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<mods:title id="10B73E473E63BD5F53E9037BA7EF14EA">Names of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) established by Charles McLean Fraser (1872 - 1946), excluding those from Allan Hancock Expeditions</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0392282AFFFCFFFFAEC1591E1D61FF7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5968372" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148685534" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5968372" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392282AFFFCFFFFAEC1591E1D61FF7D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392282AFFFCFFFFAEC1591E1D61FF7D" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFFCFFFEAEC1591E1B17F9CA" box="[151,550,1574,1600]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFFCFFFEAEC1591E1B17F9CA" blockId="26.[151,550,1574,1600]" box="[151,550,1574,1600]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D0CC2E50FFFCFFFEAEC1591E1B17F9CA" bold="true" box="[151,550,1574,1600]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAEC1591E1B17F9CA" bold="true" box="[151,550,1574,1600]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAEB8591E1B17F9CA" authority="Fraser, 1939 b" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1939" box="[238,550,1574,1600]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Methylobacteriaceae" genus="Meganema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAEB8591E1844F9CA" bold="true" box="[238,373,1574,1600]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Meganema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAF2A591E1B17F9CA" box="[380,550,1574,1600]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref76563" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1939 b) Hydroids of the western Canadian Αrctic region, 1935 - 1937. Canadian Journal of Research, Section D, Zoological Sciences, 17 (3), 59 - 61. [March 1939: noted on the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjr 39 d- 008" type="journal article">Fraser, 1939b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFFCFFFEAEC159561D5AF928" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFFCFFFEAEC1595618FCF909" blockId="26.[151,1131,1645,1698]" box="[151,461,1645,1667]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2BBE12FFFCFFFEAEC1595618FCF909" box="[151,461,1645,1667]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAEC1595618F8F909" ID-CoL="26673b2b-0c63-4fde-a545-cd609435bc06" authority="Hargitt, 1909: 379" authorityName="Hargitt" authorityPageNumber="379" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,457,1645,1667]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Keratosum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAEC159561837F909" box="[151,262,1646,1667]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Keratosum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A9ABF2DFFFCFFFEAF5A595518F8F909" author="" box="[268,457,1645,1667]" page="379" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAF5A595518A6F909" box="[268,407,1645,1667]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref78464" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1909) New and little known hydroids of Woods Hole. Biological Bulletin, 17, 369 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1535941" type="journal article">Hargitt, 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 379
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFFCFFFEAEC159B51D5AF928" blockId="26.[151,1131,1645,1698]" box="[151,1131,1676,1698]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2BBE12FFFCFFFEAEC159B51D5AF928" box="[151,1131,1676,1698]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAEC159B5188FF928" authority="Fraser, 1939 b: 60" authorityName="Fraser" authorityPageNumber="60" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,446,1676,1698]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Methylobacteriaceae" genus="Meganema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAEC159B51839F928" box="[151,264,1677,1698]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Meganema</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A9ABF2DFFFCFFFEAF5B59B5188FF928" author="" box="[269,446,1676,1698]" page="60" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAF5B59B518ADF928" box="[269,412,1676,1698]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref76563" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1939 b) Hydroids of the western Canadian Αrctic region, 1935 - 1937. Canadian Journal of Research, Section D, Zoological Sciences, 17 (3), 59 - 61. [March 1939: noted on the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjr 39 d- 008" type="journal article">Fraser, 1939b</bibRefCitation>
: 60
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[invalid junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEACB359B51D51F928" authority="Conrad, 1868" authorityName="Conrad" authorityYear="1868" box="[741,1120,1676,1698]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Methylobacteriaceae" genus="Meganema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEACB359B51A64F928" box="[741,853,1677,1698]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Meganema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAD0A59B41AD7F928" box="[860,998,1676,1698]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref73567" refString="Conrad, T. Α. (1868) Descriptions of new genera and species of Miocene shells, with notes on other fossil and recent species. American Journal of Conchology, New Series, 3 (4), 257 - 270." type="journal article">Conrad, 1868</bibRefCitation>
(Mollusca)
</taxonomicName>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFFCFFFEAEC159F1189BF8AF" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFFCFFFEAEC159F11A0AF955" blockId="26.[151,827,1737,1759]" box="[151,827,1737,1759]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAEC159F11813F955" bold="true" box="[151,290,1737,1759]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAF7F59F21B95F955" authority="Fraser, 1939 b" authorityName=", Fraser" authorityYear="1939" box="[297,676,1737,1759]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Methylobacteriaceae" genus="Meganema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="claviformis">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAF7F59F21B23F955" box="[297,530,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Meganema claviformis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAC4E59F21B95F955" box="[536,676,1737,1759]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref76563" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1939 b) Hydroids of the western Canadian Αrctic region, 1935 - 1937. Canadian Journal of Research, Section D, Zoological Sciences, 17 (3), 59 - 61. [March 1939: noted on the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjr 39 d- 008" type="journal article">Fraser, 1939b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFFCFFFEAEC15834189BF8AF" blockId="26.[151,1436,1804,2009]" box="[151,426,1804,1829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAEC15834187DF8AF" bold="true" box="[151,332,1804,1829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Current status.</emphasis>
Invalid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321CAB7FFFCFFFFAE9158171D61FF7D" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B84993CFFFCFFFFAE9158171D61FF7D" blockId="26.[151,1436,1804,2009]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAE915817180AF8C2" bold="true" box="[199,315,1839,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAF1158091BACF8C2" authority="Fraser, 1939 b: 60" authorityName="Fraser" authorityPageNumber="60" authorityYear="1939" box="[327,669,1839,1864]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Methylobacteriaceae" genus="Meganema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAF11580918F5F8C2" box="[327,452,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Meganema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAF9958081B40F8C2" box="[463,625,1839,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref76563" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1939 b) Hydroids of the western Canadian Αrctic region, 1935 - 1937. Canadian Journal of Research, Section D, Zoological Sciences, 17 (3), 59 - 61. [March 1939: noted on the journal] https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjr 39 d- 008" type="journal article">Fraser, 1939b</bibRefCitation>
: 60
</taxonomicName>
is an invalid junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAA6E58091824F8E7" authority="Conrad, 1868: 267" authorityName="Conrad" authorityPageNumber="267" authorityYear="1868" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Methylobacteriaceae" genus="Meganema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAA6E58091D84F8C2" box="[1080,1205,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Meganema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAA9758171C53F8C2" box="[1217,1378,1839,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref73567" refString="Conrad, T. Α. (1868) Descriptions of new genera and species of Miocene shells, with notes on other fossil and recent species. American Journal of Conchology, New Series, 3 (4), 257 - 270." type="journal article">Conrad, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 267 (Mollusca)
</taxonomicName>
. It has been regarded as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAD7C586C1AC2F8E6" authority="M. Sars" authorityName="M. Sars" box="[810,1011,1876,1900]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Lafoeina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAD7C586C1ABFF8E6" box="[810,910,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lafoeina</emphasis>
M. Sars
</taxonomicName>
, in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAA76586C1DE7F8E6" box="[1056,1238,1876,1900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref82100" refString="Sars, G. O. (1874) Bidrag til kundskaben om norges hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, 1873, 91 - 150." type="journal article">G.O. Sars, 1874</bibRefCitation>
by some authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAE8F58401841F81A" box="[217,368,1912,1936]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref77482" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1947 a) Distribution and relationship in American hydroids. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 464 pp. [dated 1946 on title page of book, but not published until about 25 February 1947: W. J. Dunlop (University of Toronto Press) to J. Turnbull (University of Toronto Press), letter dated February 13, 1947, &quot; Mr. Ross will complete the binding of the above book (Distribution and relationship in American hydroids) sometime Monday or Tuesday. &quot; - S. J. Cook (National Research Council, Canada) to W. J. Dunlop, letter dated February 25, 1947, &quot; We have received 500 copies of Dr. C. McLean Fraser's book on &quot; Distribution and relationship in Αmerican hydroids. &quot; Both letters in University of Toronto Αrchives and Records Management Services, University of Toronto Press Fonds, B 1998 - 0025, Box 5]" type="book">Fraser 1947a</bibRefCitation>
: 239) and of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAC5D58411A17F81A" authority="Hargitt, 1909" authorityName="Hargitt" authorityYear="1909" box="[523,806,1911,1936]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Keratosum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAC5D58411BB7F81A" box="[523,646,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Keratosum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEACD9584F1A17F81A" box="[655,806,1911,1936]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref78464" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1909) New and little known hydroids of Woods Hole. Biological Bulletin, 17, 369 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1535941" type="journal article">Hargitt, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by others (e.g., Calder 1991: 10).
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAAE358411C01F81A" authorityName="Hargitt" authorityYear="1909" box="[1205,1328,1913,1936]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Keratosum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAAE358411C01F81A" box="[1205,1328,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Keratosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been included as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFCFFFEAC5158A41B5AF83E" box="[519,619,1948,1972]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Lafoeina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFCFFFEAC5158A41B5AF83E" box="[519,619,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lafoeina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in some works (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFCFFFEAD0B58A41D2CF83E" box="[861,1053,1948,1973]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref82361" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article">Schuchert 2001a</bibRefCitation>
: 59; WoRMS), but the two genera are considered distinct here based on differences in gonophore
<typeStatus id="5480279EFFFCFFFEAD3158F91AA6F853" box="[871,919,1985,2009]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
and colony form. Actual junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFDFFFFAEC15FA11823FF3A" authorityName="Hargitt" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,274,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Keratosum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFDFFFFAEC15FA11823FF3A" box="[151,274,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Keratosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFDFFFFAF2D5FA11BBCFF3A" authority="Hadzi, 1917" authorityName="Hadzi" authorityYear="1917" box="[379,653,151,176]" class="Polychaeta" family="Paraonidae" genus="Levinsenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFDFFFFAF2D5FA118C4FF3A" box="[379,501,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Levinsenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFDFFFFAFA95FAF1BBCFF3A" box="[511,653,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref78366" refString="Hadzi, J. (1917) Rezultati bioloskih istrazivanja Jadranskoga mora. Hidroidi II. - Ergebnisse biologischer Erforschungen des adriatischen Meeres. Hydroiden II. Halocoryne epizoica g. n., sp. n.; Lafoeina vilae-velebiti sp. n. Prirodoslovna Istrazivanja Hrvatske i Slavonije Potaknuta Matematicko-Prirodoslovnim Razredom Jugoslovenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 11, 27 - 56." type="journal article">Hadži, 1917</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[not
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFDFFFFAC865FA11DB7FF3A" authority="Mesnil, 1897" authorityName="Mesnil" authorityYear="1897" box="[720,1158,151,176]" class="Polychaeta" family="Paraonidae" genus="Levinsenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFDFFFFAC865FA11A7BFF3A" box="[720,842,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Levinsenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFDFFFFAD035FAF1ADCFF3A" box="[853,1005,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref80133" refString="Mesnil, F. (1897) Etudes de morphologie externe chez les annelides. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 30, 83 - 100." type="journal article">Mésnil, 1897</bibRefCitation>
(Polychaeta)
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFDFFFFAAE25FA11850FF5F" authority="Stossich, 1899" authorityName="Stossich" authorityYear="1899" class="Polychaeta" family="Paraonidae" genus="Levinsenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFDFFFFAAE25FA11C1CFF3A" box="[1204,1325,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Levinsenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFDFFFFAB6E5FAF19FEFF5E" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref83177" refString="Stossich, M. (1899) Lo smembramento dei Brachycoelium. Bollettino della Societa Adriatica di Scienze Naturali in Trieste, 19, 7 - 10." type="journal article">Stossich, 1899</bibRefCitation>
(Trematoda)
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFDFFFFAFD15F851A3CFF5F" authority="Bale, 1915" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1915" box="[391,781,188,213]" class="Polychaeta" family="Paraonidae" genus="Levinsenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFDFFFFAFD15F851B30FF5E" box="[391,513,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Levinsenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFDFFFFAC5E5F841BB3FF5F" box="[520,642,188,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref70870" refString="Bale, W. M. (1915) Report on the Hydroida collected in the Great Αustralian Bight and other localities. Part III. Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments Carried on by the F. I. S. &quot; Endeavour, &quot; 1909 - 14, 3, 241 - 336." type="journal article">Bale, 1915</bibRefCitation>
(Hydrozoa)
</taxonomicName>
] and
<taxonomicName id="4C3BE2BFFFFDFFFFAD1C5F851D66FF5E" authority="Stechow, 1920" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1920" box="[842,1111,188,213]" genus="Eupoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F452EFFFDFFFFAD1C5F851A96FF5E" box="[842,935,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eupoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAE4CDFFFDFFFFADF95F841D66FF5E" box="[943,1111,188,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref82861" refString="Stechow, E. (1920) Neue Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiete der Hydroidenforschung. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft fur Morphologie und Physiologie in Munchen, 31, 9 - 45." type="journal article">Stechow, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. With synonyms available, it seems unnecessary to provide a replacement name for the junior homonym of Fraser.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>