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<document id="A85874AF593B24CD50DE4AE003D2CF49" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5153.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6630973" ID-ZooBank="A658ADE4-F352-4D16-9DC7-2721BCBE1EEF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1654852256489" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Albuquerque, Nelson Rufino De &amp; Fernandes, Daniel S." docDate="2022" docId="039B220BFFE4D147FF6B97CCFDC8E99A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5153.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5153 (1)" docSource="http://zoobank.org/a658ade4-f352-4d16-9dc7-2721bcbe1eef" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Leptophis bolivianus Oliver 1942" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFA25A73FFF6D154FFFC9632FFE3EE47" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1720181101203" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1783AD1DACBE2544A2FD9BF92A52872B">Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90A90DE7E2CC880BCEB54D5648859375">Albuquerque, Nelson Rufino De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B64C057B0948EAAAA2119B23050CF2B4">Fernandes, Daniel S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1D2C213FA32658C2554585225B9FEBF2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039B220BFFE4D147FF6B97CCFDC8E99A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B220BFFE4D147FF6B97CCFDC8E99A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B220BFFE4D147FF6B97CCFDC8E99A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF6B97CCFDD2EC5F" blockId="18.[151,561,510,573]" box="[151,561,510,537]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0C52471FFE4D146FF6B97CCFDD2EC5F" bold="true" box="[151,561,510,537]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FF6B97CCFDD2EC5F" ID-CoL="C7MN8" authority="Oliver, 1942" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1942" box="[151,561,510,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B97CCFDD2EC5F" bold="true" box="[151,561,510,537]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B97CCFE70EC5E" bold="true" box="[151,403,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leptophis bolivianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FE6697CCFDD2EC5F" author="Oliver, J. A." box="[410,561,510,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48637" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1942) A check list of the snakes of the genus Leptophis, with descriptions of new forms. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 462, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1942">Oliver, 1942</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C328C096FFE4D146FF6B9411FE9DEC7A" box="[151,382,547,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF6B9411FE9DEC7A" blockId="18.[151,561,510,573]" box="[151,382,547,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
(
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE4D146FF639411FF0CEC7A" box="[159,239,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,1238,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-421@18.[157,1431,1238,1674]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: MNKR 4332 (SVL 920 mm), a female from Estancia Caparu, Provincia Chiquitos, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Note the (A) general color pattern and the (B) postocular extending beyond seven scales onto the nuchal region (indicated by the arrow) in this specimen, respectively. Photos by L. Gonzales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630992/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE4D146FF079411FEFAEC7A" box="[251,281,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: (A) Paratype FMNH 35614, SVL 727 mm, (B) Paratype FMNH 35620, SVL 1118 mm, (C) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm and (D) Paratype UMMZ 67976b, SVL 755 mm—all with incomplete tail—showing the variation in the distribution, number and extent of black spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for discussion); (E) AMNH 141443, SVL 367 mm, a female from San Antonio de Parapeti, Santa Cruz, Bolivia exhibiting the banded pattern typical of juveniles of most species of Leptophis, scale bar = 0.5 cm; (F) Female paratopotype that also bears the USNM number 67977, note that the dorsal scales of its tail are keeled only from the point of reduction from six to four rows (indicated by the arrow), scale bar = 1 cm; (G) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm showing the ventral scales not edged. Courtesy of The Field Museum, FMNH 35614 and FMNH 35620 (C), D. Kizirian (E) and N.R. Albuquerque (F–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630994/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE4D146FED99411FE96EC7A" box="[293,373,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1031,1055]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[164,1423,181,1006]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) sides of the hemipenes of Leptophis bolivianus (AMNH 104564) from Estancia Yutiole, department of Beni, Bolivia (A–B); L. coeruleodorsus (TCWC 46262) from municipality of San Fernando de Apure, state of Apure, Venezuela (C–D); L. liocercus (CZGB 1149) from municipality of Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil (E–F). Note that although the hemipenis of CZGB 1149 is slightly bilobed, its sulcus spermaticus remains unbifurcated until the apical portion of the organ; L. nigromarginatus (LPHA 1731) from municipality of Santarém, state of Pará, (G–H); and (TCWC 42177) from Centro Union, departament of Loreto, Peru (I–J). Although the first row of basal spines is small in the four species, the two spines adjacent to sulcus spermaticus are larger than those in other rows. Scale bars = 0.5 cm. Photos by D. Kizirian (A–B) and N.R. Albuquerque (C–J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630996/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">11A–B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328C096FFE4D146FF6B9455FA7EECD9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF6B9455FA7FEC38" blockId="18.[151,1437,615,854]" box="[151,1436,615,639]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB22B433FFE4D146FF6B9455FA7FEC38" box="[151,1436,615,639]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B9455FE9BEC38" box="[151,376,615,639]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FF6B9455FEBDEC38" ID-CoL="3TT2M" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1807" box="[151,350,615,639]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ahaetulla">Leptophis ahaetulla</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A93B50CFFE4D146FE849455FDC9EC38" author="Griffin, L. E." box="[376,554,615,639]" page="184" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FE849455FDC9EC38" author="Griffin, L. E." box="[376,554,615,639]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="163 - 228" refId="ref46335" refString="Griffin, L. E. (1916) A catalogue of the Ophidia from South America at present (June, 1916) contained in the Carnegie Museum with descriptions of some new species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 7, 163 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43279" type="journal article" year="1916">Griffin 1916: 184</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part) (Griffin listed
<specimenCount id="9D345894FFE4D146FCE09455FC54EC38" box="[796,951,615,639]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
deposited in Carnegie Museum as
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FAE7945AFA75EC38" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1807" box="[1307,1430,615,639]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ahaetulla">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FAE7945AFACAEC38" box="[1307,1321,616,639]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FACA9455FA75EC38" box="[1334,1430,615,639]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ahaetulla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF3B94B4FA7EECD9" blockId="18.[151,1437,615,854]" box="[199,1437,646,670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE4D146FF3B94B4FA7BECD9" box="[199,1432,646,670]" collectionCode="CM" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCode="CM 23" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
and the
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE4D146FEE694B4FE81ECD9" box="[282,354,646,670]" collectionCode="CM" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">CM 23</specimenCode>
(examined) was subsequently designated as one of the
<typeStatus id="54892DBFFFE4D146FC5C94B4FBE2ECD9" box="[928,1025,646,670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FBD994B5FBD0ECD9" box="[1061,1075,647,670]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FBBD94B5FBADECD9" box="[1089,1102,647,670]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">a</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FBA094B4FB25ECD9" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1942" box="[1116,1222,646,670]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FBA094B4FB25ECD9" box="[1116,1222,646,670]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FB1294B4FA7BECD9" author="Oliver, J. A." box="[1262,1432,646,670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48637" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1942) A check list of the snakes of the genus Leptophis, with descriptions of new forms. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 462, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1942">Oliver (1942: 2)</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
;
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328C096FFE4D146FF3B9496FD38ED11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF3B9496FA7FEC99" blockId="18.[151,1437,615,854]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FF3B9496FDBCECFA" author="Wallach, V. &amp; Williams, K. L. &amp; Boundy, J." box="[199,607,676,701]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref50952" refString="Wallach, V., Williams, K. L. &amp; Boundy, J. (2014) Snakes of the World - A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1237 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / b 16901" type="book" year="2014">Wallach, Williams &amp; Boundy 2014: 372</bibRefCitation>
(in part).
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FF6B94F1FD8FEC9C" authority="Oliver, 1942: 1" authorityName="Oliver" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1942" box="[151,620,707,731]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ahaetulla" subSpecies="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B94F1FE2CEC9C" box="[151,463,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leptophis ahaetulla bolivianus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FE2894F1FD8FEC9C" author="Oliver, J. A." box="[468,620,707,731]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48637" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1942) A check list of the snakes of the genus Leptophis, with descriptions of new forms. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 462, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1942">Oliver, 1942: 1</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Male
<typeStatus id="54892DBFFFE4D146FD5394F1FCEBEC9C" box="[687,776,707,731]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(UMMZ 67973; examined). Type locality: Buenavista (
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,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF3B94D1FD38ED11" blockId="18.[151,1437,615,854]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<geoCoordinate id="EE06F5DAFFE4D146FF3B94D1FED8ECBB" box="[199,315,739,764]" degrees="59" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="15" seconds="60" value="-59.333332">59°19′60W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE4D146FEB994D0FE66ECBE" box="[325,389,738,762]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="252.0">252 m</quantity>
asl), Department of
<collectingRegion id="49F65DFFFFE4D146FDAA94D0FD2AECBD" box="[598,713,738,762]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F325D38DFFE4D146FD2F94D0FCC2ECBD" box="[723,801,738,762]" name="Bolivia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FCD794D0FB6FECBD" author="Peters, J. A. &amp; Orejas-Miranda, B." box="[811,1164,738,762]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 347" refId="ref49487" refString="Peters, J. A. &amp; Orejas-Miranda, B. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part I - Snakes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 297, 1 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.297.1" type="journal article" year="1970">Peters &amp; Orejas-Miranda 1970: 63</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FB6A94D0FAABECBD" author="Tipton, B. L." box="[1174,1352,738,762]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref50461" refString="Tipton, B. L. (2005) Snakes of the Americas. Checklist and Lexicon. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, 492 pp." type="book" year="2005">Tipton 2005: 161</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FF6B9532FE3AED5F" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,473,768,792]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Thalerophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="richardi" subSpecies="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B9532FE3AED5F" box="[151,473,768,792]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thalerophis richardi bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FE0F9532FD41ED5F" author="Oliver, J. A." box="[499,674,768,793]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="157 - 280" refId="ref48705" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1948) The relationships and zoogeography of the genus Thalerophis Oliver. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 92, 157 - 280." type="journal article" year="1948">Oliver 1948: 225</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FF6B952DFE82ED70" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1807" box="[151,353,799,823]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ahaetulla">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B952DFE82ED70" box="[151,353,799,823]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leptophis ahaetulla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FE8C952DFE39ED70" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1942" box="[368,474,799,823]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FE8C952DFE39ED70" box="[368,474,799,823]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]—
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FE05952DFB7BED70" author="International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature" box="[505,1176,799,823]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="263 - 276" refId="ref47024" refString="International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. (1958) Opnion 524, Interpretation of the nominal species Coluber ahaetulla Linnaeus, 1758, and addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Ahaetulla Link, 1807 with Ahaetulla mycterizans Link, 1807 as type species (Class Reptilia). Opinions and declarations rendered by the ICZN, 19, 263 - 276." type="journal article" year="1958">International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature 1958: 270</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B950CFE62ED11" box="[151,385,830,854]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FF6B950CFE84ED11" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1942" box="[151,359,830,854]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">Leptophis bolivianus</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE4D146FE7E950CFD34ED11" author="Torres-Carvajal, O. &amp; Teran, C." box="[386,727,830,854]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref50594" refString="Torres-Carvajal, O. &amp; Teran, C. (2021) Molecular phylogeny of Neotropical Parrot Snakes (Serpentes: Colubrinae: Leptophis) supports underestimated species richness. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 164, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107267" type="journal article" year="2021">Torres-Carvajal &amp; Téran, 2021: 6</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328C096FFE4D147FF6B95B6FBC3EF5A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF6B95B6FC3DEAF9" blockId="18.[151,1437,900,1215]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B95B6FEF1EDD9" bold="true" box="[151,274,900,926]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FEE695B6FDE6EDD9" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1942" box="[282,517,900,926]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FEE695B6FDE6EDD9" box="[282,517,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leptophis bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE4D146FDF195B7FC39EAF9" collectionCode="SVL" latitude="0.595" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-0.626" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1">
can be distinguished from its congeners by the following unique combination of character states:
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FEA9959AFE96ED85" bold="true" box="[341,373,936,962]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(1)</emphasis>
head scales distinctly edged with black and usually with two or more poorly defined, diffuse black spots on each parietal; a distinct, elongated black spot (occasionally two small spots) on each supraocular; preocular stripe absent;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FE5795C2FE2FEA4D" bold="true" box="[427,460,1008,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(2)</emphasis>
adult color pattern with no dark dorsal bands;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FC1195C2FBEDEA4D" bold="true" box="[1005,1038,1008,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(3)</emphasis>
dorsum greenish blue, with scales slightly edged with black;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FE369226FE08EA69" bold="true" box="[458,491,1044,1070]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(4)</emphasis>
dorsal scales keeled, except for the first dorsal row on each side; keels of dorsals slightly black;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FEC3920AFEBCEA15" bold="true" box="[319,351,1080,1106]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(5)</emphasis>
loreal scale absent;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FDB8920AFD86EA15" bold="true" box="[580,613,1080,1106]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(6)</emphasis>
ventrals
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE4D146FD30920AFCAFEA15" box="[716,844,1080,1107]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0512999999999995" metricValueMax="4.2418" metricValueMin="3.8608" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="159.5" valueMax="167.0" valueMin="152.0">152–167 in</quantity>
males,
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE4D146FC5F920AFBC1EA15" box="[931,1058,1080,1107]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1783" metricValueMax="4.3942" metricValueMin="3.9624" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="164.5" valueMax="173.0" valueMin="156.0">156–173 in</quantity>
females;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FB6C920AFB52EA15" bold="true" box="[1168,1201,1080,1106]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(7)</emphasis>
subcaudals
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE4D146FAC6920AFF4EEA31" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7084" metricValueMax="3.9878" metricValueMin="3.429" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="146.0" valueMax="157.0" valueMin="135.0">135–157 in</quantity>
males,
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE4D146FEF8926EFE60EA31" box="[260,387,1116,1143]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6195" metricValueMax="3.9116" metricValueMin="3.3274" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="142.5" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="131.0">131–154 in</quantity>
females;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FE0D926EFDF2EA31" bold="true" box="[497,529,1116,1142]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(8)</emphasis>
keels on dorsal scales of tail short, but distinct, occasionally along the entire tail length;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF1792B2FEEFEADD" bold="true" box="[235,268,1152,1178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(9)</emphasis>
maxillary teeth 20–24;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FDE892B2FDA1EADD" bold="true" box="[532,578,1152,1178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(10)</emphasis>
TL/
<collectionCode id="ED230BD8FFE4D146FD8A92B2FD4FEADD" box="[630,684,1152,1178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">SVL</collectionCode>
: 95% CI =
<geoCoordinate id="EE06F5DAFFE4D146FCDB92B2FC86EADC" box="[807,869,1152,1179]" degrees="0.595" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="55" value="0.595">0.595</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE06F5DAFFE4D146FC9A92B2FC50EADC" box="[870,947,1152,1179]" degrees="0.626" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="55" value="-0.626">–0.626</geoCoordinate>
(n = 17);
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FBDD92B2FBAEEADD" bold="true" box="[1057,1101,1152,1178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(11)</emphasis>
small spines at first basal row of hemipenial body;
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FE7C9296FE4DEAF9" bold="true" box="[384,430,1188,1214]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(12)</emphasis>
asulcate side of hemipenis similar to sulcate side
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4DC395FFE4D146FF6B9090FA91E945" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630992" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6630992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630992/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[151,250,1698,1722]" targetBox="[157,1431,1238,1674]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D146FF6B9090FA91E945" blockId="18.[151,1436,1698,1794]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF6B9090FEF6E8FD" bold="true" box="[151,277,1698,1722]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Color patterns and color tones variability of
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FD179090FBFFE8FD" authority=": MNKR" authorityName="MNKR" box="[747,1052,1698,1722]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FD179090FC22E8FD" box="[747,961,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leptophis bolivianus</emphasis>
: MNKR
</taxonomicName>
4332 (SVL 920 mm), a female from Estancia Caparu, Provincia Chiquitos, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Note the (A) general color pattern and the (B) postocular extending beyond seven scales onto the nuchal region (indicated by the arrow) in this specimen, respectively. Photos by L. Gonzales.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE4D147FF3B9102FBC3EF5A" blockId="18.[151,1437,1840,2011]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FF3B9102FE8EE90D" bold="true" box="[199,365,1840,1866]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Comparisons.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FE889102FDBCE90D" box="[372,607,1840,1866]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FE889102FDBCE90D" box="[372,607,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leptophis bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FC319103FBB6E90D" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1807" box="[973,1109,1840,1866]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ahaetulla">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FC319103FBB6E90D" box="[973,1109,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">L. ahaetulla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex by the combination of head scales distinctly edged with black and usually with two or more poorly defined, diffuse black spots on each parietal; a distinct, elongated black spot (occasionally two small spots) on each supraocular (
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE4D146FB5D914AFACAE9D4" box="[1185,1321,1912,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: (A) Paratype FMNH 35614, SVL 727 mm, (B) Paratype FMNH 35620, SVL 1118 mm, (C) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm and (D) Paratype UMMZ 67976b, SVL 755 mm—all with incomplete tail—showing the variation in the distribution, number and extent of black spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for discussion); (E) AMNH 141443, SVL 367 mm, a female from San Antonio de Parapeti, Santa Cruz, Bolivia exhibiting the banded pattern typical of juveniles of most species of Leptophis, scale bar = 0.5 cm; (F) Female paratopotype that also bears the USNM number 67977, note that the dorsal scales of its tail are keeled only from the point of reduction from six to four rows (indicated by the arrow), scale bar = 1 cm; (G) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm showing the ventral scales not edged. Courtesy of The Field Museum, FMNH 35614 and FMNH 35620 (C), D. Kizirian (E) and N.R. Albuquerque (F–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630994/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10A–D</figureCitation>
) (vs. head scales not edged with black, with or with no black spot on each parietal; a small black spot on each supraocular). It differs from parapatric
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE4D146FE4091F3FD75E99D" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[444,662,1985,2010]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigromarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE4D146FE4091F3FD75E99D" box="[444,662,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">L. nigromarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having ventrals not edged with dark greenish blue or blue (
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE4D147FA9391F2FF2AEEF6" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: (A) Paratype FMNH 35614, SVL 727 mm, (B) Paratype FMNH 35620, SVL 1118 mm, (C) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm and (D) Paratype UMMZ 67976b, SVL 755 mm—all with incomplete tail—showing the variation in the distribution, number and extent of black spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for discussion); (E) AMNH 141443, SVL 367 mm, a female from San Antonio de Parapeti, Santa Cruz, Bolivia exhibiting the banded pattern typical of juveniles of most species of Leptophis, scale bar = 0.5 cm; (F) Female paratopotype that also bears the USNM number 67977, note that the dorsal scales of its tail are keeled only from the point of reduction from six to four rows (indicated by the arrow), scale bar = 1 cm; (G) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm showing the ventral scales not edged. Courtesy of The Field Museum, FMNH 35614 and FMNH 35620 (C), D. Kizirian (E) and N.R. Albuquerque (F–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630994/files/figure.png" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10G</figureCitation>
) and distinct keels on the dorsal scales of tail (vs. ventrals edged with dark greenish blue or blue,
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE5D147FACE96A5FA7BEEF6" box="[1330,1432,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1314,1338]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,417,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-149@36.[161,1426,417,1291]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 23. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis nigromarginatus: (A) dorsal view of the head and (B) ventral view of the body of the holotype (BMNH 1946.1.5.7) from “Upper Amazons”. Arrow indicating ventral scale edged anteriorly and laterally with greenish blue, a characteristic thought by Oliver (1948: 246) to be typical of L. a. ortoni. Note two black spots in center of each parietal scale, a larger black spot on right supraocular scale, and two smaller spots on left supraocular scale; (C) KU 112279 and (D) KU 155512, a female and a male, respectively, from Santa Cecília, Ecuador. Both show distinct differences in the prominence of supracephalic black borders and spots, being both more prominent in the female specimen. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Photos by N.R. Albuquerque (A –B) and A. Motta (C–D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6631022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6631022/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 23B</figureCitation>
, and no keels on dorsals of the tail), by higher number of ventrals for males 95% CI = 156.2–161 and females 95% CI 162.4–166 (vs. 151.6–153 and 155.9–157, respectively).
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FCB896EDFBD3EEBE" box="[836,1072,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FCB896EDFBD3EEBE" box="[836,1072,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Leptophis bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is further distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FA7A96EDFEB2EF5B" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigromarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FA7A96EDFA75EEBF" box="[1414,1430,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF6B9731FEB2EF5B" box="[151,337,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">nigromarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by TL/SVL 95% CI =
<geoCoordinate id="EE06F5DAFFE5D147FDA89730FD71EF5A" box="[596,658,258,285]" degrees="0.595" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="55" value="0.595">0.595</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE06F5DAFFE5D147FD6E9730FD03EF5A" box="[658,736,258,285]" degrees="0.626" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="55" value="-0.626">–0.626</geoCoordinate>
(vs.
<geoCoordinate id="EE06F5DAFFE5D147FCEB9731FCB4EF59" box="[791,855,259,286]" degrees="0.640" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="55" value="0.64">0.640</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE06F5DAFFE5D147FCAB9731FC47EF59" box="[855,932,259,286]" degrees="0.649" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="55" value="-0.649">–0.649</geoCoordinate>
) (
<tableCitation id="C6B0A6A6FFE5D147FC479731FBF1EF5A" box="[955,1042,259,285]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="46.[151,239,490,516]" captionText="TABLE 2. Quantitative variation of selected characters of 10 species of Leptophis that were formerly subspecies of L. ahaetulla. M=male, F=female. Sample sizes given for paired characters of pholidosis (e.g., number of teeth) refer to the number of sides examined for all specimens, whereas sample sizes given for other (nonpaired) characters (e.g., ventrals, subcaudals) refer to the number of specimens examined. 95% confidence limits (Cl) follow ranges, means ± standard deviations when appropriate. The ratio tail length (TL) snout-vent length (SVL) did not differ significantly between females and males in all the species examined, so the confidence interval of 95% (CI) encompasses the variation of both sexes. 1. L. ahaetulla, 2. L. bocourti, 3. L. bolivianus, 4. L. coeruleodorsus, 5. L. liocercus, 6. L. marginatus, 7. L. nigromarginatus, 8. L. occidentalis, 9. L. praestans, 10. L. urostictus." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328C096FFE5D147FF3B9714FAF8E832" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE5D147FF3B9714FE17EC7A" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF3B9714FDB8EF07" bold="true" box="[199,603,294,321]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Variation and sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
Largest male SVL
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FCCC9715FC6DEF06" box="[816,910,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="710.0">710 mm</quantity>
, TL 433+ mm and largest female SVL
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FAC69715FA7BEF06" box="[1338,1432,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="700.0">700 mm</quantity>
, TL 418+ mm; ventrals
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FE6A9778FDF7EF22" box="[406,532,330,357]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0512999999999995" metricValueMax="4.2418" metricValueMin="3.8608" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="159.5" valueMax="167.0" valueMin="152.0">152–167 in</quantity>
males (158.7 ± 4.6, n = 16),
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FCAC9778FC2DEF22" box="[848,974,330,357]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1783" metricValueMax="4.3942" metricValueMin="3.9624" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="164.5" valueMax="173.0" valueMin="156.0">156–173 in</quantity>
females (164.4 ± 4.6, n = 21); subcaudals
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FF6B975CFEF6EFCE" box="[151,277,366,393]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7084" metricValueMax="3.9878" metricValueMin="3.429" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="146.0" valueMax="157.0" valueMin="135.0">135–157 in</quantity>
males (143 ± 7.4, n = 8),
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FDD1975CFD48EFCE" box="[557,683,366,393]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6195" metricValueMax="3.9116" metricValueMin="3.3274" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="142.5" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="131.0">131–154 in</quantity>
females (144 ± 7.8, n = 9); supralabials 7–9 (8.0 ± 0.2, n
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FADC975DFAD0EFCF" box="[1312,1331,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">=</emphasis>
74), with fourth–fifth (94.5%, n = 70), or, rarely, fifth–sixth (5.5%, n = 4) bordering orbit; infralabials 9–12 (10.0 ± 0.5, n = 72), with first 5 (79.7%, n = 59), first 6 (17.6%, n = 13), or, rarely, first 4 (2.7%, n = 2) contacting first chin shields; preocular 1 (n = 36) and a single specimen with 2 on right side; postoculars 2 (n = 36) and a single specimen with 3 on right side; anterior temporal 1 (n = 37); posterior temporal 1–2 (1.7 ± 0.4, n
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FBCB97CDFBA9EC5F" box="[1079,1098,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">=</emphasis>
74); keels more developed in adult males than adult females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE5D147FF3B9475FCE8EA56" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FF3B9475FE2CEC26" box="[199,463,582,609]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="FMNH 35614" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54892DBFFFE5D147FF3B9475FECAEC26" box="[199,297,583,609]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FECD9475FE2CEC26" box="[305,463,582,609]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">FMNH 35614</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
possess two small black spots on each supraocular scale,
<typeStatus id="54892DBFFFE5D147FBA29475FB5DEC26" box="[1118,1214,583,609]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FB3A9475FA87EC26" box="[1222,1380,582,609]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="FMNH 35620" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FB3A9475FA87EC26" box="[1222,1380,582,609]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">FMNH 35620</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
possess two small black spots on left supraocular,
<typeStatus id="54892DBFFFE5D147FD529459FCF3ECC2" box="[686,784,619,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FCE49459FC5DECC2" box="[792,958,619,645]" collectionCode="UMMZ" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="UMMZ 67973" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FCE49459FC5DECC2" box="[792,958,619,645]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="University or college">UMMZ 67973</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
possess one elongated black spot on each supraocular, and
<typeStatus id="54892DBFFFE5D147FEA094BDFE5FECEE" box="[348,444,655,681]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FE3A94BDFD8CECEE" box="[454,623,655,681]" collectionCode="UMMZ" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="UMMZ 67976" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FE3A94BDFD8CECEE" box="[454,623,655,681]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="University or college">UMMZ 67976</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
b possess two small black spots on left supraocular and one elongated black spot on right supraocular; parietal scales possess a poorly defined, diffuse black spot on each specimen though they are more elongated in the
<typeStatus id="54892DBFFFE5D147FE0C94E5FDB1ECB6" box="[496,594,727,753]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FDA594E5FC98ECB6" box="[601,891,727,753]" collectionCode="UMMZ" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="UMMZ 67973" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FDA594E5FD1EECB6" box="[601,765,727,753]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="University or college">UMMZ 67973</specimenCode>
(
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE5D147FCF094E5FC90ECB6" box="[780,883,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: (A) Paratype FMNH 35614, SVL 727 mm, (B) Paratype FMNH 35620, SVL 1118 mm, (C) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm and (D) Paratype UMMZ 67976b, SVL 755 mm—all with incomplete tail—showing the variation in the distribution, number and extent of black spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for discussion); (E) AMNH 141443, SVL 367 mm, a female from San Antonio de Parapeti, Santa Cruz, Bolivia exhibiting the banded pattern typical of juveniles of most species of Leptophis, scale bar = 0.5 cm; (F) Female paratopotype that also bears the USNM number 67977, note that the dorsal scales of its tail are keeled only from the point of reduction from six to four rows (indicated by the arrow), scale bar = 1 cm; (G) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm showing the ventral scales not edged. Courtesy of The Field Museum, FMNH 35614 and FMNH 35620 (C), D. Kizirian (E) and N.R. Albuquerque (F–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630994/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FC7894E5FB52ECB6" box="[900,1201,727,753]" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="AMNH 141443" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FC7894E5FBD7ECB6" box="[900,1076,727,753]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">AMNH 141443</specimenCode>
(
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE5D147FBB894E5FB44ECB6" box="[1092,1191,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: (A) Paratype FMNH 35614, SVL 727 mm, (B) Paratype FMNH 35620, SVL 1118 mm, (C) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm and (D) Paratype UMMZ 67976b, SVL 755 mm—all with incomplete tail—showing the variation in the distribution, number and extent of black spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for discussion); (E) AMNH 141443, SVL 367 mm, a female from San Antonio de Parapeti, Santa Cruz, Bolivia exhibiting the banded pattern typical of juveniles of most species of Leptophis, scale bar = 0.5 cm; (F) Female paratopotype that also bears the USNM number 67977, note that the dorsal scales of its tail are keeled only from the point of reduction from six to four rows (indicated by the arrow), scale bar = 1 cm; (G) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm showing the ventral scales not edged. Courtesy of The Field Museum, FMNH 35614 and FMNH 35620 (C), D. Kizirian (E) and N.R. Albuquerque (F–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630994/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
, a female of
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FABC94E5FA7EECB6" box="[1344,1437,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.67" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="367.0">367 mm</quantity>
in total length, and
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FE8994C9FDFEED52" box="[373,541,763,789]" collectionCode="UMMZ" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="UMMZ 67977" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FE8994C9FDFEED52" box="[373,541,763,789]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="University or college">UMMZ 67977</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FDD594C9FE15EDAA" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="UMMZ 67974" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
a male of
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FD6094C8FD07ED52" box="[668,740,762,789]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.32334" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="521.0">521 in</quantity>
total length (but tail incomplete), are ornamented with bands in anterior and middle region of body, similar to those found in juveniles of other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FB56952DFAFBED7E" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1825" box="[1194,1304,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FB56952DFAFBED7E" box="[1194,1304,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Leptophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE5D147FAA9952DFF31ED1A" author="Oliver, J. A." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="157 - 280" refId="ref48705" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1948) The relationships and zoogeography of the genus Thalerophis Oliver. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 92, 157 - 280." type="journal article" year="1948">Oliver 1948</bibRefCitation>
; this study). Females have more ventrals than males (F
<subScript id="17B69158FFE5D147FCBD9567FCBDED24" attach="left" box="[833,862,853,867]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1,37</subScript>
= 14.0674; P &lt;0.01), but no significant difference in subcaudal counts was observed (F
<subScript id="17B69158FFE5D147FDC6954BFDB4EDC0" attach="left" box="[570,599,889,903]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1,17</subScript>
= 0.0735; P = 0.7856). Dorsal scales of tail can be keeled from the point of reduction from six to four rows (a female that also bears the
<collectionCode id="ED230BD8FFE5D147FC9395B9FC23EDE2" box="[879,960,907,933]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
number 67977) (
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE5D147FB7B95B9FB0AEDE2" box="[1159,1257,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: (A) Paratype FMNH 35614, SVL 727 mm, (B) Paratype FMNH 35620, SVL 1118 mm, (C) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm and (D) Paratype UMMZ 67976b, SVL 755 mm—all with incomplete tail—showing the variation in the distribution, number and extent of black spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for discussion); (E) AMNH 141443, SVL 367 mm, a female from San Antonio de Parapeti, Santa Cruz, Bolivia exhibiting the banded pattern typical of juveniles of most species of Leptophis, scale bar = 0.5 cm; (F) Female paratopotype that also bears the USNM number 67977, note that the dorsal scales of its tail are keeled only from the point of reduction from six to four rows (indicated by the arrow), scale bar = 1 cm; (G) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm showing the ventral scales not edged. Courtesy of The Field Museum, FMNH 35614 and FMNH 35620 (C), D. Kizirian (E) and N.R. Albuquerque (F–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630994/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10F</figureCitation>
) to the point of hundredth tenth subcaudal scales, corresponding to 36.4% TL (
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FCA4959DFBE0ED8D" box="[856,1027,943,970]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="University or college">UMMZ 67974</specimenCode>
). On the other hand, all scales of upper surface of tail are keeled in
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FE0095E1FD2CEDAA" box="[508,719,979,1005]" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="AMNH 22446" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FE0095E1FD7CEDAA" box="[508,671,979,1005]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">AMNH 22446</specimenCode>
and
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B5A9940FFE5D147FD2995E1FC69EDAA" box="[725,906,978,1005]" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="AMNH 104563" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB943B66FFE5D147FD2995E1FC69EDAA" box="[725,906,978,1005]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">AMNH 104563</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
. The TL/SVL showed no significant difference between females and males (F
<subScript id="17B69158FFE5D147FE16923BFDE4EA50" attach="left" box="[490,519,1033,1047]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1,15</subScript>
= 2.3807; P = 0.1407).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE5D147FF3B9228FE5EEB76" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF3B9228FE10EA72" bold="true" box="[199,499,1050,1077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hemipenial morphology.</emphasis>
Single retracted organ examined extends up to seven-eight subcaudals. Everted hemipenis unilobed, noncapitate; sulcus spermaticus centrolineal, undivided, extending from base to tip of lobe; basal portion bears small spines distributed in 6 rows approximatelly encircling the organ; first row bears 7 hooked spines slightly larger than those in other rows; spinules widely scattered adjacent to sulcus spermaticus; small calyces ornamented with 10–12 fringing papillae concentrated above most distal row of basal spines whereas large-sized calyces have 5–8 fleshy papillae concentrated along distal portion of hemipenial body; papillae gradually decrease in length toward distal portion of hemipenis; distal portion of lobe completely calyculate; asulcate side similar to sulcate side (
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE5D147FED49325FE52EB76" box="[296,433,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1031,1055]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[164,1423,181,1006]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) sides of the hemipenes of Leptophis bolivianus (AMNH 104564) from Estancia Yutiole, department of Beni, Bolivia (A–B); L. coeruleodorsus (TCWC 46262) from municipality of San Fernando de Apure, state of Apure, Venezuela (C–D); L. liocercus (CZGB 1149) from municipality of Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil (E–F). Note that although the hemipenis of CZGB 1149 is slightly bilobed, its sulcus spermaticus remains unbifurcated until the apical portion of the organ; L. nigromarginatus (LPHA 1731) from municipality of Santarém, state of Pará, (G–H); and (TCWC 42177) from Centro Union, departament of Loreto, Peru (I–J). Although the first row of basal spines is small in the four species, the two spines adjacent to sulcus spermaticus are larger than those in other rows. Scale bars = 0.5 cm. Photos by D. Kizirian (A–B) and N.R. Albuquerque (C–J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630996/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE5D147FF3B9308FAF8E832" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF3B9308FE7EEB13" bold="true" box="[199,413,1338,1364]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
Dorsum of the head Light Emerald Green (142), distinctly edged with black; usually two or more poorly defined, diffuse black spots on each parietal and distinct, 1–2 black spots (occasionally elongate) on each supraocular scale; rows II–IV (occasionally V) in anterior portion of the body (before body scale reduction from 15 to 11) Pale Greenish Yellow (86); rows IV–VII (occasionally V–VII) in anterior portion of the body Light Emerald Green (142); dorsal scales slightly edged with black; keels of dorsal scales slightly black; narrow Jet Black (300) postocular stripe covering upper edge of lower postocular, lower edge of upper postocular, lower margin to one-third of anterior temporal, half of lower posterior temporal and upper edges of last two supralabials; postocular stripe may extend beyond seven scales onto nuchal region; first five to seven supralabials, as well as infralabials, chin, throat, and venter white; last two supralabials below black upper edges of postocular stripe white.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328C096FFE5D147FF3B904CFE38E8A6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE5D147FF3B904CFE38E8A6" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF3B904CFDA8E8DF" bold="true" box="[199,587,1662,1689]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
Known only from the departments of
<collectingRegion id="49F65DFFFFE5D147FC08904DFBCAE8DE" box="[1012,1065,1663,1689]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Beni</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49F65DFFFFE5D147FBA1904DFB3BE8DE" box="[1117,1240,1663,1689]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingCountry id="F325D38DFFE5D147FB06904DFAB3E8DE" box="[1274,1360,1663,1689]" name="Bolivia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. These snakes were collected up to
<quantity id="4CCA3EF8FFE5D147FE2E9090FDFAE8FA" box="[466,537,1698,1725]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
asl in the tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ecoregion, as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE5D147FF6B90F5FE88E8A6" author="Olson, D. M. &amp; Dinerstein, E. &amp; Wikramanayake, E. D. &amp; Burgess, N. D. &amp; Powell, G. V. N. &amp; Underwood, E. C. &amp; D'Amico, J. A. &amp; Itoua, I. &amp; Strand, H. E. &amp; Morrison, J. C. &amp; Loucks, C. J. &amp; Allnutt, T. F. &amp; Ricketts, T. H. &amp; Kura, Y. &amp; Lamoreux, J. F. &amp; Wetengel, W. W. &amp; Hedao, P. &amp; Kassem, K. R." box="[151,363,1735,1761]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="933 - 938" refId="ref48823" refString="Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H.; Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wetengel, W. W., Hedao, P. &amp; Kassem, K. R. (2001) Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth. Bioscience, 51 (11), 933 - 938." type="journal article" year="2001">
Olson
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF1D90F5FEFAE8A6" box="[225,281,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE5D147FE8690F5FE2EE8A6" box="[378,461,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[155,1428,1107,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-467@30.[151,1436,1100,1947]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 18. Distribution of Leptophis bolivianus, L. liocercus, L. marginatus, and L. nigromarginatus based upon the material examined." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6631010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6631010/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328C096FFE5D147FF3B90D9FDC8E99A" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8D931DFFE5D147FF3B90D9FDC8E99A" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF3B90D9FED8E942" bold="true" box="[199,315,1771,1797]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
As noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE5D147FE2190D9FD56E941" author="Oliver, J. A." box="[477,693,1771,1798]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="157 - 280" refId="ref48705" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1948) The relationships and zoogeography of the genus Thalerophis Oliver. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 92, 157 - 280." type="journal article" year="1948">Oliver (1948: 226)</bibRefCitation>
one of the most remarkable variations in the head color pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FF4B913DFE40E96E" box="[183,419,1807,1833]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FF4B913DFE40E96E" box="[183,419,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Leptophis bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of differences of the distribution and extent of spots on the dorsal surface of the head (
<figureCitation id="13098F98FFE5D147FF279101FE85E90A" box="[219,358,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[300,1287,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis bolivianus: (A) Paratype FMNH 35614, SVL 727 mm, (B) Paratype FMNH 35620, SVL 1118 mm, (C) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm and (D) Paratype UMMZ 67976b, SVL 755 mm—all with incomplete tail—showing the variation in the distribution, number and extent of black spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for discussion); (E) AMNH 141443, SVL 367 mm, a female from San Antonio de Parapeti, Santa Cruz, Bolivia exhibiting the banded pattern typical of juveniles of most species of Leptophis, scale bar = 0.5 cm; (F) Female paratopotype that also bears the USNM number 67977, note that the dorsal scales of its tail are keeled only from the point of reduction from six to four rows (indicated by the arrow), scale bar = 1 cm; (G) Holotype UMMZ 67973, SVL 1079 mm showing the ventral scales not edged. Courtesy of The Field Museum, FMNH 35614 and FMNH 35620 (C), D. Kizirian (E) and N.R. Albuquerque (F–G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6630994/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A–D</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE5D147FE859101FDA9E909" author="Oliver, J. A." box="[377,586,1843,1870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="157 - 280" refId="ref48705" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1948) The relationships and zoogeography of the genus Thalerophis Oliver. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 92, 157 - 280." type="journal article" year="1948">Oliver (1948: 226)</bibRefCitation>
indicated intergradation between
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FC399101FC36E90B" box="[965,981,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FC1F9101FC12E90B" box="[995,1009,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FC029101FB90E90A" box="[1022,1139,1843,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FC029101FB90E90A" box="[1022,1139,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FB559101FB5AE90B" box="[1193,1209,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FB3A9101FB37E90B" box="[1222,1236,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FB1E9101FA7FE90B" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1250,1436,1843,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigromarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FB1E9101FA7FE90B" box="[1250,1436,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">nigromarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
through a male specimen (AMNH 22446) from Rurrenabaque,
<collectingRegion id="49F65DFFFFE5D147FCA09165FC77E936" box="[860,916,1879,1905]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Beni</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F325D38DFFE5D147FC639165FC12E936" box="[927,1009,1879,1905]" name="Bolivia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
since it has an intermediate color pattern and a number of ventrals similar to
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FDA09149FD8FE9D3" box="[604,620,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FD869149FD6BE9D3" box="[634,648,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FD6A9149FCB3E9D3" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[662,848,1915,1940]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigromarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FD6A9149FCB3E9D3" box="[662,848,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">nigromarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The accumulation of new specimens since
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3EEECFFE5D147FABD9149FF01E9FE" author="Oliver, J. A." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="157 - 280" refId="ref48705" refString="Oliver, J. A. (1948) The relationships and zoogeography of the genus Thalerophis Oliver. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 92, 157 - 280." type="journal article" year="1948">Oliver’s (1948)</bibRefCitation>
revision, however, reveals that the number of ventrals (153) of AMNH 22446 falls within the variation range for males of
<taxonomicName id="4C32E89EFFE5D147FED991F1FE5BE99A" box="[293,440,1987,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Leptophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FED991F1FED6E99B" box="[293,309,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9464F0FFFE5D147FEBF91F1FE5BE99A" box="[323,440,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6B0A6A6FFE5D147FE3A91F1FDFDE99A" box="[454,542,1987,2013]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="46.[151,239,490,516]" captionText="TABLE 2. Quantitative variation of selected characters of 10 species of Leptophis that were formerly subspecies of L. ahaetulla. M=male, F=female. Sample sizes given for paired characters of pholidosis (e.g., number of teeth) refer to the number of sides examined for all specimens, whereas sample sizes given for other (nonpaired) characters (e.g., ventrals, subcaudals) refer to the number of specimens examined. 95% confidence limits (Cl) follow ranges, means ± standard deviations when appropriate. The ratio tail length (TL) snout-vent length (SVL) did not differ significantly between females and males in all the species examined, so the confidence interval of 95% (CI) encompasses the variation of both sexes. 1. L. ahaetulla, 2. L. bocourti, 3. L. bolivianus, 4. L. coeruleodorsus, 5. L. liocercus, 6. L. marginatus, 7. L. nigromarginatus, 8. L. occidentalis, 9. L. praestans, 10. L. urostictus." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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