae of the latter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A866FF984E537A4AFC38FD99" box="[804,938,615,639]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[144,211,702,724]" captionTargetBox="[145,1103,168,670]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[145,1104,168,670]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Variation in colour and size among galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, and corresponding use by either cecidogenous or kleptoparasite moths at CPCN Pró-Mata (April 2012 to June 2013). (A) Gradient from green- to violetcoloured for galls that were studied; (B, C) abundance of cecidogenous larvae (closed bars; total = 155 individuals) and kleptoparasite (open bars; total = 163 individuals) inside in relation to intensity of green colour and size of green galls, respectively; (D) linear regression between size and intensity of green colour on galls (y = 0.67x + 8.77, R2 = 0.152, p <0.0001, n = 348)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999774/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">Figure 12C</figureCitation>
|
||
). We also found a significant correlation between gall size and colour; taking all the galls into account, the intensity of green decreased and the violet increased with the increase in the size of the galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A866FF984C337AEBFE55FD38" box="[324,455,710,734]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[144,211,702,724]" captionTargetBox="[145,1103,168,670]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[145,1104,168,670]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Variation in colour and size among galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, and corresponding use by either cecidogenous or kleptoparasite moths at CPCN Pró-Mata (April 2012 to June 2013). (A) Gradient from green- to violetcoloured for galls that were studied; (B, C) abundance of cecidogenous larvae (closed bars; total = 155 individuals) and kleptoparasite (open bars; total = 163 individuals) inside in relation to intensity of green colour and size of green galls, respectively; (D) linear regression between size and intensity of green colour on galls (y = 0.67x + 8.77, R2 = 0.152, p <0.0001, n = 348)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999774/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">Figure 12D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD36B1A866FF994D897ACBFE99FB9E" blockId="18.[212,1172,168,926]" lastBlockId="19.[144,1104,960,1144]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1868" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">
|
||
Galls containing either cecidogenous larvae or the kleptoparasite ranged in number from 57 (
|
||
<date id="FFFC1071A866FF984CD47B2BFDB3FCF8" box="[419,545,774,798]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867" value="2012-04">April 2012</date>
|
||
) to three (
|
||
<date id="FFFC1071A866FF984FE97B2BFCA0FCF8" box="[670,818,774,798]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867" value="2012-08">August 2012</date>
|
||
) per sampling occasion (mean ± standard deviation = 23.78 ± 4.36 per occasion), which correspond to 7.12 and 1.5 per plant per occasion, respectively (= 4.49 ± 2.00 galls per plant per occasion). Young, small galls containing cecidogenous larvae began to appear during early spring (September) when the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D32A866FF984F437BAAFD5EFC78" box="[564,716,902,926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EAA3A866FF984F437BAAFD5EFC78" box="[564,716,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1867">T. sellowiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees began to sprout, and reached a clear peak in density during the following autumn, which coincides with the flowering season (April) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13792A34A867FF994C327BCDFE27FC1E" box="[325,437,992,1016]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[212,279,800,822]" captionTargetBox="[213,1171,168,768]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[213,1172,168,768]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Seasonal abundance of cecidogenous (Palaeomystella fernandesi, dashed line) and kleptoparasite (Locharcha opportuna, solid line) larvae in galls (total = 164 and 169 individuals, respectively) induced on Tibouchina sellowiana plants at CPCN Pró-Mata, from April 2012 through June 2013. Arabic numbers from 1 to 14 represent 30-day sampling intervals. Upper horizontal bars indicate host plant phenological phases: red, flowering; green, fruiting; blue, dormancy; black, forming new shoots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3999776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3999776/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="1868">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). The existence of a second, shorter density peak during October suggests that two generations may occur per year, and this possibility should be further investigated. The variation in abundance of the kleptoparasite followed that of the cecidogenous species, with the corresponding density peaks occurring in succession.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |