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<mods:title id="3E7F3555EAB5B8DCE54C1E6D9689C364">The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1CD505E6C12E09E268B3AD326D9E71F2">Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="011D510C30F92CA2F99A1D5C0A7719CA">Trape, Jean François</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3D96135ED1CBC36EA2DC23D35A07E80B">Ohler, Annemarie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7A9C8C1CF42B174F1C75BD34CCEF3D54">Dubois, Alain</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="111717A3AAA86A1ECE8A518D7DD108AD">UMR 7205 OSEB, Reptiles et Amphibiens, Département de Systématique et Évolution, Muséum national dHistoire naturelle, CP 30, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) pdavid @ mnhn. fr ohler @ mnhn. fr adubois @ mnhn. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4AD3FEE65225804C56423898D6728C83">Glitho, Isabelle Adolé</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6731A8EC757B4E6A78A1A7FB7ABD6F77">Département de Zoologie et Biologie animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Lomé (Togo) iglitho @ yahoo. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E36DBC0306E7CFF2DFC516D52E3A4" authority="Hallowell, 1857" authorityName="Hallowell" authorityYear="1857" box="[192,568,976,1003]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B96A914AC0306E7CFF2DFC516EE9E3A4" bold="true" box="[192,387,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">Naja melanoleuca</emphasis>
Hallowell, 1857
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<materialsCitation id="3B764705C0306E7CFF9CFB8E6EEFE52A" collectionCode="MRAC" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" specimenCode="MRAC 29452, MRAC 29460, MRAC 29463, MRAC 29561, MRAC 29731, MRAC 29743, MRAC 73014.0017, 73014.0062, 63, A7036.0008, 09, A7036.0022, A7036.0007, T 221, T 192" specimenCount="40">
MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
<specimenCount id="9D1886D1C0306E7CFE88FB8E6E8CE468" box="[357,486,1039,1063]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="generic">40 specimens</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFE1FFB8E6DE9E468" box="[498,643,1039,1063]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC 29452</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFF9DFBAB6E6DE40D" box="[112,263,1066,1090]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC 29460</specimenCode>
and
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFED2FBAB6EB0E40D" box="[319,474,1066,1090]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC 29463</specimenCode>
, Badou;
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFDD4FBAB6FDFE413" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC 29561</specimenCode>
, Fazao;
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFEE8FBC56EFDE413" box="[261,407,1092,1116]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC 29731</specimenCode>
, Edifou;
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFE1EFBC56DEFE413" box="[499,645,1092,1116]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC 29743</specimenCode>
, Atakpame;
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFF30FBDF6ECBE439" box="[221,417,1118,1142]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC 73014.0017</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFE44FBDF6D4EE439" box="[425,548,1118,1142]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">73014.0062</specimenCode>
-
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFDC7FBDF6D2BE439" box="[554,577,1118,1142]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">63</specimenCode>
, Notse;
<collectionCode id="ED0FD59DC0306E7CFF9DFBF86FD2E4DE" box="[112,184,1145,1169]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFF51FBF86E51E4DE" box="[188,315,1145,1169]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">A7036.0008</specimenCode>
-
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFEACFBF86E33E4DE" box="[321,345,1145,1169]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">09</specimenCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED0FD59DC0306E7CFE8FFBF86EC0E4DE" box="[354,426,1145,1169]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFE43FBF86D41E4DE" box="[430,555,1145,1169]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">A7036.0022</specimenCode>
, GHS-W 0056, GHS-Togo 14, GHS-Togo 90, Sodo Zion;
<collectionCode id="ED0FD59DC0306E7CFDD0FB126DEEE4E4" box="[573,644,1171,1195]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFF9DFB2F6F85E489" box="[112,239,1198,1222]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">A7036.0007</specimenCode>
, GHS-W 0011, GHS-W 0037, GHS-W 0039, GHS-W 1001, GHS-W 1003-04, GHS-W 1184, GHS-W 1186, GHS-W 1201, GHS-W 1223-24, GHS-W 1299-1300, GHS-Togo 83,
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFE9EFB7C6EC5E55A" box="[371,431,1277,1301]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">T 221</specimenCode>
, Agave; GHS-W 0001, GHS-W 1237, GHS-W 1239, GHS-W 1241-1242, GHS-W 1248, GHS-W 1251, and GHS-W 1287, Yo [Agome Yo],
<specimenCode id="DBB8E523C0306E7CFF1CFACC6E5AE52A" box="[241,304,1357,1381]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">T 192</specimenCode>
, Alédjo)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA14D58C0306E7CFF9CFA036FB0E64B" blockId="13.[112,648,1410,1540]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">
MORPHOLOGY. — TL from
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; 17-21 MSR, smooth and oblique; 210-223 Ven, smooth; 62-73 Sc, paired; anal single; 7-8 supralabials; 8-9 infralabials; 1 preocular; 2-3 postoculars; temporal scale formula 1 + 2 or 3.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3041ED3C0306E7CFF9CF9A06C49E13C" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA14D58C0306E7CFF9CF9A06DECE6EC" blockId="13.[113,648,1569,1699]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">
DISTRIBUTION. — This species is more abundant in the forested area of the country (ER IV), although it is common in ER II, III and V and also present in ER I.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFF9CF9F06E72E6C6" author="STERNFELD L." box="[113,280,1649,1673]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" pagination="207 - 236" refId="ref29004" refString="STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236." type="journal article" year="1908">Sternfeld (1908b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFECEF9F06E16E6C6" author="STERNFELD L." box="[291,380,1649,1673]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" refId="ref29026" refString="STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map." type="book" year="1909">1909: 23</bibRefCitation>
) recorded this species from Missahohe and Bismarkburg (now Adele) and from the
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA14D58C0306E7CFD49FF566C49E13C" blockId="13.[675,1212,215,371]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">
Kete-Kratchi, now in
<collectingCountry id="F3090DC8C0306E7CFC68FF566CA6E0A0" box="[901,972,215,239]" name="Ghana" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">Ghana</collectingCountry>
. It was also mentioned from
<collectingCountry id="F3090DC8C0306E7CFD34FF706C60E146" box="[729,778,241,265]" name="Togo" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">Togo</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFCC6FF706CA3E146" author="BROADLEY D. G." box="[811,969,241,265]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref26344" refString="BROADLEY D. G. 1968. - A review of the African cobras of the genus Naja (Serpentes: Elapidae). Arnoldia Rhodesia 3 (29): 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1968">Broadley (1968)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFC3FFF706D80E16B" author="HULSELMANS J. L. J. &amp; VERHEYEN W. N." pageId="13" pageNumber="338" pagination="200 - 204" refId="ref27452" refString="HULSELMANS J. L. J. &amp; VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204." type="journal article" year="1970">Hulselmans &amp; Verheyen (1970)</bibRefCitation>
, Hulselmans
<emphasis id="B96A914AC0306E7CFC98FE8C6CCDE16B" box="[885,935,268,292]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">et al.</emphasis>
(1970),
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFBECFE8D6D81E171" author="HARDING K. A. &amp; WELCH K. R. G." pageId="13" pageNumber="338" refId="ref27088" refString="HARDING K. A. &amp; WELCH K. R. G. 1980. - Venomous Snakes of the World. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, x + 188 p." type="book" year="1980">Harding &amp; Welch (1980)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFD1BFEA76CE2E171" author="ROMAN B." box="[758,904,294,318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" refId="ref28669" refString="ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p." type="book" year="1984">Roman (1984)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFC7EFEA76B3EE171" author="RASMUSSEN J. B." box="[915,1108,294,318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" pagination="89 - 96" refId="ref28449" refString="RASMUSSEN J. B. 1995 a. - Afrikanske slanger (7). Naja melanoleuca. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening 38 (2): 89 - 96." type="journal article" year="1995">Rasmussen (1995a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFBB3FEA76C54E116" author="SPAWLS S. &amp; BRANCH B." pageId="13" pageNumber="338" refId="ref28945" refString="SPAWLS S. &amp; BRANCH B. 1995. - The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Natural History. Species Directory. Venoms and Snakebite. Blanford, London, 192 p." type="book" year="1995">Spawls &amp; Branch (1995)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFCA7FEC06B57E116" author="DAVID P. &amp; INEICH I." box="[842,1085,321,345]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" pagination="3 - 499" refId="ref26760" refString="DAVID P. &amp; INEICH I. 1999. - Les serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia 3: 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David &amp; Ineich (1999)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F30A9C0306E7CFB9EFEC06C75E13C" author="LEACHE A. D. &amp; RODEL M. - O. &amp; LINKEM C. W. &amp; DIAZ R. E. &amp; HILLERS A. &amp; FUJITA M. K." pageId="13" pageNumber="338" pagination="22 - 45" refId="ref27816" refString="LEACHE A. D., RODEL M. - O., LINKEM C. W., DIAZ R. E., HILLERS A. &amp; FUJITA M. K. 2006. - Biodiversity in a forest island: reptiles and amphibians of the West African Togo hills. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 22 - 45." type="journal article" year="2006">
Leaché
<emphasis id="B96A914AC0306E7CFD4BFEDD6DBFE13C" box="[678,725,347,371]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3041ED3C0306E7CFD48FE176B5FE200" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA14D58C0306E7CFD48FE176D95E1E0" blockId="13.[675,1210,406,591]" box="[677,767,406,433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">REMARK</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA14D58C0306E7CFD48FE376B5FE200" blockId="13.[675,1210,406,591]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">
This species presents two morphs in
<collectingCountry id="F3090DC8C0306E7CFBCAFE376B0BE19E" box="[1063,1121,438,465]" name="Togo" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">Togo</collectingCountry>
, namely a “savannah morph” observed in Aledjo (T 192) area and a “forest morph” in ER IV. They differ by the dorsal yellow rings, which are more contrasting in specimens of the savannah morph.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>