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<mods:title id="9ED79614AA085F65AAFC65AE04D17D4D">Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A6CF8D3B1ABBFA86" ID-CoL="647VB" authority="Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 291)" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityPageNumber="291" authorityYear="1834" box="[151,650,1321,1349]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A6CF8D3B1935FA86" bold="true" box="[151,260,1321,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Tweedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A7548D3B1ABBFA86" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." box="[268,650,1321,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="276 - 296" refId="ref5089" refString="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Contributions towards a flora of South America and the islands of the Pacific. 1. Extra-tropical South America. Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 276 - 296" type="journal article" year="1834">Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 291)</bibRefCitation>
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<typeStatus id="54A108C7FFA0FFA7A4CE8D3B1B2AFA86" box="[662,795,1321,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB9074FFA0FFA7A57F8D3B1D0FFA86" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." box="[807,1342,1321,1349]" page=")" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" year="1834">
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A57F8D3B1D0FFA86" ID-CoL="59RF7" authority="Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 292)" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityPageNumber="292" authorityYear="1834" box="[807,1342,1321,1349]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A57F8D3B1B89FA86" box="[807,952,1321,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">T. brunonis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A5988D3B1D0FFA86" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." box="[960,1342,1321,1349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="276 - 296" refId="ref5089" refString="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Contributions towards a flora of South America and the islands of the Pacific. 1. Extra-tropical South America. Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 276 - 296" type="journal article" year="1834">Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 292)</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A6CF8D4319DFFAAB" authority="Decaisne (1844: 590)" authorityName="Decaisne" authorityPageNumber="590" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,494,1361,1384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Turrigera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A6CF8D4318CEFAAB" box="[151,255,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Turrigera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A75D8D4319DFFAAB" author="Decaisne, J." box="[261,494,1361,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="490 - 665" refId="ref4615" refString="Decaisne, J. (1844) Asclepiadaceae. In: Candolle, A. L. P. P. (ed.), Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, vol. 8. Treuttel &amp; Wurtz, Paris, pp. 490 - 665." type="book chapter" year="1844">Decaisne (1844: 590)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A4638D431BF4FAAB" ID-CoL="59QK5" authority="Decaisne (1844: 590)" authorityName="Decaisne" authorityPageNumber="590" authorityYear="1844" box="[571,965,1361,1384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Turrigera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inconspicua">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A4638D431AE7FAAB" box="[571,726,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">T. inconspicua</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A69E8D621919FA49" bold="true" box="[198,296,1392,1418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Note:—</emphasis>
Three species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A45E8D631A56FA49" ID-CoL="647VB" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityYear="1834" box="[518,615,1393,1418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A45E8D631A56FA49" box="[518,615,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Tweedia</emphasis>
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were listed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A5608D631C40FA48" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." box="[824,1137,1393,1419]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="276 - 296" refId="ref5089" refString="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Contributions towards a flora of South America and the islands of the Pacific. 1. Extra-tropical South America. Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 276 - 296" type="journal article" year="1834">Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834)</bibRefCitation>
, and each of these has subsequently been designated by different authors as the
<typeStatus id="54A108C7FFA0FFA7A50C8D8A1BF2FA71" box="[852,963,1432,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of the genus. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A2B58D8A1DADFA71" author="Malme, G. O. A." box="[1261,1436,1432,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref5554" refString="Malme, G. O. A. (1904) Uber die Asclepiadaceen-Gattun Tweedia Hooker &amp; Arnott. Arkiv for Botanik utgivet av Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 2 (7): 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1904">Malme (1904)</bibRefCitation>
revised the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A7308DAD19FAFA1B" ID-CoL="647VB" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityYear="1834" box="[360,459,1471,1496]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A7308DAD19FAFA1B" box="[360,459,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Tweedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and emended its concept, he did not indicate a type. The first to do so was T.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A3088DAC1901FA3C" author="Meyer, T." pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref5889" refString="Meyer, T. (1944) Asclepiadaceae. In: Descole, H. R. (Ed), Genera et Species Plantarum Argentinarum, vol. 2. Guillermo Kraft, Buenos Aires, 1 - 273, tab. 1 - 121." type="book chapter" year="1944">Meyer (1944: 102)</bibRefCitation>
, who chose
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A7888DF71A50FA3D" ID-CoL="59RF7" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityYear="1834" box="[464,609,1509,1534]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A7888DF71A50FA3D" box="[464,609,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">T. brunonis</emphasis>
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as his “especie genérica” for
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A5BF8DF71C7EFA3D" ID-CoL="647VB" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityYear="1834" box="[999,1103,1509,1534]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A5BF8DF71C7EFA3D" box="[999,1103,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Tweedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A23A8DF71DADFA3C" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." box="[1122,1436,1509,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="276 - 296" refId="ref5089" refString="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Contributions towards a flora of South America and the islands of the Pacific. 1. Extra-tropical South America. Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 276 - 296" type="journal article" year="1834">Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834)</bibRefCitation>
questioned the future generic placement of this species when they erected the genus and described the species. They listed two characters for the genus: the form of the corona, and the bifid style-head appendage. As their description of
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A7198E4B19F6F9B1" ID-CoL="59RF7" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityYear="1834" box="[321,455,1625,1650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A7198E4B19F6F9B1" box="[321,455,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">T. brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
notes the stigma to be undivided, a “serious conflict” with the protologue could be argued, leading to a rejection of Meyer´s lectotypification under Art. 9.17 of the Code. But the apex of the style-head appendage is, in fact, shortly bilobed, as shown by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A5358EB41BC4F903" author="Rua, G. H." box="[877,1013,1702,1728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="375 - 410" refId="ref6235" refString="Rua, G. H. (1989). Revision taxonomica del genero Tweedia (Asclepiadaceae). Parodiana 5: 375 - 410." type="journal article" year="1989">Rua (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. Nomenclaturally, Hooker &amp; Arnott made the combination under
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A7A18EDF1A6DF925" ID-CoL="647VB" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityYear="1834" box="[505,604,1741,1766]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A7A18EDF1A6DF925" box="[505,604,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Tweedia</emphasis>
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, and the taxonomic opinion expressed subsequently does not negate this.
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<paragraph id="8BA5B665FFA0FFA7A69E8F0819D4F835" blockId="4.[151,1436,1321,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A69E8F081998F8F7" author="Bullock, A. A." box="[198,425,1818,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="97 - 100" refId="ref4494" refString="Bullock, A. A. (1958) Nomenclatural notes: VI. Kew Bulletin 13: 97 - 100." type="journal article" year="1958">Bullock (1958: 99)</bibRefCitation>
was presumably unaware of Meyers typification when he designated
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A2A48F0919DEF898" authority="Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 291)" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityPageNumber="291" authorityYear="1834" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A2A48F091DADF8F7" box="[1276,1436,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">T. macrolepis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A6CF8F5319DEF898" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." box="[151,495,1857,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="276 - 296" refId="ref5089" refString="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Contributions towards a flora of South America and the islands of the Pacific. 1. Extra-tropical South America. Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 276 - 296" type="journal article" year="1834">Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 291)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as
<typeStatus id="54A108C7FFA0FFA7A44E8F531A79F898" box="[534,584,1857,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
of the genus.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A4B48F531B41F898" author="Rua, G. H." box="[748,880,1857,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="375 - 410" refId="ref6235" refString="Rua, G. H. (1989). Revision taxonomica del genero Tweedia (Asclepiadaceae). Parodiana 5: 375 - 410." type="journal article" year="1989">Rua (1989)</bibRefCitation>
argued that Bullock's designation was arbitrary and therefore contrary to the code (although this does not stand up to scrutiny, and was a superfluous designation in any case). Rua selected
<taxonomicName id="4C1ACDE6FFA0FFA7A4298F9D18FEF80C" authority="(Hooker &amp; Arnott 1830: 35) Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 291)" authorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" authorityPageNumber="291" authorityYear="1834" baseAuthorityName="Hooker &amp; Arnott" baseAuthorityPageNumber="35" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tweedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="birostrata">
<emphasis id="B96E6A77FFA0FFA7A4298F9D1B39F86B" box="[625,776,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">T. birostrata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A5418F9C1C50F86B" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." box="[793,1121,1934,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" refId="ref5016" refString="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W. (1830) The Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage Comprising an Account of the Plants Collected by Messrs. Ley and Collie, and other Officers of the Expedition, During the Voyage to the Pacific and Bering's Strait, Performed in His Majesty's ship Blo. H. G. Bohn, London, 485 pp." type="book" year="1830">Hooker &amp; Arnott 1830: 35</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A22B8F9C18FEF80C" author="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W." pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="276 - 296" refId="ref5089" refString="Hooker, W. J. &amp; Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Contributions towards a flora of South America and the islands of the Pacific. 1. Extra-tropical South America. Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 276 - 296" type="journal article" year="1834">Hooker &amp; Arnott (1834: 291)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A7758FA71A3FF80C" author="Ezcurra, C." box="[301,526,1973,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="58 - 77" refId="ref4663" refString="Ezcurra, C. (1999) Asclepiadaceae. In: Correa, M. N. (ed.), Flora Patagonica VI. Instituto Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, pp. 58 - 77." type="book chapter" year="1999">Ezcurra (1999: 75)</bibRefCitation>
then followed in Flora Patagonica. The earliest designation is that of
<bibRefCitation id="EF8BCB94FFA0FFA7A3178FA718D5F835" author="Meyer, T." pageId="4" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref5889" refString="Meyer, T. (1944) Asclepiadaceae. In: Descole, H. R. (Ed), Genera et Species Plantarum Argentinarum, vol. 2. Guillermo Kraft, Buenos Aires, 1 - 273, tab. 1 - 121." type="book chapter" year="1944">Meyer (1944)</bibRefCitation>
and must be adopted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>