206 lines
23 KiB
XML
206 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="BF29379E936706D3E134EAD4728FCD55" ID-CLB-Dataset="99508" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6419781" ID-GBIF-Dataset="37ddff76-af79-4681-a698-fc8f6a58bc6c" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419781" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1600874096722" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Mormoopidae_424.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteronotus parnellii J. E. Gray 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="441" masterDocId="FF9F4F3B9157FFEBE472C9232F51A072" masterDocTitle="Mormoopidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="424" pageNumber="440" updateTime="1698845891737" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="769F8B11716D6AF3C187B88ECBAE49E0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="314F0856E44A57807F7A9965E41974D8">
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<mods:title id="5821C26174BD067200AC9E5D534A9A25">Mormoopidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9D9EC3A4E67038C4435324898222F4E8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3F8729EEE595F85061CA14AE754BBF6A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="6EFD7BF257B3E2E864C955108E5E3CC1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CF3AA11D72EA0294EE41733235BB4746">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1D43D882B664CDA0503074CD15836A18">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A55B596D36E8A6AABB6D34C220E96A5A">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="DBBB5BF71ADFD184DDEC93ED1E3E2390" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="F6607978178924EE54B710674D257FDF">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="3EFF37B47551D7B2EC7BE81F5A19F402">
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<mods:placeTerm id="5FF8C887A124AFEBF0FAA22AE396264B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="83C073B3D9339885C5A8CFABE6C2B49A">
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<mods:title id="34C13F3EEB6C9A6D921C17FC111282DC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5D4F802899676E199095D3D0EA033DAD">
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<mods:extent id="6E73B3714E7F1A3367ED55913582C126" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="03903DC4D64A1C6CFDABDF4FC4A65FF8">424</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="503D762BAABA69E1581D30D927C69B54">443</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="108D93D8A07168E211C6A6D821DC4809" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6858112" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197821922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6858112" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439151FFECE1DACFC62B2BA5FB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="441" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDE1DACFC62A8EA761" box="[1448,1503,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE1DACFC62A8EA761" blockId="6.[1444,2653,1765,1890]" box="[1448,1503,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<heading id="D0F831399151FFEDE1DACFC62A8EA761" box="[1448,1503,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<figureCitation id="13349AD09151FFEDE1DACFC62A8EA761" box="[1448,1503,1765,1811]" captionStart="Plate 34: Mormoopidae" captionStartId="3.[148,178,3292,3317]" captionTargetBox="[14,2785,14,3657]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Antllean Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops blainuviller), 2. Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla), 3. Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus davyi), 4. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus fulvus), 5. Big Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus gymnonotus), 6. Macleay’s Mustached Bat (Pleronotus macleayii), 7. Sooty Mustached Bat (Pleronotus quadridens), 8. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus personatus), 9. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus psilotis), 10. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii), 11. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat (Preronotus pusillus), 12. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus portoricensis), 13. Mexican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mexicanus), 14. Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus), 15. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat (Pleronotus fuscus), 16. Paraguana Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus paraguanensis), 17. Womurs Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus rubiginosus), 18. Amazonian Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus alitonus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419849/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">10.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDE19DCFC627EAA761" box="[1519,2235,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE19DCFC627EAA761" blockId="6.[1444,2653,1765,1890]" box="[1519,2235,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<heading id="D0F831399151FFEDE19DCFC627EAA761" box="[1519,2235,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9151FFEDE19DCFC627EAA761" box="[1519,2235,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDEC8CCFC6250DA761" box="[2302,2652,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDEC8CCFC6250DA761" blockId="6.[1444,2653,1765,1890]" box="[2302,2652,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<heading id="D0F831399151FFEDEC8CCFC6250DA761" box="[2302,2652,1765,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69151FFEDEC8CCFC6250DA761" ID-CoL="7WP8Z" ID-ENA="59476" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[2302,2652,1765,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parnellii">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDEC8CCFC6250DA761" box="[2302,2652,1765,1811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Pteronotus parnellii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDE1D7CE0528C6A710" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE1D7CE0526EDA749" blockId="6.[1444,2653,1765,1890]" box="[1445,2492,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<heading id="D0F831399151FFEDE1D7CE0526EDA749" box="[1445,2492,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDE1D7CE052AA0A749" bold="true" box="[1445,1521,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9151FFEDE189CE052994A749" box="[1531,1733,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Ptéronote de Parnell</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDE2A8CE052864A749" bold="true" box="[1754,1845,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9151FFEDE34DCE05273DA749" box="[1855,2156,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Parnell-Schnurrbartfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDECF3CE05278DA749" bold="true" box="[2177,2268,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9151FFEDEC94CE0526EDA749" box="[2278,2492,1830,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Pteronotus de Parnell</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE1D7CE6E28C6A710" blockId="6.[1444,2653,1765,1890]" box="[1445,1943,1869,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<heading id="D0F831399151FFEDE1D7CE6E28C6A710" box="[1445,1943,1869,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDE1D7CE6E29CDA710" bold="true" box="[1445,1692,1869,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9151FFEDE2D4CE6E28C6A710" box="[1702,1943,1869,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Parnell's Mustached Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDEC7BCEAC2702A7AA" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDEC7BCEAC2702A7AA" blockId="6.[2052,2652,1935,2364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDEC7BCEAC27F4A7C2" bold="true" box="[2057,2213,1935,1968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69151FFEDECC8CEAC271FA7AA" ID-CoL="7WFP3" authority="J. E. Gray, 1843" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Phyllodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parnellii">Phyllodia parnellii J. E. Gray, 1843</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDEC2ACE982780A7AA" box="[2136,2257,1979,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDEC2ACE982780A7AA" blockId="6.[2052,2652,1935,2364]" box="[2136,2257,1979,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<materialsCitation id="3B678C089151FFEDEC2ACE982780A7AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3863927302" box="[2136,2257,1979,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59151FFEDEC2ACE98279DA7AA" box="[2136,2252,1979,2008]" name="Jamaica" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDEC76CEFC2509AA73" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDEC76CEFC2509AA73" blockId="6.[2052,2652,1935,2364]" lastBlockId="6.[1443,2650,2374,3468]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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J.D. Smith in 1972 recognized seven extant subspecies of P. parnelli: P. p.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69151FFEDED9BC1252717A83D" authority=", Pp." authorityName="Pp." class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parnellii">parnellii, Pp.</taxonomicName>
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pusillus, P.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69151FFEDEC87C11526E7A83D" box="[2293,2486,2102,2127]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portoricensis">p. portoricensis</taxonomicName>
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, P. p. mexicanus, P. p. mesoamericanus, P. p. fuscus, and P. p. rubiginosus. Several studies based on molecular, morphometric, and acoustic data have shown that
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69151FFEDED48C1EF2693A89F" authority="J. E. Gray, 1843" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[2362,2498,2252,2285]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parnellii">P. parnellii</taxonomicName>
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represents a species complex, supporting elevation of these subspecies to distinct species. Accordingly,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69151FFEDE24BC0652994A911" box="[1593,1733,2374,2403]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="parnellii">P. parnellii</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248E73C9151FFEDE2A3C065282DA911" box="[1745,1916,2374,2403]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is currently known exclusively from
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59151FFEDEDFAC06526ABA911" box="[2440,2554,2374,2403]" name="Jamaica" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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; it has been proposed that the population in
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59151FFEDE3C3C04928ABA9F9" box="[1969,2042,2410,2443]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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belongs to the same lineage of theJamaican population, although its phylogenetic status has not yet been assessed. There are fossil records of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69151FFEDE219C0E228DCA9A8" box="[1643,1933,2497,2522]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parnellii">Pteronotus cf. parnellii</taxonomicName>
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from Florida, several islands in
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59151FFEDED2EC0E22542A9A8" box="[2396,2579,2497,2522]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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, and Greater and Lesser Antilles, whose taxonomic status needs to be reevaluated. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDE1D6C3242834AA5A" box="[1444,1893,2567,2600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF70D6DD9151FFEDE1D6C3242834AA5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419828" box="[1444,1893,2567,2600]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419828/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" targetBox="[1442,2034,1946,2361]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE1D6C3242834AA5A" blockId="6.[1443,2650,2374,3468]" box="[1444,1893,2567,2600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDE1D6C3242905AA5A" bold="true" box="[1444,1620,2567,2600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59151FFEDE212C32429FBAA5A" box="[1632,1706,2567,2600]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59151FFEDE29EC3242831AA5A" box="[1772,1888,2567,2600]" name="Jamaica" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDE1D6C30C28A8AC0A" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE1D6C30C28A8AC0A" blockId="6.[1443,2650,2374,3468]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDE1D6C30C29F4AA22" bold="true" box="[1444,1701,2607,2640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.
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<quantity id="4CF72BB09151FFEDE30FC30C28BBAA22" box="[1917,2026,2607,2640]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
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, tail 18-22 mm, ear 20-22 mm, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CF72BB09151FFEDE1DAC3742957AA0A" box="[1448,1542,2647,2680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
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, forearm 50-54 mm; weight 10-5-16 g. Parnell’s Common Mustached Batis the largest species of mormoopid in the Greater Antilles. Dorsal fur is generally tricolored, although color bands are not obviously discernible; hairs are dark brown on bases and tips, grading to paler central zone. Ventral fur is bicolored; hairs are dark brown with whitish tips. Rostrum is relatively long and delicate. Condylo-basal lengths are 18-4-19-5 mm. Many external and cranial features of Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat also apply to the other species within this complex, which are currently recognized in subgenus Phyllodia: ears pointed, with lanceolated part broad; tragus simple and lanceolated, with small secondary fold; ears connected by two low, inconspicuous ridges that fuse on top of muzzle forming prominent rostral tubercle; skull flat in profile, with rostrum of equal length as braincase; braincase oval and broad; tympanic rings relatively small, covering about one-third of auditory bullae; basioccipital region narrow, constricted between two large bullae; upper incisors robust and markedlybifurcated; and outer lower incisors bilobed.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDE1D6C55C2574ACB5" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE1D6C55C2574ACB5" blockId="6.[1443,2650,2374,3468]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDE1D6C55C2940ACD2" bold="true" box="[1444,1553,3199,3232]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Highly cluttered habitats varying from gallery forests at sea level to forests, croplands, and plantations with high densities of vegetation at elevations up to ¢.
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<quantity id="4CF72BB09151FFEDEDC4C5852570ACB5" box="[2486,2593,3238,3271]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9151FFEDE1D6C5ED2716ADFE" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559151FFEDE1D6C5ED2716ADFE" blockId="6.[1443,2650,2374,3468]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479151FFEDE1D6C5ED29F8AC9D" bold="true" box="[1444,1705,3278,3311]" pageId="6" pageNumber="440">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Parnell’s Common Mustached Bats feed on a high diversity of lepidopterans, but its diet also includes dipterans, coleopterans, cockroaches, termites, and hemipterans. It captures and eats various sizes of insects from fruit flies to moths with
|
||
<quantity id="4CF72BB09151FFEDE19FC46A297CAD14" box="[1517,1581,3401,3430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="440" unit="cm" value="7.0">7cm</quantity>
|
||
wingspan. Several groups oflepidopterans and coleopterans are avoided, which suggests they are selective relative to prey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9150FFECE4E7C83B2C81A257" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559150FFECE4E7C83B2C81A257" blockId="7.[147,1357,280,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479150FFECE4E7C83B2E4AA14B" bold="true" box="[149,283,280,313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat is monoestrous and uniparous. Reproductive season seems to start in March in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59150FFECE686C8602C36A112" box="[756,871,323,352]" name="Jamaica" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with several reports of pregnant females in March—May. Females give birth in April-July, and lactating females are observed until September. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59150FFECE67FC8AD2D06A1DD" box="[525,599,398,431]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mating season starts in January or February and pregnant females are found from March to July. Births occur mostly in July and juveniles are observed until September. A large maternity colony was reported from the middle ofJuly to the end of August on the southern coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59150FFECE7F3CB272C9DA257" box="[897,972,516,549]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9150FFECE4E1CB0F2D5EA3DD" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559150FFECE4E1CB0F2D5EA3DD" blockId="7.[147,1357,280,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479150FFECE4E1CB0F2EC5A23F" bold="true" box="[147,404,556,589]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat is more active in the first part of the night, usually emerging after dark. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59150FFECE7FBCB702C89A206" box="[905,984,595,628]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is reported to be crepuscular, becoming active up to 35 minutes after sunset. It flies slower and lower compared with smaller sympatric mormoopids. Despite overlapping in activity time with other mormoopids, larger overall size and unique foraging strategy of Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat probably reduce competition for prey. It can fly at least 2-3 hours without landing. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of long CF-FM pulses of more than 20 milliseconds and contain three harmonics. The CF segment of second harmonic contains the frequency of maximum energy, at c.60 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9150FFECE4E7CA952E96A4EE" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559150FFECE4E7CA952E96A4EE" blockId="7.[147,1357,280,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479150FFECE4E7CA952C06A3A5" bold="true" box="[149,855,950,983]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat prefers to roost in hot and humid chambers of large caves but is also found in cooler roosts like small chambers and along cave walls. It is found in association with other bat species, particularly mormoopids. It flies at a variety of heights when foraging. There is sexual segregation during the breeding season, causing movements of individuals among distinct roosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9150FFECE4E7CD802D85A560" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559150FFECE4E7CD802D85A560" blockId="7.[147,1357,280,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479150FFECE4E7CD802EA4A4B6" bold="true" box="[149,501,1187,1220]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Parnell’s Common Mustached Batis very common and widespread in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59150FFECE796CDF12B09A499" box="[996,1112,1234,1259]" name="Jamaica" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but it is the least common species of mormoopid in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59150FFECE6F7CDD22D81A560" box="[645,720,1265,1298]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9150FFECE4E7CC022B2BA5FB" pageId="7" pageNumber="441" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559150FFECE4E7CC022B2BA5FB" blockId="7.[147,1357,280,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479150FFECE4E7CC022E7FA548" bold="true" box="[149,302,1313,1338]" pageId="7" pageNumber="441">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Clare et al. (2013), Davalos (2006), Emrich et al. (2014), Genoways et al. (2005), Goldman & Henson (1977), Macias et al. (2006), Mancina et al. (2012), Morgan (2001), Pavan & Marroig (2016), Smith (1972), Simmons & Conway (2001), Silva-Taboada (1979), de Thoisy et al. (2014), Vater et al. (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |