231 lines
29 KiB
XML
231 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="C01897AAB4D205BEFDE074075249C7FF">
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<mods:title id="E0D3AF1087348014AF6622F4780CF7ED">Hylobatidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8084DA35DA5A7B85A78719405FC24A68">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9C92A2B5A27883C6DF2FCB2904D15608">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52E786C640CDA76A6C214E023338A25B">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6DABBF89D0851A28781CF1D142C54BC7">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="8514C16852609FE24280CF00CEBA7072">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="BE0C319AF44BE80845BD618BEBCE7F4E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="4ECDD20A2C2B99AFCA91B6803A516766">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D787BA0E30FFCAFAF8F966FECCC3B8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6728303" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196222201" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6728303" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787BA0E30FFCAFAF8F966FECCC3B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D787BA0E30FFCAFAF8F966FECCC3B8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="788" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9FAF8F966FA0CCD91" box="[1406,1461,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FAF8F966FA0CCD91" blockId="9.[1401,2511,1737,1854]" box="[1406,1461,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<heading id="D08981C00E30FFC9FAF8F966FA0CCD91" box="[1406,1461,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<figureCitation id="13452A290E30FFC9FAF8F966FA0CCD91" box="[1406,1461,1737,1775]" captionStart="Plate 54: Hylobatidae" captionStartId="9.[127,157,3404,3429]" captionTargetBox="[12,2743,13,3642]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="12. Western Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor), 13. Eastern Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus), 14. Hainan Crested Gibbon (Nomascus haimmanus), 15. Northern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus annamensis), 16. Northern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys), 17. Southern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus siki), 18. Southern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), 19. Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6728001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6728001/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">13.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9FA43F966F781CD91" box="[1477,2104,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FA43F966F781CD91" blockId="9.[1401,2511,1737,1854]" box="[1477,2104,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<heading id="D08981C00E30FFC9FA43F966F781CD91" box="[1477,2104,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E30FFC9FA43F966F781CD91" box="[1477,2104,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Eastern Black Crested Gibbon</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9F704F966F677CD91" box="[2178,2510,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9F704F966F677CD91" blockId="9.[1401,2511,1737,1854]" box="[2178,2510,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<heading id="D08981C00E30FFC9F704F966F677CD91" box="[2178,2510,1737,1775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F704F966F677CD91" ID-CoL="47NQQ" baseAuthorityName="Kunkel d'Herculais" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[2178,2510,1737,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9F704F966F677CD91" box="[2178,2510,1737,1775]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Nomascus nasutus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9FAFCF8AEF723CC43" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FAFCF8AEF631CC68" blockId="9.[1401,2511,1737,1854]" box="[1402,2440,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<heading id="D08981C00E30FFC9FAFCF8AEF631CC68" box="[1402,2440,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9FAFCF8AEFA71CC68" bold="true" box="[1402,1480,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E30FFC9FA57F8AEF9C4CC68" box="[1489,1661,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Gibbon du Tonkin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9F914F8AEF957CC68" bold="true" box="[1682,1774,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E30FFC9F971F8AEF858CC68" box="[1783,2017,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Ostlicher Schopfgibbon</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9F870F8AEF7EBCC68" bold="true" box="[2038,2130,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E30FFC9F7DDF8AEF631CC68" box="[2139,2440,1793,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Gibon de cresta negra oriental</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FAFCF887F723CC43" blockId="9.[1401,2511,1737,1854]" box="[1402,2202,1832,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<heading id="D08981C00E30FFC9FAFCF887F723CC43" box="[1402,2202,1832,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9FAFCF887F9C8CC43" bold="true" box="[1402,1649,1832,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E30FFC9F9FCF887F81ACC43" box="[1658,1955,1832,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Cao Vit Black Crested Gibbon</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="057D46820E30FFC9F836F887F723CC43" box="[1968,2202,1832,1853]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Cao Vit Crested Gibbon</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9F865F8C4F75ACCCA" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9F865F8C4F75ACCCA" blockId="9.[2019,2606,1899,2326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9F865F8C4F7C7CCF2" bold="true" box="[2019,2174,1899,1932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F726F8C4F767CCCA" authority="Kuinckel d'Herculais, 1884" authorityName="Kuinckel d'Herculais" authorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">Hylobates nasutus Kuinckel d’Herculais, 1884</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9F769F834F7C3CCA5" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9F769F834F7C3CCA5" blockId="9.[2019,2606,1899,2326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<materialsCitation id="3B163CF10E30FFC9F769F834F7C3CCA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818819301" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Vietnam, Along (= Ha Long) Bay.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9F862F845F61CC306" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9F862F845F61CC306" blockId="9.[2019,2606,1899,2326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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Based on vocal and genetic evidence, N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F79AF7A2F739C354" box="[2076,2176,2061,2090]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">nasutus</taxonomicName>
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is now differentiated from N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F796F796F7CFC32C" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1826" box="[2064,2166,2105,2130]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">concolor</taxonomicName>
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and N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F76CF796F6DDC32C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[2282,2404,2105,2130]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hainanus">hainanus</taxonomicName>
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, to which it is most closely related. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9F865F7D0F868C21A" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF0166240E30FFC9F865F7D0F868C21A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727985" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6727985/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" targetBox="[1404,1986,1912,2320]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9F865F7D0F868C21A" blockId="9.[2019,2606,1899,2326]" lastBlockId="9.[1400,2608,2341,3310]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9F865F7D0F72BC3DE" bold="true" box="[2019,2194,2175,2208]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Restricted to a small area along the Sino-Viethamese border in Trung Khanh District (Cao Bang Province, NE Vietnam) and Jingxi County (Guangxi Province, SE China); the historical distribution stretched from SE China to N Vietnam as far S and W as the Red River.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9FAFCF6C4F5B2C1E1" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FAFCF6C4F5B2C1E1" blockId="9.[1400,2608,2341,3310]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9FAFCF6C4F9C1C2F2" bold="true" box="[1402,1656,2411,2444]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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No specific measurements are available, but the Eastern Black Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FA69F63DF9EEC2CD" box="[1519,1623,2450,2483]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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is similar in size to other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F7D2F63DF76AC2CD" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1933" box="[2132,2259,2450,2483]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nomascus</taxonomicName>
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. As with those species of gibbons, the Eastern Black Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F8E0F615F874C2A5" box="[1894,1997,2490,2523]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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is sexually dichromatic. Males are predominantly black, with a brown tinge on the chest, and females are yellow to beige brown. Females have a wide, white face-ring, and a long, black crown-streak that extends past the nape and may cross the shoulders. The chest is sometimes adorned with a patch of gray, brown, or blackish hairs. Infant Eastern Black Crested Gibbons are born black, unlike all other
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FA7EF5D1F9CEC1E1" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1933" box="[1528,1655,2686,2719]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nomascus</taxonomicName>
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gibbons. Females transition to yellow-beige-brown when subadult.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9FAFFF509F8CCC01A" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FAFFF509F8CCC01A" blockId="9.[1400,2608,2341,3310]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9FAFFF509FA51C1B9" bold="true" box="[1401,1512,2726,2759]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Previously in montane and limestone forests across northern Vietnam and south-eastern China at elevations of 50-930 m but now restricted to remnant tropical monsoon limestone forests at 500-930 m in the Cao Vit
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F721F55AF66FC068" authority="Conservation" authorityName="Conservation" box="[2215,2518,2805,2838]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon Conservation</taxonomicName>
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Area, Vietnam, and the adjacent Bangliang Nature Reserve, China. The total remaining habitat in this area is only ¢.2000 ha.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9FAFFF4C4F65CC7E1" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FAFFF4C4F65CC7E1" blockId="9.[1400,2608,2341,3310]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
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||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9FAFFF4C4F93AC0F2" bold="true" box="[1401,1667,2923,2956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Preliminary and cursory studies indicated that the Eastern Black Crested
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FA73F43DF9E4C0CD" box="[1525,1629,2962,2995]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
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was very frugivorous, but long-term observations have shown that while levels of fruit (36-1%) and fig (21:9%) consumption are high, substantial portions of the diet are leaves (16:9%) and buds (14:4%), with the supplementary consumption of animals (7%), flowers (3%), and other plant parts (0-7%). Diets have included 81 plant species, which was about half the known species at one studysite, but 19 species, many of them locally rare, made up the bulk of the diet. The animal component of the diet consists largely of invertebrates, but lizards are also eaten.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36465270E30FFC9FAFFF309F751C790" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FAFFF309F751C790" blockId="9.[1400,2608,2341,3310]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E30FFC9FAFFF309FA46C7B9" bold="true" box="[1401,1535,3238,3271]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Four births of Eastern Black Crested Gibbons have been recorded in the wild in October-February; seasonality of breeding is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0166240E30FFC9FFF9F2E3F842C6F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6728001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6728001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6728001/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" startId="9.[127,157,3404,3429]" targetBox="[12,2743,13,3642]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E30FFC9FFF9F2E3F842C6F2" blockId="9.[126,2467,3404,3473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="787">
|
||
On following pages: 14. Hainan Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FDB8F2E3FD30C61B" box="[574,649,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FD1DF2E3FCB7C61B" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1933" box="[667,782,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nomascus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FC91F2E3FCCEC61B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[791,887,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hainanus">hainanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 15. Northern Yellow-cheeked Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FAB7F2E3FAC4C61B" box="[1329,1405,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
17. Southern White-cheeked Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FDA7F2DCFDD5C6F2" box="[545,620,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FDF8F2DCFCA4C6F2" baseAuthorityName="Delacour" baseAuthorityYear="1951" box="[638,797,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siki">Nomascus siki</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 18. Southern Yellow-cheeked Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FB5FF2DCFA9CC6F2" box="[1241,1317,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FAB0F2DCFA13C6F2" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1933" box="[1334,1450,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nomascus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FA08F2E3F934C61B" box="[1422,1677,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annamensis">Nomascus annamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 16. Northern White-cheeked Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F7C4F2E3F734C61B" box="[2114,2189,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F719F2E3F621C61B" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[2207,2456,3404,3429]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Nomascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="789" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogenys">Nomascus leucogenys</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9FA34F2DCF9A3C6F2" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1909" box="[1458,1562,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabriellae">gabriellae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 19. Siamang (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E30FFC9F941F2DCF856C6F2" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1735,2031,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Symphalangus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="787" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syndactylus">Symphalangus syndactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF24FEB5FC21CA1C" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF24FEB5FC21CA1C" blockId="10.[161,1368,282,2246]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF24FEB5FE37CA45" bold="true" box="[162,398,282,315]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern Black Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFCA5FEB5FC32CA45" box="[803,907,282,315]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diurnal and arboreal. Activity begins just before dawn, often with loud vocalizations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF25FEC7FBACC81D" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF25FEC7FBACC81D" blockId="10.[161,1368,282,2246]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF25FEC7FCD8CAF7" bold="true" box="[163,865,360,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern Black Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFB6BFEC7FAECCAF7" box="[1261,1365,360,393]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms groups that defend exclusive territories, although there is some, minimal, overlap in home ranges. Initial estimates of home ranges from three focal groups were 128 ha, 130 ha, and 133 ha, which is large for gibbons. Formation of a new territory has only been observed once and appeared to consist of the codispersal of an adult male and two juveniles into an unoccupied territory, after which they were joined by a female. It has been suggested that codispersal aids in territorial defense. The first longterm studies on the Eastern Black Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFD72FDD2FCE6C9E0" box="[756,863,637,670]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with survey data, suggest that it may be polygynous, in contrast to most other gibbons but similar to Western Black and Hainan crested gibbons. The group structure consists of an adult male and one or two adult females and offspring. A group structure with two females appears to be stable, and concurrent, dependent infants have been observed in two focal groups. The average group size of four focal groups was six individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF22FCC6FD2ACCCF" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF22FCC6FD2ACCCF" blockId="10.[161,1368,282,2246]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF22FCC6FDBEC8F4" bold="true" box="[164,519,873,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Eastern Black Crested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFCCEFC3FFC09C8CF" box="[840,944,912,945]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon</taxonomicName>
|
||
is legally protected in China and Vietnam. It has a tiny distribution, inhabiting only ¢.2000 ha of degraded limestone forest along the Sino-Vietnamese border. It occurs in two protected areas, which are contiguous: Cao Vit
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFE7EFBA5FC9CCF59" authority="Conservation" authorityName="Conservation" box="[504,805,1034,1063]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon Conservation</taxonomicName>
|
||
Area in Vietnam and Bangliang Nature Reserve in China. Population estimates based on auditory surveys suggest the total transboundary population may total only 110 individuals in 18 groups, four of which occur totally or partially in China, with the remainder in Vietnam. This population was discovered in 2002 on the Vietnamese side of the border, where the majority of the population resides. Four groups were discovered on the Chinese side of the border in 2006. Cao Vit
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D2F0E33FFCAFEEAFB53FD21CE6B" authority="Conservation" authorityName="Conservation" box="[364,664,1276,1301]" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Gibbon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gibbon Conservation</taxonomicName>
|
||
Area in Vietnam was designated in 2007, and the contiguous Bangliang Nature Reserve in China was designated in 2009. Additional survey work in other areas of the Eastern Black Crested Gibbon’s former distribution in Vietnam has returned no more records, and it is likely that it has been extirpated in all other locations for which historical records exist. All conservation efforts are, therefore, focused on the one remaining transboundary population. Threats include ongoing degradation of the remaining habitat by local communities that use the area for collection of non-timberforest products and timber for construction and firewood. Hunting appears to be controlled, with no known cases since enforcement began in 2003. The small size of the population raises questions about its long-term genetic viability. It is vulnerable to inbreeding depression, disease outbreaks, and extreme weather events. Conservation interventions, mainly by Fauna and Flora International, on both sides of the border include working with local communities and government agencies to increase enforcement, reduce reliance of the local communities on forest resources, and build protected area management capacity. Forest regeneration and extension activities have been initiated and are likely to be important conservation actions in the future, given the highly restricted area of habitat available for the remaining Eastern Black Crested Gibbons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36465270E33FFCAFF23F86EFECCC3B8" pageId="10" pageNumber="788" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136AC0E33FFCAFF23F86EFECCC3B8" blockId="10.[161,1368,282,2246]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEABE0E33FFCAFF23F86EFE86CCA4" bold="true" box="[165,319,1985,2010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="788">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Chan Bosco Pui Lok & Ng Sai Chit (2006), Chan Bosco Pui Lok et al. (2008), Chivers (2001), Dao Van Tien (1983), Fan Pengfei, Fei Hanlan, Scott et al. (2011), Fan Pengfei, Fei Hanlan, Xiang Zoufu et al. (2010), Geissmann (1989), Geissmann, La Quang Trung et al. (2002), Geissmann, Nguyen Xuan Dang et al. (2000), Groves (2001), Insua-Cao et al. (2010), La Quang Trung & Trinh Dinh Hoang (2004), Le Trong Dat & Le Huu Oanh (2008), Mootnick & Fan Pengfei (2011), Nguyen Thi Hien (2007), Tan Bangjie (1985), Van Ngoc Thinh, Mootnick, Geissmann et al. (2010), Van Ngoc Thinh, Mootnick, Vu Ngoc Thanh et al. (2010), Vu Ngoc Thanh et al. (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |