261 lines
42 KiB
XML
261 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="1F152CE092A79705C6AB440ADABD113D" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4281.1.7SLASH11442" ID-CLB-Dataset="28707" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4281.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e6f2f35a-6ccf-44c1-aa29-3e7abd613cdf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="815782" ID-ZooBank="C555186B-91C0-4388-A6BA-7455E23DF370" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1498117602501" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gaiani, Marco A." docDate="2017" docId="03F57240FFEAFF91FF21A0A6FEFEFD18" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4281.1.7SLASH11442.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4281 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Problematode Gaiani 2017, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="D5F9DA00-4FC1-4D03-8F2E-6E0A0F6B95A4" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" masterDocId="FFCC0A38FFEBFF93FFB6A07BFFEEFFB0" masterDocTitle="Problematode: an enigmatic new genus of Membracidae (Hemiptera) with two new species from Venezuela" updateTime="1698448187449" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="7D0392EFBDE32682D25B436DFAAC4003" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="473D94F2050891E4D3DA111C05C7215B">
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<mods:title id="43CD45AD63CDC28012D6F754FC9916D5">Problematode: an enigmatic new genus of Membracidae (Hemiptera) with two new species from Venezuela</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9BFC5407EAB1C6789AEEE42B807228D5" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="CB9976AB431E2867760F58D927020490">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C94A1E72E89265F66E4E8BF0192C12E9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="DACFCCAFAFE4128AC74AA225A88AACE0">Gaiani, Marco A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="347441985C4AFC4E8F67EC9ED13C8F83">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="77283661AFCA5B4A21874EE7EFE736B7" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5CD67DC39B2BAB492FF049FE4DFBB32E">
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<mods:title id="67103512EF9052BF3995AD1688B5E56A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="302227163A62A1F89AFC9809416AC4A4">
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<mods:date id="1310A1364221072F845C4E98F8167DEB">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3B2CC2C8F1448D72FEC956E86B30C4EB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D036BD8B5A52DD59D27580E55A49A510">4281</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="E0369587E6BDFFF5905EBF7312FB7F0E" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="DC88ADFEB04615983A032F9EC219A3F3">1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="FBC2D8117AE40B4401DD45231D442C5D">journal volume</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9674A740C3741AD967CCD7149B353F62" type="CLB-Dataset">28707</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A0E68704DDB58B7084A7B26E1B7BFA51" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4281.1.7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B84C6C092A4EB861B09F6BC9906C8F64" type="GBIF-Dataset">e6f2f35a-6ccf-44c1-aa29-3e7abd613cdf</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D62802DF03E9DEE7D03B64A5F891FEF5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A0BEED192093936A7BF45BDCB6CA03D7" type="Zenodo-Dep">815782</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7BDBF53ACAFB08D9E6E06C3D22EB68EE" type="ZooBank">C555186B-91C0-4388-A6BA-7455E23DF370</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03F57240FFEAFF91FF21A0A6FEFEFD18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6049595" ID-GBIF-Taxon="150852081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6049595" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D5F9DA00-4FC1-4D03-8F2E-6E0A0F6B95A4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F57240FFEAFF91FF21A0A6FEFEFD18" lastPageId="2" pageId="1">
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<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFEAFF92FF21A0A6FDFEFF47" box="[151,528,221,247]" pageId="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFEAFF92FF21A0A6FDFEFF47" blockId="1.[151,528,221,247]" box="[151,528,221,247]" pageId="1">
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<heading id="D0AB743AFFEAFF92FF21A0A6FDFEFF47" bold="true" box="[151,528,221,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF21A0A6FDFEFF47" bold="true" box="[151,528,221,247]" pageId="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFEAFF92FF21A0A6FE75FF47" authority="Gaiani" authorityName="Gaiani" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,411,221,247]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Problematode" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF21A0A6FED1FF47" bold="true" box="[151,319,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="1">Problematode</emphasis>
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Gaiani
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21BA23FFFEAFF92FE14A0A6FDFEFF47" box="[418,528,221,247]" pageId="1" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFEAFF92FF21A151FCFDFEF2" box="[151,787,298,323]" pageId="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFEAFF92FF21A151FCFDFEF2" blockId="1.[151,1437,298,2012]" box="[151,787,298,323]" pageId="1">
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF21A151FEC5FEF3" bold="true" box="[151,299,298,323]" pageId="1">Type species</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFEAFF92FE8FA151FD5AFEF3" authority="Gaiani" authorityName="Gaiani" authorityYear="2017" box="[313,692,298,323]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Problematode" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sakakibarai" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FE8FA151FD8FFEF3" box="[313,609,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="1">Problematode sakakibarai</emphasis>
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Gaiani
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21BA23FFFEAFF92FD0CA151FCFDFEF2" box="[698,787,298,323]" pageId="1" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FD0CA151FCE3FEF3" bold="true" box="[698,781,298,323]" pageId="1">sp. nov</emphasis>
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.
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFEAFF92FF71A133FA7CFDED" pageId="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFEAFF92FF71A133FA7CFDED" blockId="1.[151,1437,298,2012]" pageId="1">
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF71A133FEAFFED1" bold="true" box="[199,321,328,353]" pageId="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Mid-sized treehoppers (
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<quantity id="4CA46EB3FFEAFF92FDE0A133FD32FED0" box="[598,732,328,352]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.3" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="9.15" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.3">
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8.3–
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<quantity id="4CA46EB3FFEAFF92FD3FA133FD32FED0" box="[649,732,328,352]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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</quantity>
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). Body depressed, hirsute (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FBB9A133FB93FED0" box="[1039,1149,328,353]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
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). Forewings thickened in basal half (veins obscured), surface with recumbent white pilosity; apical half with venation reticulated, veins with recumbent white pilosity, cells not pilose. Pronotum with median longitudinal carina; with or without processes, when present, as an elevated posterior keel not covering scutellum; with two dark bare, short, glabrous projections at each side of medial carina and keel (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FDE4A1A3FD16FE40" box="[594,760,472,497]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 2, 4, 6, 7</figureCitation>
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). Pro- and metatrochanters with a definite suture separating them from their respective coxae, mesotrochanters fused with femora. Pro- and mesofemora with a large, blunt spine on ventral border (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FE02A25BFDAEFD89" box="[436,576,544,569]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 15–17</figureCitation>
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). Meso- and metacoxal cavities widely separated, thoracic sternites widely exposed (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FEB4A23FFEA8FDED" box="[258,326,580,605]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Aedeagus stout, “U”-shaped, gonopore apical; second valvulae abruptly widened in apical third.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFEAFF92FF71A213FA68F823" pageId="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFEAFF92FF71A213FB81F99B" blockId="1.[151,1437,298,2012]" pageId="1">
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF71A213FEBFFD31" bold="true" box="[199,337,616,641]" pageId="1">Description</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FED6A213FE73FD31" box="[352,413,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="1">Head</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FE18A213FD90FD30" box="[430,638,616,641]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 2, 4–5, 9–10</figureCitation>
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) as wide or wider than pronotum in dorsal view, eyes stalked; distinct triangular dorsal projections at each side of coronal suture, closer to each other than to eyes, with small glabrous depression or concavity admedially at their base in frontal view. In anterior view: ocelli elevated, closer to each other than to eyes; head covered in long white adpressed hairs (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FCCFA2AFFC2EFD5D" box="[889,960,724,749]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Vertex concave medially from occipital border to frontoclypeal suture; ventrolateral margins carinate. Frontoclypeus flat, transversely sunken at middle on apical 1/3rd; transverse carina or fold absent; covered with white semi-erect setae (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FB90A364FB84FC87" box="[1062,1130,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Rostrum reaching base of metathoracic coxae; first segment short, barely longer than labrum; second segment longer, almost twice as long as third segment.
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FEF6A31CFE7FFC30" box="[320,401,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="1">Thorax</emphasis>
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. Distance from posterior margin of eye to wing base, in lateral view, 1.0 to 1.5x eye width.
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF21A3F7FEE8FC13" box="[151,262,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="1">Pronotum</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FEA0A3F0FE20FC13" box="[278,462,907,932]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 2, 4, 9–10</figureCitation>
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). Punctation dense laterally, sparser at disc, space between punctations approximately 1.5x of punctation diameter; pubescence long, white, and adpressed; irregular depressed bare areas behind frontal margin with fine reticulated microsculpture (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FD0FA3A8FCD2FC5B" box="[697,828,979,1004]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 9–10</figureCitation>
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), median longitudinal carina complete, sometimes developing into dorsoposterior keel (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FD83A38CFD50FBA0" box="[565,702,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 1, 6–7</figureCitation>
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); short and glabrous dark projection at each side of medial carina and keel (
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FEB2A460FE65FB84" box="[260,395,1051,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 2, 4, 6</figureCitation>
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); dorsal postocular keel well developed; suprahumeral horns absent; posterior margin evenly rounded, posterolateral projections absent.
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FD35A444FD1FFBE8" box="[643,753,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="1">Scutellum</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FCB2A444FC9BFBE7" box="[772,885,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 2, 4</figureCitation>
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). Base of scutellum weakly swollen, punctation sparse; apex as long or slightly longer than basal width; covered in long white decumbent setae, more abundant from base to midlength.
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<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FE02A4F3FDCEFB2F" box="[436,544,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="1">Forewing</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FD87A4FCFD53FB2F" box="[561,701,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 11, 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thickened in basal half, veins obscure; covered in decumbent white pilosity; R, M and Cu fused at base of forewing, R diverging first, M and Cu confluent for a short distance thereafter, apical half with reticulate venation (note: the identification of a second
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FBE7A4ABFB64FB57" box="[1105,1162,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="1">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
crossvein is difficult to assess due to the reticulation); apex of clavus acuminate; first and second anal veins confluent for short distance distally, directed towards claval suture and then abruptly curved to reach anal margin.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FBCFA56CFB1FFA9F" box="[1145,1265,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="1">Hind wing</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FAB4A56CFA61FA9F" box="[1282,1423,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 12, 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). One
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF7BA547FF1AFAE3" box="[205,244,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1">r-m</emphasis>
|
||
and one
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FEEDA547FE7DFAE3" box="[347,403,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
cross vein; membrane with arcuate chaetoids.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FC17A547FBD3FAE3" box="[929,1085,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1">Metepimeron.</emphasis>
|
||
Concealed by forewing at rest.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF21A51BFF22FAC7" box="[151,204,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="1">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FF69A524FEDDFAC7" box="[223,307,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[216,1346,205,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[194,1381,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 1, lateral view; 2, dorsal view; 5, head, frontal view; 6, head and thorax lateral view (male); 7, head and thorax lateral view (female paratype); 8, head and thorax ventral view (male); 9, head and prothorax dorsal view (male, dorsal keel omitted). Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 3, lateral view; 4, dorsal view; 10, head and thorax (female paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815784/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FEF5A524FE62FAC8" box="[323,396,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">15–17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Meso- and metacoxa widely separated, thoracic sternites widely exposed; furcasternum reduced, without lobes. Pro- and meso-femora armed with a medial spine on ventral margin; pro- and meso-tibia amply triquetrous in cross section, with long setae, without rows of cucullate setae. Meso-trochanter immovably fused to femur, pro- and meta-trochanters with definite sutures separating them from their corresponding femora (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FF29A594FEC5F9B8" box="[159,299,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 15–17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Meta-femur without distal dorsal pair of cucullate setae, meta-tibia with three rows of cucullate setae, row I incomplete with basal 1/3 imperceptible, rows II and III complete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FBB9A668FB8CF99B" box="[1039,1122,1555,1580]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFEAFF92FF71A64CFE28F897" blockId="1.[151,1437,298,2012]" pageId="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF71A64CFEEAF9E0" bold="true" box="[199,260,1591,1616]" pageId="1">Male</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal sternites I–VII of similar length, VIII 1.3 x longer than VII; sternite VII length less than or equal to width; sternite VIII width more than
|
||
<date id="FFE2E596FFEAFF92FD21A620FD5DF9C3" box="[663,691,1627,1651]" pageId="1">2x</date>
|
||
length. Lateral plate more than half the length of subgenital plate; sternite IX emarginate anteromedially; subgenital plate lobes incompletely fused, uniformly sclerotized without distinct fenestrae. Aedeagus short and stout; “U” shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FCADA6D8FC16F90B" box="[795,1016,1699,1724]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 18–19, 22–23</figureCitation>
|
||
); posterior arm straight; shaft tubular, in lateral view wider at mid length then tapering apically, with small scale-like spines on apical portion; gonopore large, apical. Styles elongated, apex bent at 90°, sclerotized, with a few sub-apical setae. Connective strap-like, semicircular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FE87A774FE54F897" box="[305,442,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1904,1927]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,206,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[196,1392,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 25. Problematode sakakibarai sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 11, forewing; 12, hind wing; 18, aedeagus lateral view; 19, aedeagus caudal view; 20, styles dorsal view; 21, pygofer lateral view. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (male holotype, MIZA): 13, forewing; 14, hind wing; 15, 16, 17 pro-, meso-, and meta-thoracic legs respectively; 22, aedeagus lateral view; 23, aedeagus caudal view; 24, styles dorsal view; 25, pygofer lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815786/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 20, 24</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFEAFF92FF71A748FA68F823" blockId="1.[151,1437,298,2012]" pageId="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF71A748FEF0F8FC" bold="true" box="[199,286,1843,1868]" pageId="1">Female</emphasis>
|
||
. VII sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FE72A748FDF6F8FC" box="[452,536,1843,1868]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 29" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1515,1538]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,410,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,371,1494]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 29. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (female paratype, MIZA): 26, female abdomen ventral view; 27, first valvulae; 28, second valvulae; 29, apex of second valvulae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815788/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) as long or shorter than VI, widely concave caudad, exposing the base of the ovipositor; first valvulae straight and tapering to an acute apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FCCBA72CFC3AF8DF" box="[893,980,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 29" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1515,1538]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,410,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,371,1494]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 29. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (female paratype, MIZA): 26, female abdomen ventral view; 27, first valvulae; 28, second valvulae; 29, apex of second valvulae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815788/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
); second valvulae abruptly expanded in apical third and then evenly tapered towards apex, dorsal margin with a row of close-set fine teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367DFD3FFEAFF92FB47A700FA95F823" box="[1265,1403,1915,1940]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 29" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1515,1538]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,410,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,371,1494]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 29. Problematode inerme sp. nov. (female paratype, MIZA): 26, female abdomen ventral view; 27, first valvulae; 28, second valvulae; 29, apex of second valvulae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/815788/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs. 28–29</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFEAFF92FF71A7E4FCFFF86B" pageId="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFEAFF92FF71A7E4FCFFF86B" blockId="1.[151,1437,298,2012]" pageId="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FF71A7E4FEB7F808" bold="true" box="[199,345,1951,1976]" pageId="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B83C6FFEAFF92FEDFA7DBFDFAF808" box="[361,532,1952,1976]" name="Venezuela" pageId="1">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49980DB4FFEAFF92FD96A7DBFD9BF808" box="[544,629,1952,1976]" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua" pageId="1">Aragua</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49980DB4FFEAFF92FD34A7DBFD0EF808" box="[642,736,1952,1976]" country="Venezuela" name="Yaracuy" pageId="1">Yaracuy</collectingRegion>
|
||
. All specimens where collected within the Coastal
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B83C6FFEAFF92FA9FA7E4FA72F808" box="[1321,1436,1951,1976]" name="Venezuela" pageId="1">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
Montane Forest terrestrial ecoregion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCDBEA7FFEAFF92FD88A7B8FCEAF86B" author="Olson" box="[574,772,1987,2012]" pageId="1" refString="Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Lamoreux, J. F., Ricketts, T. H., Itoua, I., Wettengel, W. W., Kura, Y., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 51 (11), 933 - 938." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Olson
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFEAFF92FD3FA7BFFD2FF86C" box="[649,705,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="1">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFE9FF91FF71A0ECFD1CFF00" box="[199,754,151,176]" pageId="2" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFE9FF91FF71A0ECFD1CFF00" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,754,151,176]" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FF71A0ECFEB5FF00" bold="true" box="[199,347,151,176]" pageId="2">Type species</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FEDFA0ECFD7FFF00" authority="Gaiani, 2017" authorityName="Gaiani" authorityYear="2017" box="[361,657,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Problematode" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sakakibarai" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FEDFA0ECFD7FFF00" box="[361,657,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2">Problematode sakakibarai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21BA23FFFE9FF91FD2FA0ECFD1CFF00" box="[665,754,151,176]" pageId="2" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FD2FA0ECFD1CFF00" bold="true" box="[665,754,151,176]" pageId="2">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFE9FF91FF71A0C7FE2AFF47" pageId="2" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFE9FF91FF71A0C7FE2AFF47" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FF71A0C7FEA6FF65" bold="true" box="[199,328,188,213]" pageId="2">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: From the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FDACA0C7FD4AFF64" box="[538,676,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2">problema, “</emphasis>
|
||
problem” and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FCFCA0C7FC6FFF65" box="[842,897,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2">tode,</emphasis>
|
||
a demonstrative pronoun meaning “this”, “the following”. Gender neuter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34690DDFFE9FF91FF71A17FFEFEFD18" pageId="2" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3C356FFE9FF91FF71A17FFEFEFD18" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FF71A17FFEA2FEAD" bold="true" box="[199,332,260,285]" pageId="2">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
The placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FDF7A17FFD31FEAD" authority="Gaiani, 2017" authorityName="Gaiani" authorityYear="2017" box="[577,735,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Problematode" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FDF7A17FFD31FEAD" box="[577,735,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2">Problematode</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21BA23FFFE9FF91FD58A17FFC8EFEAD" box="[750,864,260,285]" pageId="2" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FD58A17FFC8EFEAD" bold="true" box="[750,864,260,285]" pageId="2">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
into the current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FB8AA17FFB38FEAD" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[1084,1238,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Membracidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
classification is challenging. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FE04A15CFDA1FEF0" authority="Gaiani, 2017" authorityName="Gaiani" authorityYear="2017" box="[434,591,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Problematode" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FE04A15CFDA1FEF0" box="[434,591,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2">Problematode</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21BA23FFFE9FF91FDEAA15CFD24FEF0" box="[604,714,295,320]" pageId="2" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FDEAA15CFD24FEF0" bold="true" box="[604,714,295,320]" pageId="2">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
will run to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FCD7A15CFC0DFEF0" authorityName="Goding" authorityYear="1926" box="[865,995,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Euwalkeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FCD7A15CFC0DFEF0" box="[865,995,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2">Euwalkeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the generic key of Nicomiinae of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCDBEA7FFE9FF91FF21A137FE30FED5" author="Albertson" box="[151,478,332,357]" pageId="2" refString="Albertson, J. L. & Dietrich, C. H. (2005) Systematics and phylogeny of the Neotropical treehopper subfamily Nicomiinae (Hemiptera, Membracidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22 (1), 231 - 283." type="journal article" year="2005">Albertson & Dietrich (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. They superficially resemble representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FC49A137FB6EFED5" authorityName="Goding" authorityYear="1926" box="[1023,1152,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Euwalkeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FC49A137FB6EFED5" box="[1023,1152,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="2">Euwalkeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the reticulation of the forewings, but are easily distinguished by the male genitalia. For instance,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FC6BA114FB94FE38" authority="Gaiani, 2017" authorityName="Gaiani" authorityYear="2017" box="[989,1146,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Problematode" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FC6BA114FB94FE38" box="[989,1146,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="2">Problematode</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21BA23FFFE9FF91FB34A114FB05FE38" box="[1154,1259,367,392]" pageId="2" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FB34A114FB05FE38" bold="true" box="[1154,1259,367,392]" pageId="2">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has a stout “U” shaped aedeagus while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FE1CA1EFFDC5FE1D" authorityName="Goding" authorityYear="1926" box="[426,555,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Euwalkeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FE1CA1EFFDC5FE1D" box="[426,555,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="2">Euwalkeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a long falcate aedeagus with apical processes. The fused mesothoracic trochanters and the widely spaced meso- and metathoracic coxal cavities, amply exposing thoracic sternites, differentiate species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FE17A1A7FDD1FE45" authority="Gaiani, 2017" authorityName="Gaiani" authorityYear="2017" box="[417,575,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Problematode" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FE17A1A7FDD1FE45" box="[417,575,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="2">Problematode</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21BA23FFFE9FF91FDFEA1A7FD5DFE45" box="[584,691,476,501]" pageId="2" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FDFEA1A7FD5DFE45" bold="true" box="[584,691,476,501]" pageId="2">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from all other known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CB8D5FFE9FF91FC00A1A7FBBAFE45" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[950,1108,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Membracidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only four specimens in this remarkable new genus have been studied, but all of them were collected in the Coastal Montane Forests of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B83C6FFE9FF91FF21A25FFEE4FD8D" box="[151,266,548,573]" name="Venezuela" pageId="2">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCDBEA7FFE9FF91FEA8A25FFE1AFD8C" author="Olson" box="[286,500,548,573]" pageId="2" refString="Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Lamoreux, J. F., Ricketts, T. H., Itoua, I., Wettengel, W. W., Kura, Y., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 51 (11), 933 - 938." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Olson
|
||
<emphasis id="B9281F44FFE9FF91FED8A25EFE4AFD8D" box="[366,420,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="2">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a very rich ecosystem that is critically threatened by urban development and periodical forest fires. Further collecting efforts in this area using non-traditional methods (e.g., fogging, canopy traps, etc.) might yield additional specimens. Nymphal characters would help to clarify the taxonomic position of this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |