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<mods:title id="68591EC2004D189930DFDBE961C626D5">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B05FFBFFF56FDBEFC47FA4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639335" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639335" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B05FFBFFF56FDBEFC47FA4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B05FFBFFF56FDBEFC47FA4D" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B05FFBFFF56FDBEFDD1FDAE" bold="true" box="[151,559,583,610]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56FDBEFDD1FDAE" ID-CoL="5X2QL" ID-ENA="859390" authority="(Gohar, 1948)" baseAuthorityName="Gohar" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[151,559,583,610]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hamrum">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FDBEFDD1FDAE" bold="true" box="[151,559,583,610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FDBEFE82FDAD" bold="true" box="[151,380,583,610]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Briareum hamrum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFE4AFDBEFDD9FDAE" author="Gohar, H. A. F." box="[395,551,583,609]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="3 - 33" refId="ref101077" refString="Gohar, H. A. F. (1948) A description and some biological studies of a new alcyonarian species Clavularia hamra Gohar. Publications of the Marine Biological Station of Al-Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 6, 3 - 33." type="journal article" year="1948">Gohar, 1948</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56FD75FBECFD6B" blockId="19.[151,1436,651,835]" box="[151,1042,651,676]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFF56FD75FE10FD6B" author="Gohar, H. A. F." box="[151,494,652,676]" page="4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="1948">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56FD75FE10FD6B" authority="Gohar, 1948: 4" authorityName="Gohar" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,494,652,676]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hamra">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FD75FEB3FD6B" box="[151,333,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Clavularia hamra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFE95FD75FE10FD6B" author="Gohar, H. A. F." box="[340,494,652,676]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="3 - 33" refId="ref101077" refString="Gohar, H. A. F. (1948) A description and some biological studies of a new alcyonarian species Clavularia hamra Gohar. Publications of the Marine Biological Station of Al-Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 6, 3 - 33." type="journal article" year="1948">Gohar, 1948: 4</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 15 (
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B05FFBFFD9FFD75FD49FD6B" box="[606,695,652,676]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFD08FD75FC5EFD6B" author="Verseveldt, J." box="[713,928,652,676]" page="209" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFD08FD75FC5EFD6B" author="Verseveldt, J." box="[713,928,652,676]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="209 - 229" refId="ref110395" refString="Verseveldt, J. (1970) Report on some Octocorallia (alcyonacea) from the northern Red Sea. Israel Journal of Zoology, 19, 209 - 229." type="journal article" year="1970">Verseveldt 1970: 209</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B05FFBFFC6CFD75FBF9FD6B" box="[941,1031,652,676]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56FD53FD48FD0D" blockId="19.[151,1436,651,835]" box="[151,694,682,706]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B05FFBFFF56FD53FD48FD0D" box="[151,694,682,706]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFF56FD53FD4CFD0D" author="Broch, H. &amp; Horridge, A." box="[151,690,682,706]" page="157" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="1956">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56FD53FD4CFD0D" authority="Broch &amp; Horridge, 1956: 157" authorityName="Broch &amp; Horridge" authorityPageNumber="157" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,690,682,706]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FD53FE82FD0D" box="[151,380,682,706]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Sympodium violaceum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFE43FD53FD4CFD0D" author="Broch, H. &amp; Horridge, A." box="[386,690,682,706]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="149 - 160" refId="ref99507" refString="Broch, H. &amp; Horridge, A. (1956) A new species of Solenopodium (Stolonifera: Octocorallia) from the Red Sea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 128 (2), 149 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1957. tb 00263. x" type="journal article" year="1956">Broch &amp; Horridge, 1956: 157</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56FD33FDD9FD2E" blockId="19.[151,1436,651,835]" box="[151,551,713,737]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B05FFBFFF56FD33FDD9FD2E" box="[151,551,713,737]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFF56FD33FDDDFD2E" author="Alderslade, P." box="[151,547,713,737]" page="246" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="2000">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56FD33FDDDFD2E" ID-CoL="VW3P" authority="Alderslade 2000: 246" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityPageNumber="246" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,547,713,737]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hamra">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FD33FEBEFD2E" box="[151,320,713,737]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Briareum hamra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFE87FD30FDDDFD2E" author="Alderslade, P." box="[326,547,713,737]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="237 - 249" refId="ref98308" refString="Alderslade, P. (2000) Four new genera of soft corals (Coelenterata: Octocorallia), with notes on the classification of some established taxa. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 74 (16), 237 - 249." type="journal article" year="2000">Alderslade 2000: 246</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56FD11FCF7FCD1" blockId="19.[151,1436,651,835]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B05FFBFFF56FD11FCF7FCD1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56FD11FD07FCCF" ID-CoL="5X2QL" authority="Benayahu et al. 2003: 57" authorityName="Benayahu" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,761,743,768]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hamrum">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFF56FD11FDA5FD30" author="Benayahu, Y. &amp; Shlagman, A. &amp; Schleyer, M. H." box="[151,603,743,768]" page="57" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="2003">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FD11FEACFCCF" box="[151,338,744,768]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Briareum hamrum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFE9BFD11FDA5FD30" author="Benayahu, Y. &amp; Shlagman, A. &amp; Schleyer, M. H." box="[346,603,743,768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="49 - 57" refId="ref99206" refString="Benayahu, Y., Shlagman, A. &amp; Schleyer, M. H. (2003) Corals of the South-west Indian Ocean: VI. The Alcyonacea (Octocorallia) of Mozambique, with a discussion on soft coral distribution on south equatorial East African reefs. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 345, 49 - 57." type="journal article" year="2003">
Benayahu
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFE07FD11FE0AFCCF" box="[454,500,744,768]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2003: 57
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFDA8FD11FD0CFCCF" box="[617,754,744,768]" name="Mozambique" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
(listed);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFC97FD11FB04FCCF" author="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[854,1274,743,768]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/35E3F26A7D7EE71EDA0DC23B115F93EC" page="12" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFC97FD11FB04FCCF" author="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[854,1274,743,768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref106453" refString="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P. (2016) A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4105 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Samimi-Namin &amp; Ofwegen 2016: 1218</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 811 (Red Sea, East Africa,
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFEB7FCFFFE4AFCD1" box="[374,436,774,798]" name="Oman" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Oman</collectingCountry>
Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf.).
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B05FFBFFF56FCD1FE4AFC1D" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56FCD1FC58FC8D" blockId="19.[151,1436,651,835]" box="[151,934,808,835]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Opinion: There is little evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56FC89FED7FC45" blockId="19.[151,1436,880,979]" box="[151,297,880,906]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF06FC6DFE4AFC1D" blockId="19.[151,1436,880,979]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF06FC6DFC3FFC61" box="[199,961,916,942]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFC14FC6CFB1EFC60" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[981,1248,916,943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFBEEFC6CFB9AFC61" box="[1071,1124,916,942]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2014: 10
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2, fig. AF (Havelock, S. Andaman).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B05FFBFFF06FBF8FC47FA4D" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF06FBF8FC47FA4D" blockId="19.[151,1437,1024,1411]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF06FBF8FE63FBD5" box="[199,413,1024,1050]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: An excellent overview of this genus in the Indo-Pacific was given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFB10FBF9FEADFBF1" author="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref106453" refString="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P. (2016) A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4105 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Samimi-Namin &amp; Ofwegen (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. A single report that this species occurs in the region (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) appeared in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFF56FBB0FE8FFBAC" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[151,369,1096,1123]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF2DFBB0FEE3FBAD" box="[236,285,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. (2014
</bibRefCitation>
: PY-P). The material was described as “Colony form thin encrusting membranous sheets, small clusters of knobs (sic), tall finger like lobes or large tangles of cylindrical branches. Polyps are monomorphic, retractile and up to about
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B05FFBFFE70FB69FE07FB64" box="[433,505,1168,1195]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
tall. Live and preserved colonies are reddish-purple colour”, which clearly included a mixture of species. The “thin encrusting membranous sheets, small clusters of knobs” could indicate
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFAD8FB4CFA62FB01" box="[1305,1436,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFAD8FB4CFA66FB01" box="[1305,1432,1204,1230]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hamrum">B. hamrum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
although that species is thought to be restricted to the Red Sea, East Africa,
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFC1FFB20FBDCFB3C" box="[990,1058,1241,1267]" name="Oman" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Oman</collectingCountry>
Sea, Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf. The “tall finger like lobes or large tangles of cylindrical branches” could indicate colonies of either
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFAF3FB04FE3EFAF4" authority="(Kukenthal, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stechei">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFAF3FB04FF1BFAF5" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Briareum stechei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFF36FAD9FE46FAF4" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[247,440,1312,1339]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref103095" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1908) Diagnosen neuer Gorgoniden (4. Mitteilung). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33 (1), 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="1908">Kükenthal, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFE13FAD8FBE5FAF5" authority="Samimi-Namin &amp; Ofwegen (2016)" authorityName="Samimi-Namin &amp; Ofwegen" authorityYear="2016" box="[466,1051,1312,1339]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cylindricum">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFE13FAD8FD85FAF5" box="[466,635,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B. cylindricum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFD44FAD9FBE5FAF5" author="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[645,1051,1312,1339]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref106453" refString="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P. (2016) A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4105 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Samimi-Namin &amp; Ofwegen (2016)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, or an unknown species, and the underwater images provided indicate specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFD16FABCFB70FA90" authority="(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[727,1166,1348,1375]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFD16FABCFC94FA91" box="[727,874,1348,1374]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B. violaceum</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
or an unknown species. The few green sclerite images could possibly be from the latter species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>