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<document id="7762DBE79E0150BD66513F6BA6E2DB20" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3740269" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740269" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586037971521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bonaccorso, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Mosia nigrescens J. E. Gray 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="18" lastPageNumber="364" masterDocId="FFECFF8AFFCF4C04FFA53577FFF8FFE9" masterDocTitle="Emballonuridae" masterLastPageNumber="373" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="363" updateTime="1698735528461" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="3EE8163AB1AAA7663AE1F1D329AD4135" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C7CAE27ADDF7EB2B0B7A759AE7D99F0B">
<mods:title id="30B6D5F51F0D9B70D33CE5008CB652B7">Emballonuridae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="C0B09AD15F79B8FEC70FAD55EF982F33" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C3C7629B0F7A7BA3E0395ACEEC76C556">
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<mods:namePart id="DBB1785518BF14264EF68AFD807F967D">Bonaccorso, Frank</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="437152D1133ADFDF004A7E3CB1DE05CA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo id="3DD8366969BE356B51C6081016700466">
<mods:dateIssued id="F723D95761F10733C1A744E87CB43DDB">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="078A3C6FDADC0122CB94A84E870106F6" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="8428F3538E5576552304FAAC691E811C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="12B57786F0D964486D11F76EDFE05BFE">
<mods:placeTerm id="5D501D08B303B50F478A519FDD27E166">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:name id="F9A194C1ACD44439568B5E83BD2E4686" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CF6CE6B0D4236817BD4ECC3E40062D92">
<mods:roleTerm id="A61667F20C898555765BC8C043540ABF">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="43A4D31734A83F15B6498379E1B2AFF7">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7345534CD1AF29FFE3A802A32E489AD9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5C7305561F5884FFB5DBDB0D3C76C0C8">
<mods:roleTerm id="CF1F2B7117E95E94BBE677C384AE7D2F">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8C9B13743CE0B9F4E384450300D5F63C">Mittermeier, Russel A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo id="201B78E78649BB69980740448BC5C4AC">
<mods:title id="8D08FEE5E4069FA0B7CD255928C9EB7A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="F47E37E9296745D6EE5CAEEAD930347B">
<mods:extent id="56AD93F310EB6120F86326C58F4ED747" unit="page">
<mods:start id="C005779F430CF935F631D0D29F89E7F3">350</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="AD1479C39C76E0F3E2188FD792D517CE">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="483A36EE2C4C6B48521676013CB2B625" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3740269</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="464D339628260C9D85E9688B01BED5A4" type="GBIF-Dataset">34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4616A2B76632F5AB8E3CB9DEB339FDAE" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FDA05151004DE6F6BD74E4E400ACD6A1" type="Zenodo-Dep">3740269</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810695" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163435171" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="364" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0AF8FA3E26F5B9F467" box="[1887,2625,2897,2958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8FA3E26F5B9F467" blockId="14.[1887,3112,2897,2958]" box="[1887,2625,2897,2958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<figureCitation id="13472A61FFC14C0AF8FA3E26F85EF467" box="[1887,1958,2897,2958]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="10.[178,221,4453,4480]" captionTargetBox="[182,3472,151,4663]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="On following pages: 22. New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura furati); 23. Beccari's Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura beccarti); 24. Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura dianae); 25. Seri'sSheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura sertii); 26. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura semicaudata); 27. Western Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura tiavato); 28. Peters's Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura atrata); 29. African Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura afra); 30. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura seychellensis); 31. Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura kibomalandy); 32. Dark Sheath-tailed Bat (Mosia nigrescens); 33. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat (Cormura brevirostris); 34. Gray Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx plicata); 35. Thomas's Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx io); 36. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx infusca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740273/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">32</figureCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF8633E26F5B9F467" box="[1990,2625,2897,2958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Dark Sheath-tailed Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0AF5243E26F3D0F467" box="[2689,3112,2897,2958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF5243E26F3D0F467" blockId="14.[1887,3112,2897,2958]" box="[2689,3112,2897,2958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC14C0AF5243E26F3D0F467" ID-CoL="44G2F" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[2689,3112,2897,2958]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Mosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF5243E26F3D0F467" box="[2689,3112,2897,2958]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Mosia nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0AF8FB3ED6F607F405" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8FB3ED6F32CF451" blockId="14.[1885,3284,2973,3052]" box="[1886,3284,2973,3000]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
French: Emballonure sombre /
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF6A63ED7F687F45E" bold="true" box="[2307,2431,2976,2999]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">German:</emphasis>
Dunkle reischwanzfledermaus /
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF4E23ED6F43BF45E" bold="true" box="[2887,3011,2977,2999]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Spanish:</emphasis>
Embalonuro oscuro
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8F83EA2F607F405" blockId="14.[1885,3284,2973,3052]" box="[1885,2559,3025,3052]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF8F83EA2F752F402" bold="true" box="[1885,2218,3029,3051]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Other common names:</emphasis>
Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0AF5313944F501F366" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF5313944F501F366" blockId="14.[2706,3504,3123,3689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF5313944F498F3B3" box="[2708,2912,3123,3162]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Taxonomy</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC14C0AF4233944F50AF366" ID-CoL="44G2F" authority="J. E. Gray, 1843" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Mosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF4233944F341F3B3" box="[2950,3257,3123,3162]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Mosia nigrescens</emphasis>
J. E. Gray, 1843
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0AF4B3391FF26FF311" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF4B3391FF26FF311" blockId="14.[2706,3504,3123,3689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
“
<materialsCitation id="3B143CB9FFC14C0AF482391FF26FF311" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781805" country="Indonesia" location="South America? &quot; Corrected by G. E. Dobson in 1878 to &quot; Amboina" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
<location id="8EA3603FFFC14C0AF482391FF2DAF329" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A:8EA3603FFFC14C0AF482391FF2DAF329" country="Indonesia" name="South America? &quot; Corrected by G. E. Dobson in 1878 to &quot; Amboina" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">South America?” Corrected by G. E. Dobson in 1878 to “Amboina</location>
[=
<location id="8EA3603FFFC14C0AF2FA39EEF36FF311" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A:8EA3603FFFC14C0AF2FA39EEF36FF311" country="Indonesia" name="Ambon Island, Maluku Islands" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Ambon Island, Maluku Islands</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36B7674FFC14C0AF30E39A6F28BF311" box="[3243,3443,3281,3320]" name="Indonesia" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
].”
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0AF5373871F3F3F174" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF5373871F3F3F174" blockId="14.[2706,3504,3123,3689]" lastBlockId="14.[1883,3504,3702,4637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Assignments of subspecies is based on morphological analysis of G. H. H. Tate and R. Archbold in 1939 and molecular analysis of D. J. Colgan and S. Soheili in 2008, but some affiliations are surmised based on geographical proximity. Additional molecular studies are needed to fully clarify subspecific taxonomy. Three subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0AF8F83BDCF2F7EEA0" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF03666CFFC14C0AF8F83BDCF2F7EEA0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3747960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3747960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3747960/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" targetBox="[1885,2678,3124,3678]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8F83BDCF68DF13B" blockId="14.[1883,3504,3702,4637]" box="[1885,2421,3755,3794]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF8F83BDCF68DF13B" bold="true" box="[1885,2421,3755,3794]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8FB3BA8F58EF0D2" blockId="14.[1883,3504,3702,4637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF8FB3BA8F83AF0EF" box="[1886,1986,3807,3846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">M. n.</emphasis>
nigrescensJ. E. Gray, 1843 - G Moluccas, including
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF4093BA8F3F6F0EF" bold="true" box="[2988,3086,3807,3846]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Bum</emphasis>
, Seram, Ambon, and possibly other islands in that island group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8FB3A3FF3E4EFAB" blockId="14.[1883,3504,3702,4637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF8FB3A3FF838F086" box="[1886,1984,3912,3951]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">M. n.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC14C0AF86B3A3FF67FF086" authority="Thomas, 1914" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1914" box="[1998,2439,3912,3951]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Corymbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papuana">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF86B3A3FF796F086" box="[1998,2158,3912,3951]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">papuana</emphasis>
Thomas, 1914
</taxonomicName>
- Sulawesi, N Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF2AB3A3FF25DF086" box="[3342,3493,3912,3951]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Ternate</emphasis>
, Bacan), Sula Is (Senana), Raja Ampat Is (
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF53F3A0AF4D2F04D" box="[2714,2858,3965,4004]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Waigeo</emphasis>
, Batanta, Salawati), New Guinea (including Supiori and Biak on Schouten Is and Umboi I) and Woodlark Is (Woodlark, Alcester), and Kai Is.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF6A63A91F672EFE4" box="[2307,2442,4070,4109]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Recent</emphasis>
molecular work seems to indicate that
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC14C0AF3283A91F2D7EFE4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1914" box="[3213,3375,4070,4109]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Corymbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papuana">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF3283A91F2D7EFE4" box="[3213,3375,4070,4109]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">papuana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might include populations from Admiralty
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF5B4256CF5C8EFAB" bold="true" box="[2577,2608,4123,4162]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Is</emphasis>
(Manus and Los Negros).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8FB2538F77AEEFD" blockId="14.[1883,3504,3702,4637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF8FB2538F844EF9F" box="[1886,1980,4175,4214]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">M. n.</emphasis>
solomonisThomas, 1904-Bismarck Archipelago (New Ireland, Duke ofYork, and New Britain Is), and in N Solomons (Buka, Nissan, Bougainville, Fauro, Shortland, Vella Lavella, New Georgia, Russell, Savo, Florida, Guadalcanal, Malaita, Makira, and Uki Ni Masi Is).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0AF8FE2455F2F7EEA0" blockId="14.[1883,3504,3702,4637]" box="[1883,3343,4386,4425]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">Also present on Emirau I (Bismarck Archipelago), but subspecies not known.</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC14C0BF8F82421F8E4FD7F" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="364" pageId="14" pageNumber="363" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC14C0BF8F82421F8E4FD7F" blockId="14.[1883,3504,3702,4637]" lastBlockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="364" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">
Descriptive
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF7E12421F74CEE94" bold="true" box="[2116,2228,4438,4477]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 30-45 mm, tail 7-17-5 mm, ear 9-15 mm, hindfoot 4-7 mm, forearm 30-1-37-9 mm; weight 2-5-5-7 g. The Dark Sheath-tailed Bat is one of the smallest bats in the world. It is sexually dimorphic in body size,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF2F824B6F256EE01" bold="true" box="[3421,3502,4545,4584]" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">with</emphasis>
females larger than males. Subspecies
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC14C0AF59E2481F518EDF4" box="[2619,2784,4598,4637]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="363">solomonis</emphasis>
tends to be slightly larger on average than
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC04C0BFE883411FE35FE64" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1914" box="[301,461,358,397]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Corymbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myrtales" pageId="15" pageNumber="364" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papuana">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFE883411FE35FE64" box="[301,461,358,397]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">papuana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in New Guinea.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFCB43411FC93FE64" box="[785,875,358,397]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Silky</emphasis>
dorsum is
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFBE43411FB07FE64" box="[1089,1279,358,397]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">uniformly</emphasis>
pale to medium gray-brown (raw umber); venter is somewhat paler gray-brown or bufiy brown. Ear is narrow and
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6C34A6FEB6FE11" box="[201,334,465,504]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">blundy</emphasis>
rounded at apex. Inner surface of pinna is ribbed and sparsely haired along medial margin.
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC04C0BFE503771FD8CFDC4" box="[501,628,518,557]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Tragus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="354" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tragus</taxonomicName>
is longer than broad, with blunt tip. Muzzle is short and blunt, having widely separated nostrils at anterior end.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFB25374CFAC9FD8B" box="[1152,1329,571,610]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Breeding</emphasis>
males have long phallus,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6C3718FEC6FD7F" box="[201,318,623,662]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">nearly</emphasis>
equal in length to tibia. Dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 34.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC04C0BFF6D37D2FB94F8C3" pageId="15" pageNumber="364" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC04C0BFF6D37D2FAA4FCDF" blockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6D37D2FEAFFD25" box="[200,343,677,716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Habitat</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFED237D2FE23FD25" box="[375,475,677,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Wide</emphasis>
variety of lowland and montane primary and
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFA0237D2F991FD25" box="[1447,1641,677,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">secondary</emphasis>
habitats, including humid tropical broadleaf forests, mangroves, coconut groves, rural gardens, clearings, and villages from
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFD733678FCEBFCDF" box="[726,787,783,822]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">sea</emphasis>
level to elevations of
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFB0C3678FB45FCDF" box="[1193,1213,783,822]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">c</emphasis>
.1600 m.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC04C0BFF6D3632FB0AFC3F" blockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6D3632FDC8FC85" bold="true" box="[200,560,837,876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6D3632FDD0FC85" box="[200,552,837,876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dark Sheath-tailed Bats forage for very small insects aerially and gleaning
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFEDD360DFE48FC48" box="[376,432,890,929]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">off</emphasis>
foliage from near ground level into canopies. Wingless ants were a major dietary component in one study of 44 stomach contents.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC04C0BFF6D3692F8E4FBA8" blockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6D3692FE85FBE5" bold="true" box="[200,381,997,1036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6D3692FE8DFBE5" box="[200,373,997,1036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Breeding</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Female Dark Sheath-tailed Bats likely give birth to single young twice a year. In Papua New Guinea, pregnant females are reported in
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFB51316DFA66FBA8" box="[1268,1438,1050,1089]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">February</emphasis>
, May,June, andJuly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC04C0BFF633138FDCCFAA5" blockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF633138FDF2FB9F" bold="true" box="[198,522,1103,1142]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Dark Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and roosts under large leaves and fronds of palms, bananas, and ginger; in limestone cave entrances; and under rock overhangs and house roofs. Leaf roosts can be as low as 1 -5 m aboveground. Dark Sheath-tailed Bats emerge in late afternoon twilight to forage in well-shaded forest understories.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC04C0BFF6D302DFB94F8C3" blockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6D302DFB5BFA68" bold="true" box="[200,1187,1370,1409]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
When roosting in foliage, as is common, group size is regularly 2-6 individuals, with only one individual clinging to the leaf surface by its feet and thumbs and the others adpressed dorsum to venter in a stacked column. These small groups are composed of mixed sex adults and young. Four individuals roosted in such a manner under a fishtail palm (
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFA0A3358F9C3F9BF" box="[1455,1595,1583,1622]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC04C0BFA0A3358F9CDF9BF" box="[1455,1589,1583,1622]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Caryota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="364" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Caryota</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC04C0BF9E23358F8F4F9BF" box="[1607,1804,1583,1622]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="364" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
) in Kau Wildlife Area, Madang, Papua New Guinea, and this behavior was thought to conserve heat and avoid going into torpor where forest shade temperatures are typically 10-12°C lower than
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFD5333B9FCADF91C" box="[758,853,1742,1781]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">body</emphasis>
temperatures. Dark Sheath-tailed Bats are alert all day and instandy fly off if approached too closely.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC04C0BFF6C324EFAEEF816" pageId="15" pageNumber="364" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC04C0BFF6C324EFAEEF816" blockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6C324EFD5BF889" bold="true" box="[201,675,1849,1888]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6C324EFD63F889" box="[201,667,1849,1888]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFAA2324EF9A1F889" box="[1287,1625,1849,1888]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">The IUCN Red List.</emphasis>
The Dark Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it is tolerant of habitat modification. It occurs in protected areas including Kau Wildlife Area, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC04C0BFF6E3D64F90BF78A" pageId="15" pageNumber="364" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC04C0BFF6E3D64F90BF78A" blockId="15.[198,1824,358,2153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFF6E3D64FE61F7C7" bold="true" box="[203,409,2067,2094]" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso &amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFC013D64FC0DF7C7" box="[932,1013,2067,2094]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Leary</emphasis>
(2008b), Colgan &amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFAB73D64FA8AF7C7" box="[1298,1394,2067,2094]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Soheili</emphasis>
(2008), Dobson (1878),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BF97C3D64FEF5F78A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">Flannery</emphasis>
(1995a, 1995
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC04C0BFE703D3FFE1FF78A" box="[469,487,2120,2147]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="364">b</emphasis>
), McKean (1972), Smith &amp; Hood (1981), Tate &amp; Archbold (1939a), Vestjens &amp; Hall (1977).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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