251 lines
42 KiB
XML
251 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="EE92EA5FFECAE9BB09BAE8EBF4DC31D3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5336.4.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8282001" ID-ZooBank="76C30673-75C6-4440-B8BC-C90FCE9CF8A8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1692951954479" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Adrain, Jonathan M. & Pérez-Peris, Francesc" docDate="2023" docId="03BB87AAE13C293FFF5499B40664FD5B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5336.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5336 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5336.4.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Odontopleurinae Burmeister 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="512" masterDocId="FF82FFD2E13D293CFFC39E760752FFDE" masterDocTitle="Funeralaspis n. gen.: a new odontopleurine trilobite from the early Middle Ordovician (Dapingian) of Death Valley, eastern California, USA, and the classification of Ordovician odontopleurines" masterLastPageNumber="529" masterPageNumber="509" pageNumber="510" updateTime="1692952396398" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1AA36505F5872052E8F1D98BF5CDABA4">Funeralaspis n. gen.: a new odontopleurine trilobite from the early Middle Ordovician (Dapingian) of Death Valley, eastern California, USA, and the classification of Ordovician odontopleurines</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3083D6B151F69BA91D89C845ACF61516">Adrain, Jonathan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F8A7436913E99664797764CA8CF4A958">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 115 Trowbridge Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; jonathan-adrain @ uiowa. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7000 - 1311;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0CA8B0D186FB0FE32950D3001F3DCA64" type="email">jonathan-adrain@uiowa.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DF0474094A6C6EE14597EDAA2FD87AC4">Pérez-Peris, Francesc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5574A7E9B00126975F1A8FD2C7EADCE4">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 115 Trowbridge Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; jonathan-adrain @ uiowa. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7000 - 1311;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EA92124658C29B55589FAFD01E9755E1" type="email">jonathan-adrain@uiowa.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="124947FAB9A573F309537EE7FC07F884">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A12B90C4A1647700BBF6DC70E9AE076B">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4EEC76E6EDF9B2FEDECAADF9877A6652">2023-08-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="64602A8C1FBB256634DC020D52F59C8A">5336</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C3086537E13C293DFF5499B40583F802" box="[151,721,1986,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="510" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13C293DFF5499B40583F802" blockId="1.[151,721,1986,2012]" box="[151,721,1986,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="510">
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<heading id="D0E581D0E13C293DFF5499B40583F802" bold="true" box="[151,721,1986,2012]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="510" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13C293DFF5499B40583F802" bold="true" box="[151,721,1986,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="510">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13C293DFEDC99B40583F802" authority="Burmeister, 1843" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[287,721,1986,2012]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="1" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">
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Odontopleurinae
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13C293DFE3F99B40583F802" author="Burmeister, H." box="[508,721,1986,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="510" refId="ref14611" refString="Burmeister, H. (1843) Die Organisation der Trilobiten aus ihren lebenden Verwandten entwickelt; nebst einer systematischen Uebersicht aller zeither beschriebenen Arten. Reimer, Berlin, 147 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9086" type="book" year="1843">Burmeister, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3086537E13F293FFF549EE00664FD5B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13F293EFF549EE00277FE73" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13F293EFF549EE0064EFF6E" bold="true" box="[151,284,150,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">Discussion.</emphasis>
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Current understanding of the subfamily dates to the revision of the family by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFBBF9EE10211FF6F" author="Ramskold, L." box="[1148,1347,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="143 - 181" refId="ref15801" refString="Ramskold, L. (1991 a) Pattern and process in the evolution of the Odontopleuridae (Trilobita). The Selenopeltinae and Ceratocephalinae. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 143 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300007616" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld (1991a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFA8D9EE102CAFF6F" author="Ramskold, L." box="[1358,1432,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="125 - 141" refId="ref15855" refString="Ramskold, L. (1991 b) The perforated trilobite Laethoprusia gen. nov., and the phylogeny of Koneprusia and Isoprusia (Odontopleuridae, Koneprusiinae). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 125 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300007604" type="journal article" year="1991">1991b</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFF549ECD06ACFF0B" author="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E." box="[151,510,187,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="333 - 371" refId="ref15913" refString="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E. (1991) Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic " Leonaspis " (Trilobita). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 333 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026359330000420 X" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld and Chatterton, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFDD29ECD042AFF0B" author="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E." box="[529,888,187,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="333 - 371" refId="ref15913" refString="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E. (1991) Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic " Leonaspis " (Trilobita). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 333 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026359330000420 X" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld and Chatterton (1991</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 334) provided an outline of a new subfamilial scheme with included genera, together with a new diagnosis for
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFCA59EA907B9FEC3" authority="(Ramskold and Chatterton, 1991, p. 357)" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityPageNumber="357" baseAuthorityYear="1991" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">
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Odontopleurinae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFBF39EA902C5FF27" author="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E." box="[1072,1431,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="333 - 371" refId="ref15913" refString="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E. (1991) Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic " Leonaspis " (Trilobita). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 333 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026359330000420 X" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld and Chatterton, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 357)
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</taxonomicName>
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. This was regarded as necessary to the main goal of that work - disentangling the phylogenetic structure and classification of what was then a polyphyletic genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFCEE9F5104CDFE9E" authorityName="Richter and Richter" authorityYear="1917" box="[813,927,295,320]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" genus="Leonaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13F293EFCEE9F5104CDFE9E" box="[813,927,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">Leonaspis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. It was emphasized that what was presented was preliminary and that more detailed work on the subfamilies would be presented elsewhere (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFB359F3D060AFE57" author="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E." pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="333 - 371" refId="ref15913" refString="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E. (1991) Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic " Leonaspis " (Trilobita). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 333 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026359330000420 X" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld and Chatterton, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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, pp. 334, 357). These subsequent works, however, never came to fruition, and the trio of 1991 papers remain the only published form of Ramsköld’s important ideas on the classification of the group.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13F293EFF049FC105F8FCE7" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">
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The taxonomic history of the family can be understood as three different eras. In the first, beginning in the nineteenth century and culminating in the major review by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFC9F9FAD032EFE2B" author="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A." box="[860,1148,475,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 221" refId="ref15692" refString="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A. (1949) A study of the superfamily Odontopleuracea nov. superfam. (trilobites). Rozpravy Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 12, 1 - 221. [in Czech and English, with Russian summary]" type="journal article" year="1949">Prantl and Přibyl (1949)</bibRefCitation>
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, what are now regarded as subfamilies were often accorded family status. Hence, Ceratocephalidae
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFBEB9F890233FDC7" author="Richter, R. & Richter, E." box="[1064,1377,510,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="126" refId="ref16187" refString="Richter, R. & Richter, E. (1925) Unterlagen zum Fossilium Catalogus. Trilobitae. II. Senckenbergiana, 7, 126." type="journal article" year="1925">Richter and Richter, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFF549C550503FDE3" authority="Hawle and Corda, 1847" authorityName="Hawle and Corda" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,593,547,573]" class="Trilobita" family="Selenopeltidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Selenopeltidae
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFE809C550503FDE3" author="Hawle, I. & Corda, A. J. C." box="[323,593,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" refId="ref15308" refString="Hawle, I. & Corda, A. J. C. (1847) Prodrom einer Monographie der b ˆ hmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve, Prague, 176 pp." type="book" year="1847">Hawle and Corda, 1847</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, have a history of treatment as distinct families. Acidaspididae
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFAD59C5502CEFDE3" author="Salter, J. W." box="[1302,1436,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref16267" refString="Salter, J. W. (1864) A monograph of the British trilobites from the Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian formations. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 1864, 1 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1864.12113212" type="journal article" year="1864">Salter, 1864</bibRefCitation>
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(often misspelled “
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFEB29C310556FDBF" box="[369,516,583,609]" family="Acidaspidae" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" rank="family">Acidaspidae</taxonomicName>
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”), is somewhat different, as it, too, was widely used as a family, but generally for the group now classified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFDC39C1D0592FD5B" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[512,704,619,645]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">Odontopleurinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFD0F9C1D04B2FD5B" author="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A." box="[716,992,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 221" refId="ref15692" refString="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A. (1949) A study of the superfamily Odontopleuracea nov. superfam. (trilobites). Rozpravy Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 12, 1 - 221. [in Czech and English, with Russian summary]" type="journal article" year="1949">Prantl and Přibyl (1949)</bibRefCitation>
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clarified that
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFB429C1D026FFD5B" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[1153,1341,619,645]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Odontopleuridae</taxonomicName>
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was the senior name for the overall taxon, though they chose to recognize it at superfamily level. It is important to note that Ramsköld and Chatterton’s (1991) taxonomic concept of
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFCD19CC504E0FD13" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[786,946,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="526" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidaspidinae">Acidaspidinae</taxonomicName>
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was new, despite the fact that priority for its family group name dates to the mid-nineteenth century. Its earlier use at the family level was usually equivalent to the current
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFED59C8D0687FCCB" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[278,469,763,789]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">Odontopleurinae</taxonomicName>
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||
, as reflected by the fact that
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFCD19C8D034BFCCB" author="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A." box="[786,1049,763,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 221" refId="ref15692" refString="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A. (1949) A study of the superfamily Odontopleuracea nov. superfam. (trilobites). Rozpravy Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 12, 1 - 221. [in Czech and English, with Russian summary]" type="journal article" year="1949">Prantl and Přibyl (1949</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 19) considered
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFB2A9C8D02DBFCCB" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[1257,1417,763,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="526" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidaspidinae">Acidaspidinae</taxonomicName>
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a junior subjective synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFE259D6905F4FCE7" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[486,678,799,825]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Odontopleuridae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13F293EFF049D35067AFB7F" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">
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A second era of classification began in the 1950s, as
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFCEC9D350324FC83" author="Whittington, H. B. & Evitt, W. R." box="[815,1142,834,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref17078" refString="Whittington, H. B. & Evitt, W. R. (1954) Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites. Geological Society of America Memoir, 59, 1 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / MEM 59 - p 1" type="journal article" year="1954">Whittington and Evitt (1954</bibRefCitation>
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, pp. 52–53) criticized the notion that the group should be considered a superfamily with separate families, arguing instead that all of the taxa should be assigned to a single family.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFDFF9DFD045CFC7B" author="Whittington, H. B." box="[572,782,906,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="155 - 288" refId="ref17004" refString="Whittington, H. B. (1956) Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites: the Odontopleuridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 114, 155 - 288." type="journal article" year="1956">Whittington (1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pp. 194–195) expanded on these arguments. Where
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFA9A9DFD0609FC17" author="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A." pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 221" refId="ref15692" refString="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A. (1949) A study of the superfamily Odontopleuracea nov. superfam. (trilobites). Rozpravy Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 12, 1 - 221. [in Czech and English, with Russian summary]" type="journal article" year="1949">Prantl and Přibyl (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classified the group as a superfamily with three families (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFC1A9DD903C8FC17" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[985,1178,943,969]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Odontopleuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Ceratocephalidae, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFF549DA50613FC33" authorityName="Hawle and Corda" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,321,979,1005]" class="Trilobita" family="Selenopeltidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Selenopeltidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFE8C9DA50577FC33" author="Whittington, H. B." box="[335,549,978,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="155 - 288" refId="ref17004" refString="Whittington, H. B. (1956) Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites: the Odontopleuridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 114, 155 - 288." type="journal article" year="1956">Whittington (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
understood it as a family with four subfamilies(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFBEB9DA503BBFC33" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1064,1257,979,1005]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">Odontopleurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,Selenopeltinae, Miraspidinae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFEF19D810503FBCF" author="Richter, R. & Richter, E." box="[306,593,1015,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="462 - 472" refId="ref16148" refString="Richter, R. & Richter, E. (1917) Uber die Einteilung der Familie Acidaspidae und uber einige ihrer devonishcen Vertreter. Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, 1917, 462 - 472." type="journal article" year="1917">Richter and Richter, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[which he regarded as a senior synonym of Ceratocephalinae], and his new Apianurinae). This view was codified by Whittington in the 1959 Treatise volume (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFB859A6D038FFBEB" author="Moore, R. C." box="[1094,1245,1050,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" refId="ref15544" refString="Moore, R. C. (1959) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part O. Arthropoda 1. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 560 pp." type="book" year="1959">Moore, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and formed the basis for most work on the family up until 1991. It was during this period that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFBD39A4903FBFB87" author="Bruton, D. L." box="[1040,1193,1086,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="339 - 356" refId="ref14399" refString="Bruton, D. L. (1965) The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region, Norway. 19. The trilobite family Odontopleuridae. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 45, 339 - 356." type="journal article" year="1965">Bruton (1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFB769A4903AFFB87" author="Bruton, D. L." box="[1205,1277,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref14435" refString="Bruton, D. L. (1966 a) A revision of the Swedish Ordovician Odontopleuridae (Trilobita). Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Uppsala, 43, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1966">1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFACA9A490200FB87" author="Bruton, D. L." box="[1289,1362,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="330 - 345" refId="ref14473" refString="Bruton, D. L. (1966 b) A new odontopleurid genus from the Devonian of Bohemia. Palaeontology, 9, 330 - 345." type="journal article" year="1966">
|
||
1966
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFA809A490200FB87" author="Whittington, H. B. & Campbell, K. S. W." box="[1347,1362,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="447 - 483" refId="ref17038" refString="Whittington, H. B. & Campbell, K. S. W. (1967) Silicified Silurian trilobites from Maine. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 135, 447 - 483." type="journal article" year="1967">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1967,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFF549A15078CFBA3" author="Bruton, D. L." box="[151,222,1123,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref14529" refString="Bruton, D. L. (1968 a) A revision of the Odontopleuridae (Trilobita) from the Palaeozoic of Bohemia. Skrifter. Kongelike Norske Videnskabers Selskabs, 25, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1968">1968a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFF2B9A15067DFBA3" author="Bruton, D. L." box="[232,303,1123,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="288 - 302" refId="ref14566" refString="Bruton, D. L. (1968 b) Ordovician odontopleurid trilobites from Estonia and Latvia. Lethaia, 1, 288 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1968. tb 01742. x" type="journal article" year="1968">1968b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) published his influential series of papers, work that remains foundational to the current understanding of the group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13F293EFF049ADD03D8FAA7" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">
|
||
The period since 1991 constitutes a third era of classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFC319ADD03E0FB1B" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1843" box="[1010,1202,1195,1221]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Odontopleuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFB079ADD02CEFB1B" author="Ramskold, L." box="[1220,1436,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="143 - 181" refId="ref15801" refString="Ramskold, L. (1991 a) Pattern and process in the evolution of the Odontopleuridae (Trilobita). The Selenopeltinae and Ceratocephalinae. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 143 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300007616" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld (1991a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated that Miraspidinae was a junior synonym of Selenopeltinae. He also considered Koneprusiinae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFA959AB9066AFAD3" author="Vanek, J. & Pek, I." pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="262 - 270" refId="ref16742" refString="Vanek, J. & Pek, I. (1987) Genus Koneprusia (Trilobita) from the Devonian of central Bohemia. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, 32, 262 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Vaněk and Pek, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, a junior synonym, but in a separate paper (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFCD89A8504B1FAD3" author="Ramskold, L." box="[795,995,1267,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="125 - 141" refId="ref15855" refString="Ramskold, L. (1991 b) The perforated trilobite Laethoprusia gen. nov., and the phylogeny of Koneprusia and Isoprusia (Odontopleuridae, Koneprusiinae). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 125 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300007604" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) considered it valid. It is now generally accepted (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFEFC9B610514FAEF" author="Chatterton, B. D. E. & Fortey, R. A. & Brett, K. D. & Gibb, S. L. & McKellar, R. C." box="[319,582,1303,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 177" refId="ref14737" refString="Chatterton, B. D. E., Fortey, R. A., Brett, K. D., Gibb, S. L. & McKellar, R. C. (2006) Trilobites from the upper Lower to Middle Devonian Timrhanrhart Formation, Jbel Gara el Zguilma, southern Morocco. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 25, 1 - 177." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Chatterton
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13F293EFE789B6106A1FAEF" box="[443,499,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
[2006]
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFD8C9B610462FAEF" author="Adrain, J. M. & Chatterton, B. D. E. & Kloc, G. J." box="[591,816,1303,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="657 - 675" refId="ref13962" refString="Adrain, J. M., Chatterton, B. D. E. & Kloc, G. J. (2008) Systematics of the koneprusiine trilobites, with new taxa from the Silurian and Devonian of Laurentia. Journal of Paleontology, 82, 657 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 08 - 009.1" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Adrain
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13F293EFD679B610589FAEF" box="[676,731,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
[2008]
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFC809B6103F8FAEF" author="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E." box="[835,1194,1303,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="333 - 371" refId="ref15913" refString="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E. (1991) Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic " Leonaspis " (Trilobita). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 333 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026359330000420 X" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld and Chatterton (1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 334) then outlined the full scope of the new scheme, in which Ceratocephalinae was recognized as a subfamily (following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFAEC9B4D0789FAA7" author="Campbell, K. S. W." pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref14658" refString="Campbell, K. S. W. (1977) Trilobites of the Haragan, Bois d'Arc and Frisco Formations (Early Devonian), Arbuckle Mountains Region, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 123, 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1977">Campbell [1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 119]). This classification forms the basis for current understanding of the family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13F293EFF049BF50219F947" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">
|
||
Of most relevance to the present work was Ramsköld and Chatterton’s (1991) restriction of the scope of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFF549BD10604FA1F" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[151,342,1447,1473]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">Odontopleurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as they transferred a set of genera previously classified as odontopleurines to a newly conceived Subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFED29BBD06E7FA3B" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[273,437,1483,1509]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidaspidinae">Acidaspidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The basis for this was the assertion that they were separate clades and hence had separate phylogenetic histories. Synapomorphies of the restricted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFCD19B9902CEF9D7" authority="(Ramskold and Chatterton, 1991, p. 357)" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityPageNumber="357" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[786,1436,1518,1545]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">
|
||
Odontopleurinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFC1F9B990210F9D7" author="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E." box="[988,1346,1519,1545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="333 - 371" refId="ref15913" refString="Ramskold, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E. (1991) Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic " Leonaspis " (Trilobita). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 333 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026359330000420 X" type="journal article" year="1991">Ramsköld and Chatterton, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 357)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included the presence of nine thoracic segments (in rare cases reduced to eight), a spinose or tuberculate cranidial anterior border, a narrow hypostome, a slender genal spine base, tall eyes, and a wide, rounded pygidial terminal piece. Acidaspidines universally have 10 thoracic segments, a smooth cranidial anterior border, a relatively wide hypostome, a broad genal spine base, less elevated eyes, and a narrow, pear-shaped pygidial terminal piece.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13F293FFF0498D504E7FE57" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">
|
||
There are other features that, while not basal synapomorphies, nevertheless are unique to one or other of the groups. Prominent paired occipital spines, for example, are common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFC1498B103C4F93F" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[983,1174,1735,1761]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">Odontopleurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but are not present in any species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFE81989D06B0F8DB" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[322,482,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="526" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidaspidinae">Acidaspidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pairs of small spines developed in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFC3C989D02CEF8DB" authority="Prantl and Pribyl, 1949" authorityName="Prantl and Pribyl" authorityYear="1949" box="[1023,1436,1771,1797]" class="Trilobita" family="Selenopeltidae" genus="Dudleyaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13F293EFC3C989D03DBF8DB" box="[1023,1161,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">Dudleyaspis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFB51989D02CEF8DB" author="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A." box="[1170,1436,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 221" refId="ref15692" refString="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A. (1949) A study of the superfamily Odontopleuracea nov. superfam. (trilobites). Rozpravy Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 12, 1 - 221. [in Czech and English, with Russian summary]" type="journal article" year="1949">Prantl and Přibyl, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFF0F99790556F8F7" author="Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G." box="[204,516,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref14701" refString="Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G. (1983) Silicified Silurian odontopleurid trilobites from the Mackenzie Mountains. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 1, 1 - 127." type="journal article" year="1983">Chatterton and Perry (1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 27)] are features of the posterior border found also on the fixigenal posterior border, and clearly not homologous with the paired spines of odontopleurines). A robust median occipital spine is developed by some taxa of either subfamily, but in very different ways. In odontopleurines, when a median occipital spine is developed (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFE74990D0490F84B" authority="Adrain and Ramskold, 1997" authorityName="Adrain and Ramskold" authorityYear="1997" box="[439,962,1915,1941]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" genus="Edgecombeaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13F293EFE74990D0521F84B" box="[439,627,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">Edgecombeaspis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFDBF990D0490F84B" author="Adrain, J. M. & Ramskold, L." box="[636,962,1915,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="237 - 261" refId="ref13913" refString="Adrain, J. M. & Ramskold, L. (1997) Silurian Odontopleurinae (Trilobita) from the Cape Phillips Formation, Arctic Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 71, 237 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000039160" type="journal article" year="1997">Adrain and Ramsköld, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFB53990D0675F867" authority="Prantl and Pribyl, 1949" authorityName="Prantl and Pribyl" authorityYear="1949" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" genus="Kettneraspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13F293EFB53990D024CF84A" box="[1168,1310,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="511">Kettneraspis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13F293EFAE4990D0675F867" author="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A." pageId="2" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 221" refId="ref15692" refString="Prantl, F. & Pribyl, A. (1949) A study of the superfamily Odontopleuracea nov. superfam. (trilobites). Rozpravy Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 12, 1 - 221. [in Czech and English, with Russian summary]" type="journal article" year="1949">Prantl and Přibyl, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), there is no median node present anterior to the spine base. In fact, the spine is developed from the occipital median node. When a robust spine is developed in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13F293EFC0699B5033AF803" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[965,1128,1987,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="526" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acidaspidinae">Acidaspidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is a structure developed behind the median node from the rear of the occipital ring, and hence not homologous with the median spines developed by odontopleurines. The occipital median node is usually plainly visible anterior to the base of the spine (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13E293FFF149EA9055BFF27" author="Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G." box="[215,521,223,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref14701" refString="Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G. (1983) Silicified Silurian odontopleurid trilobites from the Mackenzie Mountains. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 1, 1 - 127." type="journal article" year="1983">Chatterton and Perry, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 21, figs 2–4, 9, pl. 23, figs 1, 7, 9, pl. 27, figs 1–3, 4, 7, etc.). In the thorax of many acidaspidines, there is a marked, lobate, posterior inflation of the posterior pleural band at and slightly distal to the thorax, where it often becomes the base of a large pleural spine (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13E293FFC1D9F5103FFFE9F" author="Whittington, H. B." box="[990,1197,294,321]" pageId="3" pageNumber="512" pagination="155 - 288" refId="ref17004" refString="Whittington, H. B. (1956) Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites: the Odontopleuridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 114, 155 - 288." type="journal article" year="1956">Whittington, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 1, figs 11, 14, 17;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B4DE13E293FFF549F3D0697FEBB" author="Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G." box="[151,453,331,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="512" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref14701" refString="Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G. (1983) Silicified Silurian odontopleurid trilobites from the Mackenzie Mountains. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 1, 1 - 127." type="journal article" year="1983">Chatterton and Perry, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 18, figs 6, 8, 10). In odontopleurines, the posterior pleural band is never expanded in this region, and runs without change in thickness into the pleural spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36BCE13E293FFF049FE50664FD5B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="512">
|
||
The affinity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13E293FFEB49FE50559FE73" authorityName="Adrain & Pérez-Peris" authorityYear="2023" box="[375,523,403,429]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" genus="Funeralaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13E293FFEB49FE50559FE73" box="[375,523,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="512">Funeralaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not in doubt, even though the disarticulated silicified material cannot yield a thoracic segment count. Cranidia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13E293FFDFB9FC1045CFE0F" authorityName="Adrain & Pérez-Peris" authorityYear="2023" box="[568,782,439,465]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" genus="Funeralaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deathvalleyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13E293FFDFB9FC1045CFE0F" box="[568,782,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="512">F. deathvalleyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a finely tuberculate anterior border. A pair of small but robust median occipital spines is present. The librigenal field is broad and the eye is elevated. The base of the genal spine is narrow. The hypostome is narrow relative to its length (width approximately 1.25 times length). The thoracic posterior pleural band shows no inflation at the fulcrum. The pygidial terminal piece is broad. All are features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13E293FFED59C310687FDBF" baseAuthorityName="Ramskold and Chatterton" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[278,469,583,609]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontopleurinae">Odontopleurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and there is no question that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D3FE13E293FFCE59C3104E8FDBF" authorityName="Adrain & Pérez-Peris" authorityYear="2023" box="[806,954,583,609]" class="Trilobita" family="Odontopleuridae" genus="Funeralaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAAEE13E293FFCE59C3104E8FDBF" box="[806,954,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="512">Funeralaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now the earliest well known member of the subfamily.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |