205 lines
26 KiB
XML
205 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DC88199D6B960E6CD8A93C767CF1B041">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C21BC7FFE040AA58D5D9E21CACA619A4">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E0728B04EEFD5774CDF13F1867A038E3">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6064316D31F7D070EBA71FDBA8FF1E1D">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1235AC96DBC5C5EAD547265EECC47D9F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="94B16C7406761DD09C03859F313B732C">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="43FD562E78C04EB71FD85701C6E1AA9B">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B48FFF3FF56F8D8FD2DFB26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640989" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290900" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640989" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B48FFF3FF56F8D8FD2DFB26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B48FFF3FF56F8D8FD2DFB26" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B48FFF2FF56F8D8FDA9F8F4" box="[151,599,1825,1852]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B48FFF2FF56F8D8FDA9F8F4" blockId="94.[151,599,1825,1852]" box="[151,599,1825,1852]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B48FFF2FF56F8D8FDA9F8F4" bold="true" box="[151,599,1825,1852]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B48FFF2FF56F8D8FDA9F8F4" ID-CoL="73Y42" authority="(Whitelegge, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Whitelegge" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[151,599,1825,1852]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B48FFF2FF56F8D8FDA9F8F4" bold="true" box="[151,599,1825,1852]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B48FFF2FF56F8D8FE99F8F3" bold="true" box="[151,359,1825,1852]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Nicella flabellata</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B48FFF2FEB7F8D8FDB1F8F4" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[374,591,1825,1851]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B48FFF3FF56F899FED7FF7E" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B48FFF2FF56F899FC7BF8B7" blockId="94.[151,922,1888,1974]" box="[151,901,1888,1913]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B48FFF2FF56F899FDA6F8B6" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[151,600,1888,1913]" page="319" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1897">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B48FFF2FF56F899FDA6F8B6" ID-CoL="866XP" authority="Whitelegge, 1897: 319" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityPageNumber="319" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,600,1888,1913]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B48FFF2FF56F899FE96F8B7" box="[151,360,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Verrucella flabellata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B48FFF2FEAFF899FDA6F8B6" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[366,600,1888,1913]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897: 319</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 17, fig. 34–37 (Funafuti).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B48FFF2FF56F886FCE9F858" blockId="94.[151,922,1888,1974]" box="[151,791,1919,1943]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B48FFF2FF56F886FCE9F858" box="[151,791,1919,1943]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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?
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B48FFF2FF63F886FDEEF858" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[162,528,1919,1943]" page="52" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1899">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B48FFF2FF63F886FDEEF858" ID-CoL="866XQ" authority="Hiles 1899: 52" authorityName="Hiles" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1899" box="[162,528,1919,1943]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="granifera">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B48FFF2FF63F886FE8CF858" box="[162,370,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Verrucella granifera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B48FFF2FEB9F886FDEEF858" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[376,528,1919,1943]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref102744" refString="Hiles, I. L. (1899) s. n. In: The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. Willey. Zoological Results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897, by Arthur Willey. Part 2. University Press, Cambridge, pp. 195 - 206." type="book chapter" year="1899">Hiles 1899: 52</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 1, fig. 1–2 (Funafuti).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B48FFF2FF56F867FC64F879" blockId="94.[151,922,1888,1974]" box="[151,922,1950,1974]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B48FFF2FF56F867FC64F879" box="[151,922,1950,1974]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B48FFF2FF56F867FDEDF879" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,531,1950,1974]" page="86" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" year="1999">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B48FFF2FF56F867FDEDF879" ID-CoL="73Y42" authority="Grasshoff 1999: 86" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="86" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,531,1950,1974]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellata">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B48FFF2FF56F867FEB6F879" box="[151,328,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Nicella flabellata</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B48FFF2FE8FF867FDEDF879" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[334,531,1950,1974]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999: 86</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 141b, 146–147 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B48FFF2FD2DF867FC6EF879" box="[748,912,1950,1974]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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||
).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B48FFF2FF56F826FC58F836" blockId="94.[151,934,2015,2041]" box="[151,934,2015,2041]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Opinion: There is little evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF56FF6EFED7FF7E" blockId="95.[151,1436,151,285]" box="[151,297,151,177]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Justification:</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B49FFF3FF06FF42FD2DFB26" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF06FF42FCF1FED2" blockId="95.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF06FF42FC72FF1A" box="[199,908,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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||
:
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FC58FF42FAFAFF1A" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[921,1284,187,213]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson 1906: 80</bibRefCitation>
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||
(Andamans);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FF56FF26FE84FF36" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[151,378,222,249]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 125</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 86, fig. 1–
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||
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|
||
(Tuticorin);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FD09FF26FC33FF36" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[712,973,223,249]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FCDCFF26FCB0FF36" box="[797,846,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014a: 30
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 12, fig. A–C (Ritchie’s Archipelago);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FF56FEFAFE45FED2" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,443,259,285]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FEC9FEFAFEC7FED2" box="[264,313,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017: 290
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 136, fig. 1–
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B49FFF3FDADFEFAFD78FED2" box="[620,646,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="g" value="1.0">1g</quantity>
|
||
(Tuticorin).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF06FEB2FDCEFD02" blockId="95.[151,1437,331,1257]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF06FEB2FE62FEAA" box="[199,412,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Literature analysis</emphasis>
|
||
: This species was established by Whitelegge as
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FC04FEB2FB53FEAA" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityYear="1897" box="[965,1197,331,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FC04FEB2FB53FEAA" box="[965,1197,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Verrucella flabellata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
from Funafuti in the Central West Pacific with virtually no descriptive text but with a sketch of the colony and a few rudimental drawings of some sclerites. The
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B49FFF3FE63FE6AFDFAFE62" box="[418,516,403,429]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
has never been redescribed, so the exact form and size of the sclerites remain unknown, but Whitelegge’s illustrations clearly indicate that the large subsurface sclerites typical of the genus generally had rounded ends and a well-defined, bare waist, and that they could have been be about twice the length of the small double heads of the surface layer.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FD64FE06FCCDFDD6" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[677,819,511,537]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref102744" refString="Hiles, I. L. (1899) s. n. In: The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. Willey. Zoological Results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897, by Arthur Willey. Part 2. University Press, Cambridge, pp. 195 - 206." type="book chapter" year="1899">Hiles (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on some samples also from Funafuti and was of the opinion that the species was a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FD11FDDAFB99FDF2" authority="Kolliker, 1865" authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1865" box="[720,1127,546,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="granifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FD11FDDAFC46FDF2" box="[720,952,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Verrucella granifera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FC01FDDAFB99FDF2" author="Kolliker, R. A." box="[960,1127,546,573]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="95 - 181" refId="ref102988" refString="Kolliker, R. A. (1865) Die bidessubstanz der Coelentraten. In: Kolliker, A (Ed.), Icons histiologicae oder Atlas der verglechenden Gewebelehre. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 95 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82233" type="book chapter" year="1865">Kolliker, 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. She described and figured the large sclerites as being spindles and double spindles (the latter meaning they had a waist), many with rounded ends, and recorded them as being about twice the length of the “double stars”. It is quite possible her specimen was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FF56FD76FE80FD66" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,382,655,681]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellate">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FF56FD76FE80FD66" box="[151,382,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Verrucella flabellate</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but highly unlikely it was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FD6EFD76FC68FD66" authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1865" box="[687,918,655,681]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="granifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FD6EFD76FC68FD66" box="[687,918,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Verrucella granifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as that species was originally collected in the Atlantic off the west coast of Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF06FD2EFBE6FC06" blockId="95.[151,1437,331,1257]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
The species was transferred to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B49FFF3FD5BFD2EFD15FD3E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[666,747,727,753]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FD5BFD2EFD15FD3E" box="[666,747,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Nicella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FCD6FD2EFB8DFD3E" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[791,1139,727,753]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but it is impossible to tell what those authors had because there were no illustrations provided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FC7EFD02FB88FCDA" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[959,1142,763,789]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="247 - 386" refId="ref106823" refString="Simpson, J. J. (1910) A revision of the Gorgonellidae: 1, The Juncellid group. Proceedings of the Royac Irish Academy, 28 B (7), 247 - 386." type="journal article" year="1910">Simpson (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
diagnosed the species as having mainly “small double clubs and long thick double spindles” and provided some sclerites drawings, but there is no indication that Simpson had seen the original material. Simpson’s sclerite drawings reveal the double spindles as being close to x4 the length of the double heads.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FD32FC9EFC4BFC4E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[755,949,871,897]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned New Caledonian material to this species but the subsurface sclerites did not have a waist, had rather pointed ends; and were extremely long compared to the small surface sclerites, so that identification would appear to be incorrect.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B49FFF3FF06FC2AFD2DFB26" blockId="95.[151,1437,331,1257]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
|
||
The accounts given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FE13FC2AFD70FC22" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[466,654,979,1005]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FD09FC2AFC39FC22" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[712,967,979,1005]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FCFBFC2AFC8AFC22" box="[826,884,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are identical, but their descriptive text is extremely cursory. However, despite the sclerite images being small and the details ill-defined, it seems that only a few of the smaller subsurface sclerites resemble those illustrated by Whitelegge and Hiles, and the larger forms are extremely long compared to the surface double heads, have rather pointed ends, and do not suggest the same style of sclerite as that presented by Whitelegge and Hiles.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FD3CFB9AFC12FBB2" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[765,1004,1123,1149]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FC92FB9AFC73FBB2" box="[851,909,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also assigned material to this species. The figured double clubs somewhat resemble those illustrated by Whitelegge, but the large subsurface sclerites are narrow and do not.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FEB2FB52FDB2FB0A" author="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K." box="[371,588,1195,1221]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref105853" refString="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K. (2003) Studies on the soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional paper, 206, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="2003">Rao & Devi (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just list the species, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B49FFF3FCBAFB52FBA4FB0A" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[891,1114,1194,1221]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B49FFF3FC11FB52FBFFFB0A" box="[976,1025,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists the species and provide the same colony image as in the 2014 paper above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |