treatments-xml/data/03/C7/87/03C787F3FFF3FF9CFE90F98FFB8B313C.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.170231" ID-GBIF-Dataset="256b1aaa-6882-43ab-b647-0deec14fdfcc" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="170231" checkinTime="1459752579393" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lopes, Daniela A., Hajdu, Eduardo &amp; Reiswig, Henry M." docDate="2005" docId="03C787F3FFF3FF9CFE90F98FFB8B313C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01066p056.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1066" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@291a4791" docStyleName="zootaxa.0000.journal_article" docTitle="Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFFEFF8BFFF1FF9AFF98FFF8FF893261" masterDocTitle="Redescription of two Hexactinosida (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from the southwestern Atlantic, collected by Programme REVIZEE" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="43" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1569537183303" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Redescription of two Hexactinosida (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from the southwestern Atlantic, collected by Programme REVIZEE</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lopes, Daniela A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hajdu, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number>1066</mods:number>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="2.[264,673,1655,1716]" box="[264,673,1655,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<heading bold="true" box="[264,673,1655,1681]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1858" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[264,673,1655,1681]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,673,1655,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,528,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Aphrocallistes beatrix</emphasis>
Gray, 
<number box="[614,673,1655,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="1858.0">1858</number>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[264,673,1655,1716]" box="[264,468,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
(
<figureCitation box="[273,386,1690,1716]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionStartId-1="5.[264,357,1137,1158]" captionTargetBox-1="[268,1315,288,1096]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[264,1323,282,1113]" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3: Spicules of Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. dermal pinule. B. parenchymal hexactin. C. variety of scopules. D. uncinates. E. diactins. F. hemihexasters. G. discohexasters. H. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A = 50 μm, B, F = 20 μm, C­E = 100 μm, G­H = 10 μm)." httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/170233/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
Figs. 
<number box="[339,386,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3</number>
</figureCitation>
, Tab I)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="2.[264,1325,1757,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,510,1757,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[519,597,1757,1783]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">MNRJ</collectionCode>
<number box="[606,666,1757,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="3111.0">3111</number>
, off Espírito Santo State, (
<geoCoordinate box="[983,1098,1757,1783]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" precision="55" value="-19.296">
<number box="[983,1065,1757,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="19.296">19.296</number>
º S
</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate box="[1113,1246,1757,1783]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" precision="55" value="-37.954">
<number box="[1113,1195,1757,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="37.954">37.954</number>
º W
</geoCoordinate>
), Central II cruise, station 
<number box="[525,557,1797,1823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="20.0">20</number>
c, 
<quantity box="[587,654,1797,1823]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="500.0">500m</quantity>
depth, coll. R.V. “Astro Garoupa”, 
<date box="[1100,1231,1797,1823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="1997-11-22">
<number box="[1100,1130,1797,1823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="22.0">22</number>
/xi/ 
<number box="[1172,1231,1797,1823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="1997.0">1997</number>
</date>
; 
<collectionCode box="[1247,1325,1797,1823]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">MNRJ</collectionCode>
<number box="[264,326,1837,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="8534.0">8534</number>
, off Rio de Janeiro State, (
<geoCoordinate box="[635,748,1837,1863]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" precision="55" value="-24.365">
<number box="[635,717,1837,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="24.365">24.365</number>
º S
</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate box="[763,894,1837,1863]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" precision="55" value="-43.602">
<number box="[763,846,1837,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="43.602">43.602</number>
º W
</geoCoordinate>
), RJ II cruise, station 
<quantity box="[1149,1245,1837,1863]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.64" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="9640.0">9, 640m</quantity>
depth, coll. R.V. “Diadorim”, 
<date box="[535,682,1877,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="2004-07-24">
<number box="[535,564,1877,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="24.0">24</number>
/vii/ 
<number box="[619,682,1877,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="2004.0">2004</number>
</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[264,1325,283,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,594,283,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Comparative material</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName authority="Schulze, 1886" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[614,1052,284,310]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vastus">
<emphasis box="[614,867,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Aphrocallistes vastus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Schulze" box="[880,1052,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="55" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1886). Uber den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematische Classe) 1886, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1886">
Schulze, 
<number box="[993,1052,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="1886.0">1886</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
­ 
<collectionCode box="[1086,1164,284,310]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MNRJ</collectionCode>
<number box="[1177,1239,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="1932.0">1932</number>
, Jervis Inlet, British 
<collectingCountry box="[423,542,324,350]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[555,646,324,350]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity box="[660,724,324,350]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
, coll./det./leg. M. LeBlanc. 
<collectionCode box="[1058,1137,324,350]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MNRJ</collectionCode>
<number box="[1146,1208,324,350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="3445.0">3445</number>
, 
<quantity box="[1220,1295,324,350]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="km" value="5.5">5.5km</quantity>
N of Elden Hood Canal, Washington, det./leg. G.J. Bakus (# 
<number box="[940,987,364,390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="379.0">379</number>
, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California). 
<collectionCode box="[730,808,404,430]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MNRJ</collectionCode>
<number box="[828,890,404,430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="7185.0">7185</number>
, off Kiwash 
<collectingCountry box="[1074,1146,404,430]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate box="[1173,1296,404,430]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" precision="92" value="51.863335">
<number box="[1173,1201,404,430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="51.0">51</number>
º 
<number box="[1211,1265,404,430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="51.8">51.8</number>
´N
</geoCoordinate>
­ 
<geoCoordinate box="[264,410,444,470]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" precision="92" value="-128.89333">
<number box="[264,308,444,470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="128.0">128</number>
º 
<number box="[317,372,444,470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="53.6">53.6</number>
´W
</geoCoordinate>
), Fitzhugh Sound, British 
<collectingCountry box="[732,851,444,470]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[866,957,444,470]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity box="[972,1028,444,470]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="27.0">27m</quantity>
, coll./det. H.M. Reiswig (RMM­I 
<number box="[372,435,484,510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="3708.0">3708</number>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="3.[264,1325,283,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,440,523,549]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[449,618,524,549]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[449,618,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Aphrocallistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a branching­tubular to funnel shaped body form with cylindrical diverticula, a thin wall 
<quantity box="[671,784,564,590]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–3mm</quantity>
thick, dictyonal framework of closely spaced diarhyses separated by thin septa and tuberculated beams. Dermalia are pinular hexactins and dermal scopules in three forms. Atrialia are tuberculate diactins and parenchymal hexactins. Microscleres are diverse.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="3.[264,1325,283,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,463,724,750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Description.</emphasis>
Body consists of sparsely branching and sometimes anastomosing tubes, without an axial funnel or a funnel bearing lateral tubular diverticula (
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­ 
<quantity box="[1210,1287,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="12.0">12mm</quantity>
in diameter); thin wall (
<number box="[513,598,804,830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="1.05" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="0.5">0.5­1.6</number>
­ 
<quantity box="[606,668,804,830]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.0">3mm</quantity>
thick; 
<figureCitation box="[751,821,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[805,821,804,830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
A); rigid transverse sieve plate may subdivide the atrial lumen (
<figureCitation box="[522,592,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
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</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[264,1325,283,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,426,884,910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Dictyonal framework of closely spaced diarhyses (
<number box="[1058,1103,884,910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="570.0">570</number>
­765.0­ 
<quantity box="[1189,1288,884,910]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
in diameter), separated by thin septa (
<number box="[675,767,924,950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="65.05" valueMax="95.1" valueMin="35.0">35­95.1</number>
­ 
<quantity box="[775,860,924,950]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="260.0">260 m</quantity>
thick), resulting in a regular hexagonal honeycomb aspect (
<figureCitation box="[497,567,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[552,567,964,990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
C –D); beams are tuberculate (
<figureCitation box="[918,981,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
C­E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[264,1325,283,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,415,1004,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Spicules</emphasis>
(Table I). Dermalia include pinular hexactins with narrow, thorned pinulus with tuberculate paratangential and proximal rays (
<figureCitation box="[895,972,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
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</figureCitation>
F); dermal scopules in three forms: (a) thick scopules with 
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tines ending in strongylote or button tips (
<figureCitation box="[1175,1240,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
G); (b) thin scopule with 
<number box="[479,522,1124,1150]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6</number>
tines ending in disc or tylote tips (
<figureCitation box="[944,1016,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[1000,1016,1124,1150]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
H); (c) thin scopules with tines ending in pointed tips; uncinates in two forms (
<figureCitation box="[906,979,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,357,1137,1158]" captionTargetBox="[268,1315,288,1096]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,282,1113]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3: Spicules of Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. dermal pinule. B. parenchymal hexactin. C. variety of scopules. D. uncinates. E. diactins. F. hemihexasters. G. discohexasters. H. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A = 50 μm, B, F = 20 μm, C­E = 100 μm, G­H = 10 μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170233/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[964,979,1164,1190]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="3.0">3</number>
</figureCitation>
D): (a) large and moderately thick, frequently with few barbs (
<figureCitation box="[655,727,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[710,727,1204,1230]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">
<date box="[710,727,1204,1230]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">2</date>
</number>
</figureCitation>
I); (b) small and very thin, often unbarbed. Atrialia includes slightly curved diactins, heavily spined or tuberculate, bearing four central knobs (
<figureCitation box="[273,345,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[331,345,1284,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
J­K, 
<number box="[407,421,1284,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="3.0">3</number>
E); parenchymal hexactins entirely spined (
<figureCitation box="[950,1025,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[1009,1025,1284,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
L); hexactins may rarely have only a rudiment of the sixth ray. Microscleres include hemihexasters in oxy­tipped (hemioxyhexaster; 
<figureCitation box="[491,561,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[546,561,1364,1390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
M) and disco­tipped forms (hemidiscohexaster; 
<figureCitation box="[1134,1204,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[1189,1204,1364,1390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
N), discohexasters and oxyhexasters (
<figureCitation box="[599,669,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[654,669,1404,1430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
O­Q).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="3.[264,1325,283,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,628,1444,1470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[637,897,1444,1469]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[637,897,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Aphrocallistes beatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mainly northern­cosmopolitan in distribution, with only two records south of 
<number box="[789,818,1484,1510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="15.0">15</number>
ºS, and ranges in depth from 
<quantity box="[1166,1321,1484,1510]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5044999999999997" metricValueMax="2.949" metricValueMin="0.06" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="1504.5" valueMax="2949.0" valueMin="60.0">60 to 2949m</quantity>
. This is the first record from the southern Atlantic. Specimen 
<collectionCode box="[977,1055,1524,1550]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MNRJ</collectionCode>
<number box="[1063,1120,1524,1550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="3111.0">3111</number>
was collected on an area with prevailing muddy carbonatic sand. Specimen 
<collectionCode box="[961,1039,1564,1590]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">MNRJ</collectionCode>
<number box="[1048,1107,1564,1590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="8534.0">8534</number>
is associated with zoanthids (
<figureCitation box="[392,463,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,357,1724,1745]" captionText="FIGURE 2: Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, 1858. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. discohexaster. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20 mm, C = 500 µm, D = 250 µm, E = 1 mm, F­H = 50 µm, I, K­M = 20 µm, J, N­Q = 10 µm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 
<number box="[447,463,1604,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<paragraph blockId="3.[264,1323,1724,1862]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,383,1724,1745]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 2:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1858" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[391,719,1724,1745]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[391,603,1724,1745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Aphrocallistes beatrix</emphasis>
Gray, 1858
</taxonomicName>
. A. preserved specimen (MNRJ 8534); arrow shows zoanthid. B. sieve plate. C­Q, SEM. C. wall surface with diarhyses in honeycomb pattern. D. transverse section of body wall. E. sieve plate. F­Q, spicules. F. dermal pinule. G­H. scopules. I. uncinate. J­K. diactins. L. hexactin. M. hemioxyhexaster. N. hemidiscohexaster. O­P. 
<taxonomicName box="[714,846,1812,1833]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="discohexaster">discohexaster</taxonomicName>
. Q. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A­B = 20mm, C = 500µm, D = 250µm, E = 1mm, F­H = 50µm, I, K­M = 20µm, J, N­Q = 10µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170233/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[268,1315,288,1096]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[264,1323,1137,1222]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,385,1137,1158]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 3:</emphasis>
Spicules of 
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1858" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[513,848,1137,1158]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<taxonomicName authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[513,785,1137,1158]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<taxonomicName box="[513,728,1137,1158]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[513,728,1137,1158]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName box="[513,651,1137,1158]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Aphrocallistes</taxonomicName>
beatrix
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
, 1858
</taxonomicName>
. A. dermal pinule. B. parenchymal hexactin. C. variety of scopules. D. uncinates. E. diactins. F. hemihexasters. G. discohexasters. H. oxyhexaster (Scale bars: A = 50μm, B, F = 20μm, C­E = 100μm, G­H = 10μm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="5.[264,1323,1273,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,433,1273,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Remarks.</emphasis>
The genus 
<taxonomicName box="[572,741,1274,1299]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[572,741,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Aphrocallistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains only two recognized species, 
<taxonomicName box="[1206,1323,1274,1299]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[1206,1323,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. beatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Schulze, 1886" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[315,600,1314,1340]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vastus">
<emphasis box="[315,422,1314,1339]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. vastus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Schulze" box="[431,600,1314,1340]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1886). Uber den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematische Classe) 1886, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1886">
Schulze, 
<number box="[539,600,1314,1340]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="1886.0">1886</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which are sympatric around 
<collectingCountry box="[953,1024,1314,1340]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Japan</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName box="[1035,1295,1314,1339]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[1035,1295,1314,1339]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Aphrocallistes beatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is presently understood to include 
<taxonomicName box="[660,876,1354,1379]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="beatrix" subSpecies="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[660,876,1354,1379]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. beatrix beatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with synonyms 
<taxonomicName authority="Wright, 1870" authorityName="Wright" authorityYear="1870" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bocagei">
<emphasis box="[1091,1222,1354,1379]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. bocagei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Wright" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Wright, E. P. (1870) Notes on Sponges. 1, On Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray. 2, Aphrocallistes Bocagei sp. nov. 3, On a new genus and species of deep sea sponge. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 10, pp. 1 - 9, pls I - III." type="journal article" year="1870">
Wright, 
<number box="[264,325,1394,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="1870.0">1870</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Schulze, 1886" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[344,669,1394,1420]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ramosus">
<emphasis box="[344,482,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. ramosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Schulze" box="[496,669,1394,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1886). Uber den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematische Classe) 1886, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1886">
Schulze, 
<number box="[610,669,1394,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="1886.0">1886</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Sim &amp; Kim, 1988" authorityName="Sim &amp; Kim" authorityYear="1988" box="[738,1126,1394,1420]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="jejuensis">
<emphasis box="[738,879,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. jejuensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Sim" box="[894,1126,1394,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Sim, C. J. &amp; Kim, M. H. (1988) A systematic study on the marine sponges in Korea. 7. Demospongiae and Hexactinellida. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 4 (1), pp. 21 - 42." type="journal article" year="1988">
Sim &amp; Kim, 
<number box="[1065,1126,1394,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="1988.0">1988</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authority="Ijima, 1916" authorityName="Ijima" authorityYear="1916" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="beatrix" subSpecies="orientalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. beatrix orientalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Ijima" box="[387,528,1434,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refString="Ijima, I. (1916) Notes on Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, particularly with reference to the form occurring in East Asiatic seas. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 9 (2), pp. 173 - 183." type="journal article" year="1916">
Ijima, 
<number box="[467,528,1434,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="1916.0">1916</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as a distinct subspecies (
<bibRefCitation author="Reiswig" box="[843,1035,1434,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Reiswig, H. M. (2002 a) Family Aphrocallistidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Vol. 2. (ed.). Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1282 - 1292." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">
Reiswig, 
<number box="[959,1022,1434,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="2002.0">2002</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[1070,1322,1434,1459]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vastus">
<emphasis box="[1070,1322,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Aphrocallistes vastus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be clearly set apart by gross morphological features such as its cup­shape and thicker walls (ca. 
<quantity box="[383,454,1514,1540]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Schulze" box="[467,637,1514,1540]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1887) Report on the Hexactinellida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 21, 514 pp., pls I - CIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1887">
Schulze, 
<number box="[574,637,1514,1540]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="1887.0">1887</number>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[264,1323,1273,1900]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1323,284,750]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
<bibRefCitation author="Ijima" box="[312,458,1554,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refString="Ijima, I. (1916) Notes on Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, particularly with reference to the form occurring in East Asiatic seas. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 9 (2), pp. 173 - 183." type="journal article" year="1916">
Ijima (
<number box="[389,450,1554,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="1916.0">1916</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
argued for the recognition of 
<taxonomicName box="[807,1041,1554,1579]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="beatrix" subSpecies="orientalis">
<emphasis box="[807,1041,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. beatrix orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which appeared to him to be restricted in occurrence to 
<collectingCountry box="[641,710,1594,1620]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Japan</collectingCountry>
, the 
<collectingCountry box="[766,836,1594,1620]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">China</collectingCountry>
Sea and the 
<collectingCountry box="[986,1200,1594,1620]" name="Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
. The typical subspecies, 
<taxonomicName box="[453,667,1634,1659]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="beatrix" subSpecies="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[453,667,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">A. beatrix beatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was widely distributed in all three major oceans. Six main morphological characters were listed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Ijima" box="[816,964,1674,1700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refString="Ijima, I. (1916) Notes on Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, particularly with reference to the form occurring in East Asiatic seas. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 9 (2), pp. 173 - 183." type="journal article" year="1916">
Ijima (
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)
</bibRefCitation>
in support of his proposition, viz., (
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) slender body tubes (
<quantity box="[612,704,1714,1740]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8mm</quantity>
in diameter), body wall (less than 
<quantity box="[1130,1190,1714,1740]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
thick) and diarhyses (
<quantity box="[396,532,1754,1780]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8mm</quantity>
across); (
<number box="[660,676,1754,1780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="2.0">2</number>
) tridimensional arrangement of dictyonal septa; (
<number box="[1296,1311,1754,1780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="3.0">3</number>
) tubercles on the surface of dictyonal septa only occasionally present; (
<number box="[1095,1111,1794,1820]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="4.0">4</number>
) dermalia largely pentactine, the hexactins show variably developed pinular rays which frequently bear only a rudimentary development of spines; (
<number box="[750,765,1874,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" value="5.0">5</number>
) scopules with terminal swellings which are never in the form of a convex­disk with a marginal whorl of spines; and (
<number box="[1116,1132,284,310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="6.0">6</number>
) elongate forms of hemihexasters smaller than 
<quantity box="[622,706,324,350]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[264,1323,284,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
The Brazilian material studied here somewhat bridges the gap perceived by 
<bibRefCitation author="Ijima" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refString="Ijima, I. (1916) Notes on Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, particularly with reference to the form occurring in East Asiatic seas. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 9 (2), pp. 173 - 183." type="journal article" year="1916">
Ijima (
<number box="[272,333,404,430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="1916.0">1916</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
in recognizing 
<taxonomicName box="[524,757,404,429]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="beatrix" subSpecies="orientalis">
<emphasis box="[524,757,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">A. beatrix orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From the proposed distinguishing features enumerated above, the Brazilian specimens bear similarly slender diarhyses, scopules without terminal disks and hemihexasters smaller than 
<quantity box="[821,905,484,510]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
in length. The main distinguishing feature which remains, suggesting the Brazilian material to be best assigned to 
<taxonomicName class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="beatrix" subSpecies="beatrix">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">A. beatrix beatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is their possession of fully formed dermal pinular hexactins which do not grade into pentactins. The validity of Ijima’s propositions cannot be evaluated on the basis of material at our disposal, and given the apparent morphological plasticity of both purported subspecies (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Schulze" box="[461,633,684,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1904) Hexactinellida. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ' Valdivia' 1898 - 1899, 4, pp. 1 - 266, pls I - LII, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1904">
Schulze, 
<number box="[571,633,684,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="1904.0">1904</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ijima" box="[647,788,684,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" refString="Ijima, I. (1916) Notes on Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, particularly with reference to the form occurring in East Asiatic seas. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 9 (2), pp. 173 - 183." type="journal article" year="1916">
Ijima, 
<number box="[726,788,684,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="1916.0">1916</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), it appears that a molecular study would be more appropriate to establish the limits of 
<taxonomicName box="[761,877,724,749]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrix">
<emphasis box="[761,877,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">A. beatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[264,1322,802,866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<bibRef pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="book">
<author box="[264,924,803,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,378,803,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<collectionCode box="[264,352,803,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">TABLE</collectionCode>
I:
</emphasis>
Spicule dimensions of 
<emphasis box="[628,863,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Aphrocallistes beatrix</emphasis>
Gray
</author>
, 
<number box="[934,990,804,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" value="1858.0">
<year box="[934,990,804,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">1858</year>
</number>
. 
<title jopScore="0.061508834" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="_" typeScore="37">Measures are expressed in μm as: smaller­ mean­largerN. Ln = Length, Wd = width</title>
, 
<journalOrPublisher box="[839,1022,838,861]" jopScore="0.06765972" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Diam = diameter</journalOrPublisher>
.
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>