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<mods:title id="6B257D81E0F90EF5F4A7975F7C81F366">Taxonomic revision of the Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae) species complexes from the western Atlantic</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BA831DAA959BABEB" bold="true" box="[151,460,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Menticirrhus americanus</emphasis>
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, 
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, 
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Alburnus 
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).—Catesby 1736: 2, plate 12 (the Whiting; fishes of Carolina, 
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; short description and illustration)
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. (Nec. 
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= 
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Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes
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.
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— 
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(
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<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BA831C469528AAC8" box="[151,383,378,402]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Centropomus alburnus</emphasis>
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.— 
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, 257 (description; without locality).
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<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BA831CA49504AAEB" box="[151,339,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Umbrina alburnus</emphasis>
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.—Cuvier in 
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(in part; description; 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFEE7E35BE2D1CA490F4AAEB" box="[1081,1187,409,433]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">New York</collectingRegion>
; cited).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEE7E35BA831C859021AAB4" blockId="14.[151,1437,255,954]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5F11C7FFEE7E35BA831C859021AAB4" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35BA831C859501AA8A" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,342,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Umbrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phalaena">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BA831C859501AA8A" box="[151,342,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Umbrina phalaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10F8FFEE7E35BB601C859674AA95" author="Girard, C. F." box="[372,547,439,464]" page="167" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" year="1858">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BB601C859674AA95" author="Girard, C. F." box="[372,547,439,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="167 - 171" refId="ref26358" refString="Girard, C. F. (1858) Notes upon various new genera and new species of fishes, in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and collected in connection with the United States and Mexican boundary survey: Major William Emory, Commissioner. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10, 167 - 171." type="journal article" year="1858">Girard 1858: 167</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(type locality, 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFEE7E35B8AC1C8596A1AA95" box="[696,758,440,463]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Texas</collectingRegion>
; 
<typeStatus id="54F4884BFFEE7E35B9141C85970CAA8A" box="[768,859,440,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, MCZ 482 [ex USNM 620] (1); USNM 619 (1, not found in 1993), 620 (orig. 4, now 1), 128273 [ex USNM 620] (2), USNM 154721 [ex USNM 620])
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEE7E35BA831CC89731A957" blockId="14.[151,1437,255,954]" box="[151,870,501,525]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5F11C7FFEE7E35BA831CC89731A957" box="[151,870,501,525]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35BA831CC8952CA957" ID-CoL="6V3R8" box="[151,379,501,525]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BA831CC8952CA957" box="[151,379,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Menticirrhus alburnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10F8FFEE7E35BB8D1CC896E4A957" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Gilbert, C. H." box="[409,691,501,525]" page="577" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" year="1883">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BB8D1CC896E4A957" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Gilbert, C. H." box="[409,691,501,525]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="1 - 1018" refId="ref27543" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Gilbert, C. H. (1883) Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 16, 1 - 1018. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.16. i" type="journal article" year="1883">
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BB8D1CC89588A957" box="[409,479,501,525]" name="Jordan" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Gilbert 1883: 577
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(synopsis; listed)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEE7E35BA831F29964AA8E0" blockId="14.[151,1437,255,954]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35BA831F2995CEA971" ID-CoL="72ZJ2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,409,532,556]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BA831F2995CEA971" box="[151,409,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Menticirrhus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BBAA1F29976BA976" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H." box="[446,828,532,556]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="343 - 451" refId="ref27291" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H. (1889) A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner, 14 (3), 343 - 451." type="journal article" year="1889">
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BBAA1F299652A976" box="[446,517,532,556]" name="Jordan" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Eigenmann 1889: 430-431
</bibRefCitation>
(description; Chesapeake Bay to Texas).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BEEF1F29952EA910" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W." pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="1241 - 2183" refId="ref27339" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47, 1241 - 2183. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39717" type="journal article" year="1898">
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BEEF1F299116A976" box="[1275,1345,532,556]" name="Jordan" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Evermann 1898: 1474
</bibRefCitation>
(fishes of North and Middle America; description).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35B98A1F0F9006A910" author="Briggs, J. C." box="[926,1105,562,586]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="223 - 318" refId="ref24778" refString="Briggs, J. C. (1958) A list of Florida fishes and their distribution. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences, 2 (8), 223 - 318." type="journal article" year="1958">Briggs, 1958: 281</bibRefCitation>
(in part; formerly assigned from New York to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BB581F6C95E3A933" box="[332,436,593,617]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Argentina</collectingCountry>
).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BBCC1F6C96F1A933" author="Trewavas, E." box="[472,678,593,617]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="107 - 117" refId="ref29666" refString="Trewavas, E. (1964) The sciaenid fishes with a single mental barbel. Copeia, 1, 107 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440838" type="journal article" year="1964">Trewavas 1964: 116</bibRefCitation>
(American sciaenids with single mental barbel; definition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35BF061F6C91C1A933" ID-CoL="5P5S" authorityName="Marceniuk &amp; Caires &amp; Rotundo &amp; Cerqueira &amp; Siccha-Ramirez &amp; Wosiacki &amp; Oliveira" authorityYear="2020" box="[1298,1430,593,617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BF061F6C91C1A933" box="[1298,1430,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Menticirrhus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, species list).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BB4A1F4D964AA9DD" author="Irwin, R. J." box="[350,541,623,648]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref27032" refString="Irwin, R. J. (1971) Geographical variation systematics and general biology of shore fishes of the genus Menticirrhus, family Sciaendae. Ph. D. dissertation, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 295 pp." type="book" year="1971">Irwin 1971: 69-74</bibRefCitation>
(revision; in part; formerly from Long Island to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BE081F4D90D3A9D2" box="[1052,1156,624,648]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Argentina</collectingCountry>
; unpublished data).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BF711F4D9575A9FC" author="Chao, L. N." pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref25569" refString="Chao, L. N. (1977) Sciaenidae. In: Fischer, W. (Ed.), Identification sheets of Central West Atlantic, fishing area 30 and 31. FAO, Rome, sheets 1 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1977">Chao 1977: 28</bibRefCitation>
(in part; FAO identification sheet; Cape Cod to 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFEE7E35B9081FB297F0A9FC" box="[796,935,654,678]" country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35B9D81FB39144A9FC" author="Hoese, D. &amp; Moore, R. H." box="[972,1299,654,678]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref26828" refString="Hoese, D. &amp; Moore, R. H. (1977) Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Lousiana, and adjacent waters. Texas A &amp; M University Press, College Station, Texas, 327 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1443203" type="book" year="1977">Hoese &amp; Moore 1977: 203-204</bibRefCitation>
(in part; formerly assigned from New York to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B80B1F9096D0A99F" box="[543,647,685,709]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Argentina</collectingCountry>
).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35B8BF1F909715A99F" author="Chao, L. N." box="[683,834,685,709]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref25613" refString="Chao, L. N. (1978) A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 415, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1978">Chao 1978: 30</bibRefCitation>
, 53 (in part; basis for classifying western Atlantic sciaenids; formerly assigned from North Atlantic to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B8781FF19683A9BE" box="[620,724,716,740]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Argentina</collectingCountry>
).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35B8ED1FF197A6A9B9" author="Robins, C. R. &amp; Ray, G. C." box="[761,1009,715,740]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref29080" refString="Robins, C. R. &amp; Ray, G. C. (1986) A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. The Peterson Field Guide Series, Boston, Massachusetts, 354 pp." type="book" year="1986">Robins &amp; Ray 1986:187</bibRefCitation>
(Atlantic coast fishes; listed and short description).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BB531FD79644A858" author="Boschung, H. T." box="[327,531,746,770]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="1 - 266" refId="ref24747" refString="Boschung, H. T. (1992) Catalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 14, 1 - 266." type="journal article" year="1992">Boschung 1992:145</bibRefCitation>
(catalog of the fishes of Alabama; listed).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35B9C11FD790EFA858" author="Murdy, E. O. &amp; Birdsong, R. S. &amp; Musick, J. A." box="[981,1208,746,770]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref28388" refString="Murdy, E. O., Birdsong, R. S. &amp; Musick, J. A. (1997) Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 324 pp." type="book" year="1997">
Murdy 
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BE341FD6901BA858" box="[1056,1100,746,770]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
. 1997:198
</bibRefCitation>
(fishes of Chesapeake Bay; listed).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BB4D1E3496C9A87B" author="Castro-Aguirre, J. L. &amp; Espinosa, P. H. &amp; Schmitter-Soto, J. J." box="[345,670,777,801]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref25287" refString="Castro-Aguirre, J. L., Espinosa, P. H. &amp; Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (1999) Ictiofauna estuarino-lagunar y vicaria de Mexico. Noriega- Limusa, IPN. Mexico City, 711 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Castro-Aguirre 
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BBE91E37967DA87B" box="[509,554,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
. 1999: 372
</bibRefCitation>
(ichthyofauna of 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B9411E3497F1A87B" box="[853,934,777,801]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; listed).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BE1A1E3490EFA87B" author="Chao, L. N." box="[1038,1208,777,801]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="1583 - 1653" refId="ref25660" refString="Chao, L. N. (2003) Sciaenidae. In: Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.), The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3. Bony fishes part 2. Opistognathidae to Molidae. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes and American Society of Ichthyologist and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. FAO, Rome, pp. 1583 - 1653." type="book chapter" year="2003">Chao 2003:1626</bibRefCitation>
(in part; FAO Species Identification Guide of fishes of the Western Central Atlantic; short description).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BE1D1E1590B8A81A" author="Nelson, J. S. &amp; Crossman, E. J. &amp; Espinosa Perez, H. &amp; Findley, L. T. &amp; Gilbert, C. R. &amp; Lea, R. N. &amp; Williams, J. D." box="[1033,1263,808,832]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref28425" refString="Nelson, J. S., Crossman, E. J., Espinosa Perez, H., Findley, L. T., Gilbert, C. R., Lea, R. N. &amp; Williams, J. D. (2004) Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 6 th Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 29. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 386 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Nelson 
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BE4C1E1590D3A81A" box="[1112,1156,808,832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
. 2004:147
</bibRefCitation>
(common names of the fishes from the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BBB61E7B967EA804" box="[418,553,838,862]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">United States</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B84C1E7B96F0A804" box="[600,679,838,862]" name="Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Canada</collectingCountry>
; listed).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35B9181E7B903BA804" author="McEachran, J. D. &amp; Fechhelm, J. D." box="[780,1132,838,862]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref28236" refString="McEachran, J. D. &amp; Fechhelm, J. D. (2005) F ishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Vol. 2. Scorpaeniformes to Tetraodontiformes. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, viii + 1004 pp." type="book" year="2005">McEachran &amp; Fechhelm 2005:431</bibRefCitation>
(fishes of the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BF5C1E7B91CEA804" box="[1352,1433,838,862]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; list and description).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BBA51E5896DCA827" author="Page, L. M. &amp; Espinosa-Perez, H. &amp; Findley, L. D. &amp; Gilbert, C. R. &amp; Lea, R. N. &amp; Mandrak, N. E. &amp; Mayden, R. L. &amp; Nelson, J. S." box="[433,651,869,893]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref28600" refString="Page, L. M., Espinosa-Perez, H., Findley, L. D., Gilbert, C. R., Lea, R. N., Mandrak, N. E., Mayden, R. L. &amp; Nelson, J. S. (2013) Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 7 th Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 34. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 384 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Page 
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BBFE1E5B9640A827" box="[490,535,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
. 2013: 152
</bibRefCitation>
(common and scientific names of fishes from the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BE9B1E58914DA827" box="[1167,1306,869,893]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">United States</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BF311E589126A827" box="[1317,1393,869,893]" name="Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Canada</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BAD31EB9954FA8C6" box="[199,280,900,924]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; listed).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BB691EB996F0A8C1" author="Raz-Guzman, A. &amp; Huidobro, L. &amp; Padilla, V." box="[381,679,899,924]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="341 - 362" refId="ref28924" refString="Raz-Guzman, A., Huidobro, L. &amp; Padilla, V. (2018) An updated checklist and characterisation of the ichthyofauna (Elasmobranchii and Actinopterygii) of the Laguna de Tamiahua, Veracruz, Mexico. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 48 (4), 341 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.3750 / AIEP / 02451" type="journal article" year="2018">
Raz-Guzmán 
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B81F1EB99661A8C6" box="[523,566,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: 346
</bibRefCitation>
(checklist; Laguna de Tamiahua, 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B9EC1EB9901FA8C6" box="[1016,1096,900,924]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFEE7E35BE781EB99101A8C1" author="Robins, R. H. &amp; Page, L. M. &amp; Williams, J. D. &amp; Randall, Z. S. &amp; Sheehy, E. G." box="[1132,1366,899,924]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" refId="ref29120" refString="Robins, R. H., Page, L. M., Williams, J. D., Randall, Z. S. &amp; Sheehy, E. G. (2018) Fishes in the Fresh Waters of Florida: an Identification Guide and Atlas. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, 468 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctvx 1 ht 6 s" type="book" year="2018">
Robins 
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BEAE1EB990B1A8C6" box="[1210,1254,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: 436
</bibRefCitation>
(guide to the fishes from Florida; listed).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3556562FFEE7E35BA831ED594B5AEE9" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEE7E35BA831ED594B5AEE9" blockId="14.[151,1437,1000,2035]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BA831ED595D0AF58" bold="true" box="[151,391,1000,1026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Material Examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B273CB4FFEE7E35BB991ED49600AF7C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3022747331" collectionCode="USNM" county="Jackson County" location="Gulf of Mexico" municipality="Mississippi" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" specimenCode="USNM 196402" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BB991ED495BEAF58" box="[397,489,1001,1026]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<typeStatus id="54F4884BFFEE7E35BB991ED495BEAF58" box="[397,489,1001,1026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCode id="DBE99E92FFEE7E35BBEC1ED496F4AF58" box="[504,675,1000,1027]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="Museum">USNM 196402</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CB79B0CFFEE7E35B8A21ED4977BAF59" box="[694,812,1000,1027]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.159" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="1159.0">1, 159 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<location id="8E906032FFEE7E35B97E1ED5904DAF58" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FFFFEE7E2BBA831DAA9128AE6B:8E906032FFEE7E35B97E1ED5904DAF58" box="[874,1050,1000,1026]" county="Jackson County" municipality="Mississippi" name="Gulf of Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Gulf of Mexico</location>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62914E65FFEE7E35BE321ED5908EAF59" box="[1062,1241,1000,1027]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Jackson County</collectingCounty>
, 
<location id="8E906032FFEE7E35BEF01ED491DFAF58" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FFFFEE7E2BBA831DAA9128AE6B:8E906032FFEE7E35BEF01ED491DFAF58" box="[1252,1416,1000,1027]" county="Jackson County" municipality="Mississippi" name="Ocean Springs" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Ocean Springs</location>
<quantity id="4CB79B0CFFEE7E35BF9A1ED49483AF7C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 miles</quantity>
north of 
<location id="8E906032FFEE7E35BB2B1930959FAF7C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FFFFEE7E2BBA831DAA9128AE6B:8E906032FFEE7E35BB2B1930959FAF7C" box="[319,456,1036,1063]" county="Jackson County" municipality="Mississippi" name="Horn Island" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Horn Island</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B94AC93FFEE7E35BBC019319600AF7C" box="[468,599,1036,1062]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mississippi</collectingMunicipality>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B87719309712AF7C" box="[611,837,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Non-type specimens</emphasis>
: 
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<location id="8E906032FFEE7E35B834184896E0AED4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FFFFEE7E2BBA831DAA9128AE6B:8E906032FFEE7E35B834184896E0AED4" box="[544,695,1396,1423]" country="United States of America" name="New Orleans" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" stateProvince="Louisiana">New Orleans</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFEE7E35B8D618499764AED4" box="[706,819,1396,1422]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B92B1849978EAED5" box="[831,985,1396,1423]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">United States</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B273CB4FFEE7E35B9F71848948AAEE9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3022747357" collectionCode="ANSP" country="Puerto Rico" location="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" specimenCode="ANSP 151465" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE99E92FFEE7E35B9F7184890D2AED5" box="[995,1157,1396,1423]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ANSP 151465</specimenCode>
(1), 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BEA818489112AED4" box="[1212,1349,1396,1423]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, United States
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3556562FFEE7E34BAD318819004A863" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEE7E35BAD318819159AC95" blockId="14.[151,1437,1000,2035]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BAD31881956DAE8C" bold="true" box="[199,314,1468,1494]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35BB5318819635AE8C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[327,610,1468,1494]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BB5318819635AE8C" box="[327,610,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Menticirrhus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is found in the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B949188197A4AE8D" box="[861,1011,1468,1495]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">United States</collectingCountry>
and the Gulf of Mexico, can be differentiated from its congeners in the western Atlantic as follows: from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35B99718DC9061AEA0" authorityName="Marceniuk &amp; Caires &amp; Rotundo &amp; Cerqueira &amp; Siccha-Ramirez &amp; Wosiacki &amp; Oliveira" authorityYear="2020" box="[899,1078,1505,1530]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuiaranensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B99718DC9061AEA0" box="[899,1078,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">M. cuiaranensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is found on the northern, northeast and eastern coasts of 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BBFA1B399662AD44" box="[494,565,1540,1566]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, by having 19–23, rarely 19, pectoral-fin rays (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BE281B389004AD44" box="[1084,1107,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. 16–19, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEE7E35BEA61B399151AD45" box="[1202,1286,1540,1567]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Table 2</tableCitation>
), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B8641B1496D9AD18" box="[624,654,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs.</emphasis>
barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BE1D1B159002AD19" box="[1033,1109,1576,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BE701B149024AD19" box="[1124,1139,1577,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,919,943]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,181,895]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[164,1424,181,895]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Menticirrhus martinicensis in lateral view. A. Holotype, MNHN 7498, Martinique Island. B. Fresh specimen, Amapá state, Brazil, photographed by A. P. Marceniuk. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401572/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">3</figureCitation>
), body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BAC31B7094B9AD3C" box="[215,238,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BBC51B719649AD3D" box="[465,542,1612,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35B8381B70966CAD3D" box="[556,571,1613,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,919,943]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,181,895]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[164,1424,181,895]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Menticirrhus martinicensis in lateral view. A. Holotype, MNHN 7498, Martinique Island. B. Fresh specimen, Amapá state, Brazil, photographed by A. P. Marceniuk. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401572/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">3</figureCitation>
); from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35B8851B70975AAD3C" box="[657,781,1612,1638]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B8851B70975AAD3C" box="[657,781,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">M. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is found on the southeastern and southern coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BA831B4D9489ADD0" box="[151,222,1648,1674]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, by having 23–25 dorsal-fin rays (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B87E1B4C96DEADD0" box="[618,649,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs.</emphasis>
18–21, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEE7E35B8F31B4D976AADD1" box="[743,829,1648,1675]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Table 2</tableCitation>
), and body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BEF11B4C90ABADD0" box="[1253,1276,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BAC01BA99576ADF5" box="[212,289,1684,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BB3B1BA89517ADF5" box="[303,320,1685,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,1004,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-51@7.[176,1410,1004,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. The Atlantic coast of North, Central, and South America showing geographic distribution. A. Menticirrhus americanus (red) and M. martinicensis (green). B. M. littoralis (yellow), M. cuiaranensis (light blue) and M. gracilis (dark blue). Some symbols represent more than one locality or a large number of specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401574/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">4</figureCitation>
); from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35BB871BA8964EADF4" box="[403,537,1684,1710]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BB871BA8964EADF4" box="[403,537,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">M. littoralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is found in the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35B9091BA997E3ADF5" box="[797,948,1684,1711]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">United States</collectingCountry>
and the Gulf of Mexico, by a dusky caudal fin, with no distinctive dark spot on the dorsal lobe (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B8F71B8496ADAD88" box="[739,762,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. pale caudal fin, with a dark spot on the upper lobe, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BF5D1B8591C2AD89" box="[1353,1429,1720,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BA831BE094F0ADAD" box="[151,167,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[183,1405,808,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-288@6.[183,1405,808,1921]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Menticirrhus littoralis in lateral view. A. Holotype, ANSP 11576, 195 mm SL, South Carolina, United States. B. Live specimen captured in the Gulf of Mexico by Luiz Malabarba. C. Fresh specimen, Mexico, photographed by Eduardo Perusquia. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401570/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">2</figureCitation>
), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B90D1BE0976FADAC" box="[793,824,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs.</emphasis>
barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BEB91BE190AEADAD" box="[1197,1273,1756,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BF121BE09141ADAD" box="[1286,1302,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[183,1405,808,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-288@6.[183,1405,808,1921]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Menticirrhus littoralis in lateral view. A. Holotype, ANSP 11576, 195 mm SL, South Carolina, United States. B. Live specimen captured in the Gulf of Mexico by Luiz Malabarba. C. Fresh specimen, Mexico, photographed by Eduardo Perusquia. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401570/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">2</figureCitation>
), body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BB611A3C95DBAC40" box="[373,396,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35B87F1A3D96E0AC41" box="[619,695,1792,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35B8D11A3C9682AC41" box="[709,725,1793,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[183,1405,808,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-288@6.[183,1405,808,1921]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Menticirrhus littoralis in lateral view. A. Holotype, ANSP 11576, 195 mm SL, South Carolina, United States. B. Live specimen captured in the Gulf of Mexico by Luiz Malabarba. C. Fresh specimen, Mexico, photographed by Eduardo Perusquia. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401570/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">2</figureCitation>
), and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35B9421A3C978FAC40" box="[854,984,1792,1818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B9421A3C978FAC40" box="[854,984,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">M. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is found in the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEE7E35BEC31A3D913AAC41" box="[1239,1389,1792,1819]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">United States</collectingCountry>
and the Gulf of Mexico, by having body usually with eight or nine diffuse dark bars, the second and third forming a “V” shape below the nape and spinous dorsal fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B8851A7496FFAC38" box="[657,680,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. body with seven or eight distinct oblique bars, with the second and third bars forming a “V” shape below the spinous dorsal fin), no longitudinal stripe below lateral line (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BF231A509119ACDC" box="[1335,1358,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. stripe present, extending to the tip of the caudal fin), spinous dorsal fin low, not reaching to base of the second soft ray (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35BF6A1AAC91C2ACF0" box="[1406,1429,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">vs</emphasis>
. spinous dorsal fin high, its tip reaching beyond the base of the fourth soft ray of the dorsal fin, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEE7E35BEA91A8990AAAC95" box="[1213,1277,1972,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEE7E34BAD31AE59015ABA0" blockId="14.[151,1437,1000,2035]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
The morphology of this species is virtually identical to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEE7E35B92E1AE497A0ACA8" box="[826,1015,2009,2034]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martinicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEE7E35B92E1AE497A0ACA8" box="[826,1015,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">M. martinicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which occurs from the Caribbean to South America, except that many 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34B8061DAA96EDABEA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[530,698,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B8061DAA96EDABEA" box="[530,698,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens present a small hump in the dorsal profile behind head (
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34BAB41D8694B4AB8F" box="[160,227,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), whereas the dorsal profile of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34B8581D86975DAB8E" box="[588,778,187,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martinicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B8581D86975DAB8E" box="[588,778,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. martinicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is always steep and gently convex in this region (
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34BF5C1D8691D9AB8F" box="[1352,1422,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,270,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-83@9.[151,1436,270,1626]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Menticirrhus cuiaranensis in lateral view.A. Holotype, MPEG 38944, 222 mm SL, Cuiarana, Pará, Brazil. B. Fresh specimen, Maracanã, Pará, Brazil, photographed by A. P. Marceniuk. C. Type-locality of M. cuiaranensis, an artisanal fishermen village in Salinópolis, Pará state, at the time of the holotype collection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401576/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). These taxa are also separated by the molecular evidence (see Molecular Diagnosis).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEF7E34BAD31C3E9004A863" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34BAD31C3E95B5AA46" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[199,482,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BAD31C3E95B5AA46" box="[199,482,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Menticirrhus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can also be distinguished from its congeners in the eastern Pacific as follows: from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34BF6A1C3E9553AA1B" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BF6A1C3E9553AA1B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. elongatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ranging from the Gulf of California to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEF7E34B8DC1C1A96A9AA1B" box="[712,766,295,321]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Peru</collectingCountry>
, by its body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BEBE1C1A909FAA1A" box="[1194,1224,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34BA831C76948FAA3F" box="[151,216,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34BB241C7695C1AA3E" box="[304,406,331,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BB241C7695C1AA3E" box="[304,406,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. nasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ranging from the Gulf of California to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEF7E34B94E1C7697C7AA3F" box="[858,912,331,357]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Peru</collectingCountry>
, by having 10–11 gill rakers in the first arches (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BAB51C5294E8AAD2" box="[161,191,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
4–9, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34BB141C529501AAD3" box="[256,342,367,393]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Table 2</tableCitation>
), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B9741C529729AAD2" box="[864,894,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BACC1CAE94A1AAF6" box="[216,246,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34BBC21CAE964FAAF7" box="[470,536,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34B8661CAE9779AAF7" box="[626,814,403,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophicephalus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B8661CAE9779AAF7" box="[626,814,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. ophicephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ranging from 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEF7E34B9CF1CAE906FAAF7" box="[987,1080,403,429]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEF7E34BE4B1CAE90C9AAF7" box="[1119,1182,403,429]" name="Chile" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Chile</collectingCountry>
, by 48–52 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B8651C8A96C7AA8A" box="[625,656,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
63–66, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34B8FD1C8A976AAA8B" box="[745,829,439,465]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Table 2</tableCitation>
), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BAB51CE694E8AAAE" box="[161,191,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34B82F1CE6962AAAAF" box="[571,637,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), S-shaped posterior margin of caudal fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BE731CE690D2AAAE" box="[1127,1157,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
concave), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BBCA1CC295ABA942" box="[478,508,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BE401CC29025A942" box="[1108,1138,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34BF5E1CC291DDA943" box="[1354,1418,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34BAC01F1E950BA966" box="[212,348,547,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paitensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BAC01F1E950BA966" box="[212,348,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. paitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ranging from the Gulf of California to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEF7E34B9001F1E9704A967" box="[788,851,547,573]" name="Chile" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Chile</collectingCountry>
, by having 48–52 scales with pores along lateral line to caudal-fin base (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BB641F7A95D9A93A" box="[368,398,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
76–98, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34BBFD1F7A9669A93B" box="[489,574,583,609]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Table 2</tableCitation>
), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BE541F7A9008A93A" box="[1088,1119,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BBBB1F56959AA9DE" box="[431,461,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34B8B11F5696B2A9DF" box="[677,741,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34B9281F5697B2A9DE" box="[828,997,619,644]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B9281F5697B2A9DE" box="[828,997,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ranging from the Gulf of California to 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEF7E34BA831FB29481A9F3" box="[151,214,655,681]" name="Chile" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Chile</collectingCountry>
, by having 23–25 dorsal-fin rays (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B84F1FB2962DA9F2" box="[603,634,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
18–22, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34B8C11FB2977CA9F3" box="[725,811,655,681]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Table 2</tableCitation>
), 10–11 gill rakers in the first arches (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BECF1FB290AEA9F2" box="[1243,1273,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
3–8, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34BF2D1FB291D9A9F3" box="[1337,1422,655,681]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Table 2</tableCitation>
), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B86E1F8E96CEA996" box="[634,665,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
soft dorsal fin naked), body with irregular dark bars (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BEFE1F8E915EA996" box="[1258,1289,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
without dark bars, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34BAC71FEA9544A9AB" box="[211,275,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); from 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFEF7E34BB731FEA95ADA9AB" box="[359,506,727,753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BB731FEA95ADA9AB" box="[359,506,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">M. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is found in 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFEF7E34B8DA1FEA9715A9AB" box="[718,834,727,753]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">California</collectingRegion>
, in the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFEF7E34B9851FEA907DA9AB" box="[913,1066,727,753]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">United States</collectingCountry>
, by having 20–23, rarely 19, pectoral-fin rays (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BB231FC69501A84E" box="[311,342,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
17–19, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34BBBB1FC69654A84F" box="[431,515,763,789]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,508,534]" captionText="TABLE 2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance among genetic lineages of Menticirrhus (below diagonal) and values of standard error (above diagonal). Numbers in bold represent intraespecific K2P genetic distance. Western Pacific (EP); Western Atlantic (WA)." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Table 2</tableCitation>
), scales present along base of soft dorsal fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B9EF1FC69045A84E" box="[1019,1042,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs</emphasis>
. soft dorsal fin naked), pectoral-fin tip surpassing tip of depressed pelvic fin (
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34B8781E2296DCA862" box="[620,651,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">vs.</emphasis>
barely reaching tip of pelvic fin, 
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34BE151E229015A863" box="[1025,1090,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3556562FFEF7E2BBAD31E7F90DCAB8F" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEF7E34BAD31E7F904DAC5F" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BAD31E7F9506A806" bold="true" box="[199,337,834,860]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Description</emphasis>
: D. X+23–25; A. I+6–8; P. 19–22; C. 17; GR. 11; LL. 50–52; SA. 8–9; SB. 12–13 (
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34BF1A1E7E9127A807" box="[1294,1392,835,861]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,239,404,428]" captionText="TABLE 3. Meristic data of Menticirrhus americanus, M. martinicensis, M. cuiaranensis, M. gracilis and M. littoralis. A. Dorsal-fin rays. B. Pectoral-fin rays. C. Gill rakers on the first gill arch. D. Scales above the lateral line." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Tables 3</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6CD0352FFEF7E34BF6A1E7E91D8A807" box="[1406,1423,835,861]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,239,472,498]" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements of Menticirrhus americanus, M. martinicensis, M. cuiaranensis, M. gracilis and M. littoralis, expressed as percentages of standard length. T = neotype specimen; H = holotype; N = number of non-type specimens examined." pageId="15" pageNumber="316">4</tableCitation>
). Body slender in lateral view, not compressed, ventral profile flat; maximum depth at first dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile steeply ascending on snout to eye-level, convex over eye, ascending to first dorsal-fin base, frequently with “hump” over pectoral-fin base, convex along first dorsal-fin base, straight, descending along second dorsal-fin base, concave on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile descending from mouth to gular area, sometimes with slight concavity, convex in gular area, horizontal on belly, ascending, nearly concave, along anal-fin base to caudal-fin base. Snout much longer than eye, deep, with blunt tip. Mouth subterminal, upper jaw slender, rear tip barely reaching vertical line passing through middle of eye. Premaxilla with 4–7 rows of acicular teeth, those of external row (about 10–15 on each side) slightly larger, caniniform; dentary with 4–7 tooth rows. Eye slightly oval, nearly two times snout length, not adjoining dorsal profile, pupil slightly elongated dorsoventrally, teardrop shaped. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales. Nostrils small, anterior nearly round, posterior larger, oval, nearly on horizontal line through ventral pupil border. Head with five sensory pores on snout, in semicircle around mouth corner, followed by larger central pore, lower jaw with four pores, two on each side encircling mental barbel, pores otherwise absent; mental barbel short, rigid, with blunt tip without pore. Lateral line slightly arched to second dorsal-fin origin, straight, descending to caudal peduncle, nearly horizontal elsewhere to caudal-fin tip. Preopercle margin rough, with about 10 subtle spines. Opercle extremity fleshy, blunt, well behind vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers short. Ctenoid scales on trunk, belly, pectoral-fin base, opercle, preopercle, infraorbital, and interorbital region to snout, cycloid on gular area and encircling nostrils. Dorsal fin without scales on interradial membranes, second dorsal with basal scale on each interradial membranes; pectoral-fin base covered by small ctenoid scales, rows of cycloid scales along pectoral-fin rays (outer third naked); caudal-fin base covered with large ctenoid scales, rows of cycloid scales along rays (tips naked). Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, second and third spines longest; second dorsal fin adjoining first one. Origin of second dorsal fin well behind vertical line through pectoral-fin tip, second dorsal soft rays much shorter than longest dorsal spines.Anal-fin origin at vertical line passing through sixth-seventh ray of second dorsal fin; first spine very slender. Pectoral fin falcate, reaching vertical line passing through two thirds of pelvic fin length. Pelvic-fin origin behind pectoral-fin base, as long as pectoral fin. Caudal peduncle short, deep, depth larger than orbital diameter. Caudal fin short, emarginated, lower lobe slightly longer and much stouter than upper lobe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEF7E34BAD31A3397FBACCF" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BAD31A3395D0AC73" bold="true" box="[199,391,1806,1833]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Color in alcohol</emphasis>
. Trunk beige or light brown, darker on dorsum, sometimes with dark patches on sides. Snout light brown, opercle and infraorbital region dark brown. First dorsal fin dark brown, dusky in distal third, second dorsal fin light brown, some ray tips lighter or beige. Anal fin dark brown, slightly darkened at tip. Pectoral fin brown, distal half darkened. Caudal fin darkened at the base (
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFEF7E34B9531A4697C9ACCF" box="[839,926,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFEF7E2BBAD31AA390DCAB8F" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,1329]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFEF7E34BAD31AA39580ACE2" bold="true" box="[199,471,1950,1976]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Color of fresh material</emphasis>
. Silvery on head and flanks, grayish silvery dorsally; obscure dark areas on flanks and dorsum, often with irregular bars over the lateral line; nape with dusky bar; opercle and gill opening dusky. Dorsal and anal fins dusky, pectoral fin black with yellow hue on lower rays, lighter at base; pelvic fin yellow, with black line along pelvic spine. Dusky line on the ventral margin to the caudal peduncle (
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFF07E2BBE301D86902AAB8F" box="[1060,1149,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-450@4.[177,1411,1065,1956]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Menticirrhus americanus in lateral view. A. Fresh specimen, Gulf of Mexico, photographed by Ross Robertson. B. Neotype, USNM 196402, 159 mm SL, Horn Island, Mississippi, United States." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401568/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3556562FFF07E2BBAD31DE3913AAA1B" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFF07E2BBAD31DE390DFAA47" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBAD31DE395BFABA2" bold="true" box="[199,488,222,249]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Distribution and habitat</emphasis>
. Western North Atlantic from the east coast of the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BBE071DE290FFABA3" box="[1043,1192,223,249]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">United States</collectingCountry>
to the Gulf of Mexico (
<figureCitation id="13742A6CFFF07E2BBAB41C3E94B2AA47" box="[160,229,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,1004,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-51@7.[176,1410,1004,1918]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. The Atlantic coast of North, Central, and South America showing geographic distribution. A. Menticirrhus americanus (red) and M. martinicensis (green). B. M. littoralis (yellow), M. cuiaranensis (light blue) and M. gracilis (dark blue). Some symbols represent more than one locality or a large number of specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401574/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). This is a coastal species, typically found in estuaries at depths of up to 60 meters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFF07E2BBAD31C1B913AAA1B" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1329]" box="[199,1389,294,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBAD31C1B9577AA1A" bold="true" box="[199,288,294,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fishing</emphasis>
. Targeted by artisanal fishermen and using castnets and fishing weir. Taken as food in some areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3556562FFF07E2BBAD31C769128AE6B" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFF07E2BBAD31C7695D2A943" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBAD31C769563AA3F" bold="true" box="[199,308,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Remarks</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBB571C7695AAAA3F" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[323,509,330,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref27745" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Eecima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
proposed 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB8611C769730AA3E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[629,871,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cyprinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB8611C769730AA3E" box="[629,871,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Cyprinus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the figure and short account of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBF561C7694B5AAD3" author="Catesby, M." pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref25328" refString="Catesby, M. (1743) The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands; containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects, and plants: particularly the forest-trees, shrubs, and other plants, not hitherto described, or very incorrectly figured by authors: together with their descriptions in English and French, etc. 2 Vols. 3 rd Edition. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, 100 pp. &amp; 20 pp." type="book" year="1743">Catesby (1743)</bibRefCitation>
in his description of the fish fauna of the “Carolinas”. Although the image presents certain inaccuracies in fin counts and other features, it clearly represents a 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB8F91CAE9728AAF7" authorityName="Marceniuk &amp; Caires &amp; Rotundo &amp; Cerqueira &amp; Siccha-Ramirez &amp; Wosiacki &amp; Oliveira" authorityYear="2020" box="[749,895,403,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB8F91CAE9728AAF7" box="[749,895,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Menticirrhus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and based on Linnaeus’ description, it seems reasonable to conclude that this species is 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB8AB1C8A9730AA8A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[703,871,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cyprinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB8AB1C8A9730AA8A" box="[703,871,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the western North Atlantic. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBEF01C8A91CBAA88" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1252,1436,439,466]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref27810" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1766) Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 12 (1). Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 68927" type="book" year="1766">Linnaeus (1766)</bibRefCitation>
provided additional information on 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB8371CE69691AAAE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[547,710,475,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cyprinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB8371CE69691AAAE" box="[547,710,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">C. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BB8E81CE697FBAAAF" author="Wheeler, A. C." box="[764,940,474,501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref29881" refString="Wheeler, A. C. (1985) The Linnaean fish collection in the Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 84, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1985">Wheeler (1985)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that this is different from the data provided by Catesby.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFF07E2BBAD31F1E976AAF4B" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
In their review of the American sciaenids, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BB88B1F1E978AA967" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H." box="[671,989,547,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="343 - 451" refId="ref27291" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Eigenmann, C. H. (1889) A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner, 14 (3), 343 - 451." type="journal article" year="1889">
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BB88B1F1E96BDA967" box="[671,746,547,573]" name="Jordan" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Eigenmann (1889)
</bibRefCitation>
indicated that 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBE951F1E91CAA966" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1153,1437,547,573]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBE951F1E91CAA966" box="[1153,1437,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Menticirrhus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was distributed along the east coast of the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BB86F1F7A9742A93B" box="[635,789,583,609]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">United States</collectingCountry>
, from Chesapeake Bay to 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFF07E2BBE541F7A90D2A93B" box="[1088,1157,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Texas</collectingRegion>
. They also synonymized two species with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBB481F569652A9DE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[348,517,619,644]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBB481F569652A9DE" box="[348,517,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB8071F569725A9DF" authority="Linnaeus 1886" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1886" box="[531,882,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB8071F569696A9DF" box="[531,705,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Perca alburnus</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1886
</taxonomicName>
, based on the specimens Linnaeus received from Charleston, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBB451FB296EAA9F3" authority="Girard 1858" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[337,701,654,681]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Umbrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phalaena">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBB451FB29670A9F3" box="[337,551,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Umbrina phalaena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BB8241FB296EAA9F3" author="Girard, C. F." box="[560,701,654,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="167 - 171" refId="ref26358" refString="Girard, C. F. (1858) Notes upon various new genera and new species of fishes, in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and collected in connection with the United States and Mexican boundary survey: Major William Emory, Commissioner. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10, 167 - 171." type="journal article" year="1858">Girard 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, based on the description of specimens obtained in 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BBF181FB29132A9F3" box="[1292,1381,655,681]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BBF651FB294E8A997" name="Jordan" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Jordan</collectingCountry>
and Eigenmann also remarked that 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB8491F8E974CA996" box="[605,795,691,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martinicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB8491F8E974CA996" box="[605,795,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. martinicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described originally from the Caribbean by Cuvier and Valenciennes (see notes on this species below) is remarkably similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB9A11FEA900AA9AA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[949,1117,727,752]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB9A11FEA900AA9AA" box="[949,1117,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBE7E1FEA91CBA9AB" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W." box="[1130,1436,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1241 - 2183" refId="ref27339" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47, 1241 - 2183. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39717" type="journal article" year="1898">
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BBE7E1FEA90E2A9AB" box="[1130,1205,727,753]" name="Jordan" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Evermann (1898)
</bibRefCitation>
provided a short description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBBE61FC696CEA84E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[498,665,763,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBBE61FC696CEA84E" box="[498,665,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and regarded this species to be “exceedingly alike [
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBECC1FC691C4A84E" box="[1240,1427,763,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martinicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBECC1FC691C4A84E" box="[1240,1427,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. martinicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] distinguished perhaps by a slightly smaller number of rays in the dorsal fin” and that “Were it not that the Sciaenoid fauna of South America is chiefly different from that of North America, we should scarcely hesitate to place 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBF721E7E9556A8DA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martinicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBF721E7E9556A8DA" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">martinicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBBF01E5A9630A8DA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[484,615,871,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBBF01E5A9630A8DA" box="[484,615,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.” The close similarity between these two taxa led Miranda Ribeiro (1915) to assume that 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBB551EB69609A8FE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[321,606,907,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBB551EB69609A8FE" box="[321,606,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Menticirrhus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BB8E31EB6976CA8FF" box="[759,827,907,933]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and included 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB9C91EB690CDA8FE" box="[989,1178,907,932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martinicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB9C91EB690CDA8FE" box="[989,1178,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. martinicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as its junior synonym. Although some contemporary authors still recognized the validity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB9B61E92901BA892" box="[930,1100,943,968]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB9B61E92901BA892" box="[930,1100,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBE801E92917FA893" author="Ihering, H. V." box="[1172,1320,943,969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="25 - 63" refId="ref26974" refString="Ihering, H. V. (1897) Os peixes da costa do mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista do Museu Paulista, 2, 25 - 63." type="journal article" year="1897">Ihering 1897</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBF201E92951AA8B7" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W." pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1241 - 2183" refId="ref27339" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47, 1241 - 2183. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39717" type="journal article" year="1898">
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BBF201E929128A893" box="[1332,1407,943,969]" name="Jordan" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Evermann 1898
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBB4D1EEE95BDA8B7" author="Gilbert, C. H." box="[345,490,979,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="161 - 183" refId="ref26262" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1900) Results of the Branner-Agassiz expedition to Brazil. 111. Fishes Proceedings Washington Academy of Sciences, 2, 161 - 183" type="journal article" year="1900">Gilbert 1900</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBBE21EEE96DFA8B7" author="Fowler, H. W." box="[502,648,979,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="123 - 199" refId="ref26033" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1941) A collection of fresh-water fishes obtained in eastern Brazil by Dr. Rodolpho von Ihering. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 93, 123 - 199." type="journal article" year="1941">Fowler 1941</bibRefCitation>
), the decision of Miranda Ribeiro (1915) was followed in most subsequent studies (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BBB7E1ECA9637AF4B" author="Hoese, D. &amp; Moore, R. H." box="[362,608,1015,1041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref26828" refString="Hoese, D. &amp; Moore, R. H. (1977) Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Lousiana, and adjacent waters. Texas A &amp; M University Press, College Station, Texas, 327 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1443203" type="book" year="1977">Hoese &amp; Moore 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BB8781ECA96BEAF4B" author="Chao, L. N." box="[620,745,1015,1041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref25569" refString="Chao, L. N. (1977) Sciaenidae. In: Fischer, W. (Ed.), Identification sheets of Central West Atlantic, fishing area 30 and 31. FAO, Rome, sheets 1 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1977">Chao 1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BB8E01ECA9767AF4B" author="Chao, L. N." box="[756,816,1015,1041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref25613" refString="Chao, L. N. (1978) A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 415, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFF07E2BBAD31926915BAF9F" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
Here we consider 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBB9A19269662AF6E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[398,565,1051,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBB9A19269662AF6E" box="[398,565,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be restricted to the Gulf of 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFF07E2BB96819269783AF6F" box="[892,980,1051,1077]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Mexico</collectingRegion>
, based primarily on the genetic evidence, given that the meristic data broadly overlap with those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BB90D19029782AF02" box="[793,981,1087,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martinicensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BB90D19029782AF02" box="[793,981,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. martinicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean region and the western South Atlantic. One other trait that may be potentially useful for separation of these taxa is the tendency for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBA8319BA9517AFFA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,320,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBA8319BA9517AFFA" box="[151,320,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">M. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens to have a small “hump” in the dorsal head profile, although this needs to be considered with caution, given that this feature is not depicted, for example, in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B18FFF07E2BB9991996915FAF9F" author="McEachran, J. D. &amp; Fechhelm, J. D." box="[909,1288,1194,1221]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref28236" refString="McEachran, J. D. &amp; Fechhelm, J. D. (2005) F ishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Vol. 2. Scorpaeniformes to Tetraodontiformes. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, viii + 1004 pp." type="book" year="2005">McEachran and Fechhelm (2005)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036E9FFF07E2BBAD319F29128AE6B" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D6AFFF07E2BBAD319F295B2AFB2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[199,485,1231,1257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Menticirrhus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B93BEAFBFFF07E2BBAD319F295B2AFB2" box="[199,485,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Menticirrhus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="3B273CB4FFF07E2BBBFB19F2912DAE6B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3022747375" collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" location="Cape Hatteras National Seashore" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North Carolina" typeStatus="neotype">
was originally described without support of biological material and, until now, no type specimens had been allocated. For this reason, we selected specimen 
<collectionCode id="ED5EAE2CFFF07E2BB9F119CE9061AE57" box="[997,1078,1267,1293]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
<quantity id="4CB79B0CFFF07E2BBE2A19CE90A8AE57" box="[1086,1279,1266,1293]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9640215899999998" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" unit="mm" value="1.96402159E8">196402, 159 mm</quantity>
SL, collected east of the 
<location id="8E906032FFF07E2BBB05182A96D1AE6B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FFFFEE7E2BBA831DAA9128AE6B:8E906032FFF07E2BBB05182A96D1AE6B" box="[273,646,1303,1329]" country="United States of America" name="Cape Hatteras National Seashore" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" stateProvince="North Carolina">Cape Hatteras National Seashore</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="498BF80BFFF07E2BB885182A976BAE6B" box="[657,828,1303,1329]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, in the 
<collectingCountry id="F3587679FFF07E2BB999182A9070AE6B" box="[909,1063,1303,1329]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">United States</collectingCountry>
, as the 
<typeStatus id="54F4884BFFF07E2BBE6D182A9085AE6B" box="[1145,1234,1303,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of this species
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>