603 lines
79 KiB
XML
603 lines
79 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6F5100A7A649D4DDFBE35CF6AE4BBC1A">A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77054DDF201C9F11745B50A2C870F532">Suzuki, Noritoshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E6349264A72D001FA4D26042230F9592">Caulet, Jean-Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C47CB4114ECF2C671F80C655A3500977">Dumitrica, Paulian</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038DDA73FFFAFE5A05BCFB25FB764CC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106785" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183733853" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5106785" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038DDA73FFFAFE5A05BCFB25FB764CC3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DDA73FFFAFE5A05BCFB25FB764CC3" lastPageId="111" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">
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<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFAFE5B05BCFB25FD454A42" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5B05BCFB25FD454A42" blockId="110.[137,770,1268,1327]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B05EFFB25FE044A62" authority="Suzuki" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[218,509,1268,1294]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">CYCLADOPHORIDAE Suzuki</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0731FB24FDE34A62" box="[516,538,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0714FB25FD454A42" author="SANDIN M. M. & PILLET L. & BIARD T. & POIRIER C. & BIGEARD E. & ROMAC S. & SUZUKI N. & NOT F." pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="187 - 208" refId="ref194897" refString="SANDIN M. M., PILLET L., BIARD T., POIRIER C., BIGEARD E., ROMAC S., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2019. - Time Calibrated Morpho-molecular Classification of Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 170 (2): 187 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2019.02.002" type="journal article" year="2019">
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Sandin, Pillet, Biard, Poirier, Bigeard, Romac,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B04E8FAC5FDDF4A42" authority="Suzuki & Caulet & Dumitrica, 2021" authorityName="Suzuki & Caulet & Dumitrica" authorityYear="2021" box="[477,550,1300,1326]" family="Suzuki" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Suzuki</taxonomicName>
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||
& Not, 2019
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFAFE5B05B1FA9CFDFE4AEC" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5B05B1FA9CFDFE4AEC" blockId="110.[132,775,1357,1408]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B05B1FA9CFE8A4A09" authority="Suzuki" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[132,371,1357,1381]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae Suzuki</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0449FA9FFE694A09" box="[380,400,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B04A3FA9CFDFA4AEC" author="SANDIN M. M. & PILLET L. & BIARD T. & POIRIER C. & BIGEARD E. & ROMAC S. & SUZUKI N. & NOT F." pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="187 - 208" refId="ref194897" refString="SANDIN M. M., PILLET L., BIARD T., POIRIER C., BIGEARD E., ROMAC S., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2019. - Time Calibrated Morpho-molecular Classification of Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 170 (2): 187 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2019.02.002" type="journal article" year="2019">
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Sandin, Pillet, Biard, Poirier, Bigeard, Romac,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B05E3FAB6FEE14A13" authority="Suzuki & Caulet & Dumitrica, 2021" authorityName="Suzuki & Caulet & Dumitrica" authorityYear="2021" box="[214,280,1383,1407]" family="Suzuki" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Suzuki</taxonomicName>
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& Not, 2019: 201-202
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFAFE5B05B1FA49FF004A88" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5B05B1FA49FF004A88" blockId="110.[132,775,1431,1508]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">
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||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFAFE5B05B1FA49FF4C4AC1" box="[132,181,1432,1455]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">TYPE</typeStatus>
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GENUS. —
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B041CFA46FD7F4AC3" ID-CoL="84PC3" authority="Ehrenberg, 1846: 385" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="385" authorityYear="1846" box="[297,646,1431,1455]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B041CFA46FE5E4AC3" box="[297,423,1431,1455]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B049BFA46FD7F4AC3" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[430,646,1431,1455]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="382 - 385" refId="ref176119" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1846. - Uber eine halibiolithische, von Herrn R. Schomburgk entdeckte, vorherrschend aus mikroskopischen Polycystinen gebildete, Gebirgsmasse von Barbados. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 382 - 385. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11056086" type="book chapter" year="1846">Ehrenberg, 1846: 385</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
[
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||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFAFE5B07A7FA49FD474ADC" box="[658,702,1432,1456]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">type</typeStatus>
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||
species by subsequent monotypy:
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B04AEFA63FDE74AA6" ID-CoL="84PC3" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[411,542,1458,1482]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B04AEFA63FDE74AA6" box="[411,542,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
?
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B071AFA63FF164A88" ID-CoL="32SKB" authority="Ehrenberg, 1862: 297" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="297" authorityYear="1862" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B071AFA63FD744AA6" box="[559,653,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">davisiana</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B07A3FA63FF164A88" author="EHRENBERG C. G." pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="275 - 315" refId="ref176610" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1862. - Uber die Tiefgrund-Verhaltnisse des Oceans am Eingange der Davisstrasse und bei Island. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1861): 275 - 315. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36281746" type="journal article" year="1862">Ehrenberg, 1862: 297</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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].
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFAFE5B05B1FA2DFCF1490F" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5B05B1FA2DFCF1490F" blockId="110.[130,776,1532,1635]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">
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INCLUDED GENERA. —
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B045DFA2DFD3D4978" ID-CoL="84PC3" authority="Ehrenberg, 1846: 385" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="385" authorityYear="1846" box="[360,708,1532,1556]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B045DFA2DFE1F4978" box="[360,486,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B04D8FA2DFD3D4978" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[493,708,1532,1556]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="382 - 385" refId="ref176119" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1846. - Uber eine halibiolithische, von Herrn R. Schomburgk entdeckte, vorherrschend aus mikroskopischen Polycystinen gebildete, Gebirgsmasse von Barbados. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 382 - 385. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11056086" type="book chapter" year="1846">Ehrenberg, 1846: 385</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B07D3FA2DFF024942" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" class="Polycystinea" genus="Cyclamptidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B07D3FA2DFF024942" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cyclamptidium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with the same
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<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFAFE5B04B2F9C6FE494943" box="[391,432,1559,1583]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">type</typeStatus>
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species;
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B04CAF9C7FD9F4942" box="[511,614,1558,1582]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplocyclas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B04CAF9C7FD9F4942" box="[511,614,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Diplocyclas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B05B6F9FEFE3F4925" author="BJORKLUND K. R. & DE RUITER R." box="[131,454,1583,1609]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="271 - 281" refId="ref168557" refString="BJORKLUND K. R. & DE RUITER R. 1987. - Radiolarian preservation in eastern Mediterranean anoxic sediments, in VAN HINTE J. E., CITA M. B. & VAN DER WEIJDEN C. H. (eds), Marine Geology. Vol. 75. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 271 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0025 - 3227 (87) 90109 - 5" type="book chapter" year="1987">BjØrklund & De Ruiter 1987: 274</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B04F8F9E0FD904925" box="[461,617,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Spuroclathrocycla</emphasis>
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synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B05B7F99AFE5F490F" author="LOMBARI G. & LAZARUS D. B." box="[130,422,1611,1635]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="97 - 135" refId="ref185585" refString="LOMBARI G. & LAZARUS D. B. 1988. - Neogene cycladophorid radiolarians from the North Atlantic, Antarctic, and North Pacific deep-sea sediments. Micropaleontology 34 (2): 97 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485657" type="journal article" year="1988">Lombari & Lazarus 1988: 108</bibRefCitation>
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). —?
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B04D5F99AFCFD490F" authority="O'Connor, 1997 a: 74" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="1997" box="[480,772,1611,1635]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Valkyria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B04D5F99AFDD4490F" box="[480,557,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Valkyria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0707F99AFCFD490F" author="O'CONNOR B." box="[562,772,1611,1635]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="63 - 100" refId="ref189342" refString="O'CONNOR B. 1997 a. - New Radiolaria from the Oligocene and Early Miocene of Northland, New Zealand. Micropaleontology 43 (1): 63 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485923" type="journal article" year="1997">O’Connor, 1997a: 74</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFAFE5B05B1F9AAFAC64E02" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5B05B1F9AAFB424E52" blockId="110.[131,778,1659,2027]" lastBlockId="110.[811,1454,215,319]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">
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DIAGNOSIS. —
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<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0415F9AAFE3F49FF" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[288,454,1659,1683]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
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consist of a helmet-conical shell with two-segments, with or without a frill-like fringe. The cephalis is small, spherical, and may be found pore-less or with relict pores. The thorax is robust and tends to be “well-necked” in its upper part. The thoracic pore frames are generally polygonal-rounded or simply rounded. The width of pore frames is variable in places. Three wing-like rods or rims are visible on upper thoracic wall. The cephalic initial spicular system consists of MB, A-, V-, D-, double l-, double L- and dot-like Ax-rods. A tubular, cephalic horn is absent. Two apical horns emerge from the A-rod, and from the obliquely oriented V-rod. A double Ll-arch develops horizontally and double LV-arch extend at a large angle. The double Dl-arch is of a very small size. Most parts of Ll- and LV-arches are buried in the shell wall whereas the Dl-arch is almost merged with the shell wall to form a tiny clear double hole. The endoplasm is located in the cephalis and upper part of the thorax. No endoplasm is present in the lower half of the test. The occurrence of pseudopodia has not been confirmed as of yet. No algal symbionts are present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5B0618FE87FAC64E02" blockId="110.[813,1343,342,366]" box="[813,1343,342,366]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Late Eocene-Living.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFAFE5A0618FE46FD274E3D" lastPageId="111" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5B0618FE46FC684EC3" blockId="110.[811,1457,407,2028]" box="[813,913,407,433]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFAFE5A0618FE67FD274E3D" blockId="110.[811,1457,407,2028]" lastBlockId="111.[131,775,215,337]" lastPageId="111" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B066AFE67FBE34EBC" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[863,1050,438,464]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01E6FE67FA754EBC" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[1235,1420,438,464]" family="Lithochytrididae" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" rank="family">Lithochytrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having the latter three distinctive rims or relevant structures related to the V-and double L-rods. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01E6FE27FA734D7C" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1235,1418,502,528]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are easily distinguished from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0154FDC7FAE34D5C" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[1121,1306,534,560]" class="Polycystina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pterocorythoidea">Pterocorythoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having the latter a cephalic structure with special lobes (pterocorythidtype). The genus composition of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B019AFD87FA9F4D1C" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1199,1382,598,624]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
results from the molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B01B1FDA7FAB34DFC" author="SANDIN M. M. & PILLET L. & BIARD T. & POIRIER C. & BIGEARD E. & ROMAC S. & SUZUKI N. & NOT F." box="[1156,1354,630,656]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="187 - 208" refId="ref194897" refString="SANDIN M. M., PILLET L., BIARD T., POIRIER C., BIGEARD E., ROMAC S., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2019. - Time Calibrated Morpho-molecular Classification of Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 170 (2): 187 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2019.02.002" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Sandin
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B01E2FDA6FAF24DFC" box="[1239,1291,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0697FD47FC014DDC" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="1997" box="[930,1016,662,688]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Valkyria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0697FD47FC014DDC" box="[930,1016,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Valkyria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is problematic. First, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0077FD47FA614DDC" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="1997" box="[1346,1432,662,688]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Valkyria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0077FD47FA614DDC" box="[1346,1432,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Valkyria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monotypic genus from the Oligocene to the lowest Miocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0603FD07FC094D9C" author="O'CONNOR B." box="[822,1008,726,752]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="63 - 100" refId="ref189342" refString="O'CONNOR B. 1997 a. - New Radiolaria from the Oligocene and Early Miocene of Northland, New Zealand. Micropaleontology 43 (1): 63 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485923" type="journal article" year="1997">O’Connor 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: text-fig. 2) and no descendants have been reported. Secondly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B06C8FD24FB364C7C" author="SANDIN M. M. & PILLET L. & BIARD T. & POIRIER C. & BIGEARD E. & ROMAC S. & SUZUKI N. & NOT F." box="[1021,1231,757,784]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="187 - 208" refId="ref194897" refString="SANDIN M. M., PILLET L., BIARD T., POIRIER C., BIGEARD E., ROMAC S., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2019. - Time Calibrated Morpho-molecular Classification of Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 170 (2): 187 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2019.02.002" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Sandin
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B017AFD27FB794C63" box="[1103,1152,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tentatively identified it as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0652FCC4FC474C43" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="1997" box="[871,958,789,815]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Valkyria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0652FCC4FC474C43" box="[871,958,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Valkyria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?” because the most similar morphotype representative of the genus presented a phylogenetic disconnection with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B06B2FC84FC244C03" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="1997" box="[903,989,853,879]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Valkyria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B06B2FC84FC244C03" box="[903,989,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Valkyria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-species. Nevertheless, the cephalic structure of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFAFE5B0646FCA4FC364CE3" box="[883,975,885,911]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B06EEFCA4FB584CE3" box="[987,1185,885,911]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Valkyria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="pukapuka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B06EEFCA4FB584CE3" box="[987,1185,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Valkyria pukapuka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0184FCA4FA974CE3" author="O'CONNOR B." box="[1201,1390,885,911]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="63 - 100" refId="ref189342" refString="O'CONNOR B. 1997 a. - New Radiolaria from the Oligocene and Early Miocene of Northland, New Zealand. Micropaleontology 43 (1): 63 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485923" type="journal article" year="1997">O’Connor 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: textfig. 7, pl. 7, figs 11, 12) is identical to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0010FC44FA494CC3" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[1317,1456,917,943]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0010FC44FA494CC3" box="[1317,1456,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0603FC64FB814CA3" author="NAKASEKO K. & NISHIMURA A." box="[822,1144,949,975]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="91 - 244" refId="ref188223" refString="NAKASEKO K. & NISHIMURA A. 1982. - Radiolaria from the bottom sediments of the Bellingshausen Basin in the Antarctic Sea, Report of the Technology Research Center, Japan National Oil Corporation, 91 - 244 p." type="book chapter" year="1982">Nakaseko & Nishimura 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 48, fig. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0028FC64FC224C83" author="NISHIMURA A. & YAMAUCHI M." pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="1 - 148" refId="ref189073" refString="NISHIMURA A. & YAMAUCHI M. 1984. - Radiolarians from the Nankai Trough in the Northwest Pacific. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, special Volume 6: 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1984">Nishimura & Yamauchi 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 36, figs 8a, 8b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B01F3FC05FAAC4C83" author="POLUZZI A." box="[1222,1365,980,1007]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="48 - 72" refId="ref192477" refString="POLUZZI A. 1982. - I radiolari quaternari di un ambiente idrotermale del Mar Tirreno. Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 23 (2): 48 - 72." type="journal article" year="1982">Poluzzi 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 23, fig. 13; Sugiyama
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B06C0FC24FBD34B62" box="[1013,1066,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992: pl. 21, fig. 3). As repeatedly admitted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0697FBC5FB6C4B43" author="MATSUZAKI K. M. & SUZUKI N. & NISHI H." box="[930,1173,1044,1071]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref186591" refString="MATSUZAKI K. M., SUZUKI N. & NISHI H. 2015. - Middle to Upper Pleistocene Polycystine Radiolarians from Hole 902 - C 9001 C, Northwestern Pacific. Paleontological Research 19 (supplement 1): 1 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / 2015 PR 003" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Matsuzaki
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0129FBC4FBAA4B42" box="[1052,1107,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0190FBC5FA8A4B42" author="SANDIN M. M. & PILLET L. & BIARD T. & POIRIER C. & BIGEARD E. & ROMAC S. & SUZUKI N. & NOT F." box="[1189,1395,1044,1070]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="187 - 208" refId="ref194897" refString="SANDIN M. M., PILLET L., BIARD T., POIRIER C., BIGEARD E., ROMAC S., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2019. - Time Calibrated Morpho-molecular Classification of Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Protist 170 (2): 187 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. protis. 2019.02.002" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Sandin
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B01CEFBC4FAC84B42" box="[1275,1329,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the morphological difference between the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01E5FBE5FAAF4B22" box="[1232,1366,1076,1102]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theopiliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Theopiliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B061BFB85FC1C4B02" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[814,997,1108,1134]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains unclear (see remarks in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0078FB85FCA74BE3" class="Polycystinea" family="Theopiliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Theopiliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A polygonal frame on the thorax and a fragile shell wall are common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B06E9FB45FB9B4BC2" box="[988,1122,1172,1198]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theopiliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Theopiliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see remarks in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B002DFB45FA5D4BC3" box="[1304,1444,1172,1199]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theopiliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="family">Theopiliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The robust shallow-hat shaped nassellarians with polygonal frames were mainly described in the northwestern Pacific and Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3332BF5FFFAFE5B0694FB25FC244A62" box="[929,989,1268,1294]" name="Japan" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B012EFB22FA504A62" authority="(Popova, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Popova" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1051,1449,1267,1294]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="sphaeris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B012EFB22FB054A61" box="[1051,1276,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora sphaeris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0039FB25FA664A62" author="POPOVA I. M." box="[1292,1439,1268,1294]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="68 - 77" refId="ref192852" refString="POPOVA I. M. 1989. - Some new Theopiliidae and its systematic paleontology. Paleontologo-stratigraficheskie issledovaniya Phanerozoya Dal'nego Vostoka: 68 - 77 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1989">Popova, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0618FAC2FB314A42" authority="(Popova, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Popova" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[813,1224,1299,1326]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="urymensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0618FAC2FBD94A41" box="[813,1056,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora urymensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0118FAC5FB464A42" author="POPOVA I. M." box="[1069,1215,1300,1326]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="68 - 77" refId="ref192852" refString="POPOVA I. M. 1989. - Some new Theopiliidae and its systematic paleontology. Paleontologo-stratigraficheskie issledovaniya Phanerozoya Dal'nego Vostoka: 68 - 77 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1989">Popova, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01E6FAC2FBE14A21" authority="Motoyama, 1996" authorityName="Motoyama" authorityYear="1996" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="nakasekoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B01E6FAC2FCB44A21" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora nakasekoi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0663FAE5FBE14A21" author="MOTOYAMA I." box="[854,1048,1331,1358]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="221 - 262" refId="ref187425" refString="MOTOYAMA I. 1996. - Late Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy in the subarctic Northwest Pacific. Micropaleontology 42 (3): 221 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485874" type="journal article" year="1996">Motoyama, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B011CFAE2FC934A01" authority="Kamikuri, 2010" authorityName="Kamikuri" authorityYear="2010" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="funakawai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B011CFAE2FACD4A21" box="[1065,1332,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora funakawai</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0008FAE2FC934A01" author="KAMIKURI S. - I." pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="85 - 106" refId="ref182402" refString="KAMIKURI S. - I. 2010. - New late Neogene radiolarian species from the middle to high latitudes of the North Pacific. Revue de Micropaleontologie 53 (2): 85 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revmic. 2008.06.005" type="journal article" year="2010">Kamikuri, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in published year order). Excepting the difference in polygonal frame, these species share a common structure to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0618FA42FC4D4AC1" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[813,948,1427,1453]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0618FA42FC4D4AC1" box="[813,948,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The evolutionary phylogenetic studies, based on species with a continuous stratigraphic record in the aforementioned areas, conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0161FA02FAB34A81" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[1108,1354,1491,1517]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0161FA02FAB34A81" box="[1108,1354,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B06A9FA22FBDF4961" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[924,1062,1523,1549]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B06A9FA22FBDF4961" box="[924,1062,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, directly evolved from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0010FA22FBE64941" authority="(Popova, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Popova" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="sphaeris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0010FA22FC824940" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora sphaeris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B06BDF9C2FBEF4941" author="POPOVA I. M." box="[904,1046,1555,1581]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="68 - 77" refId="ref192852" refString="POPOVA I. M. 1989. - Some new Theopiliidae and its systematic paleontology. Paleontologo-stratigraficheskie issledovaniya Phanerozoya Dal'nego Vostoka: 68 - 77 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1989">Popova, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(originally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01A7F9C3FAA04940" box="[1170,1369,1554,1580]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="sakaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B01A7F9C3FAA04940" box="[1170,1369,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora sakaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which in turn is the direct descendant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01AEF9E2FAD34920" authorityName="Kamikuri" authorityYear="2010" box="[1179,1322,1586,1613]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="funakawai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B01AEF9E2FAD34920" box="[1179,1322,1586,1613]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">C. funakawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B000FF9E2FC9C4900" author="MOTOYAMA I." pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="45 - 63" refId="ref187461" refString="MOTOYAMA I. 1997. - Origin and evolution of Cycladophora davisiana Ehrenberg (Radiolaria) in DSDP Site 192, Northwest Pacific. Marine Micropaleontology 30 (1 - 3): 45 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0377 - 8398 (96) 00047 - 3" type="journal article" year="1997">Motoyama 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0646F983FBE34900" author="KAMIKURI S. - I." box="[883,1050,1618,1644]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="85 - 106" refId="ref182402" refString="KAMIKURI S. - I. 2010. - New late Neogene radiolarian species from the middle to high latitudes of the North Pacific. Revue de Micropaleontologie 53 (2): 85 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revmic. 2008.06.005" type="journal article" year="2010">Kamikuri 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This suggests that a robust skeleton is also a key distinguishing feature for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01C4F9A3FA5549E0" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1265,1452,1650,1676]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B064DF943FBCD49C0" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[888,1076,1682,1708]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa are found in these areas and some attempts were made to reconstruct the evolution of the traditional
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B06AAF903FBAA4980" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[927,1107,1746,1772]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
which diverged, or evolved, from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0666F923FC3B4860" authorityName="Pessagno" authorityYear="1969" box="[851,962,1778,1804]" class="Polycystinea" family="Neosciadiocapsidae" genus="Coniforma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0666F923FC3B4860" box="[851,962,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Coniforma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0128F923FB774860" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[1053,1166,1778,1804]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0128F923FB774860" box="[1053,1166,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Anthocyrtis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(originally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0030F923FA8D4860" authorityName="Pessagno" authorityYear="1969" box="[1285,1396,1778,1804]" class="Polycystinea" family="Neosciadiocapsidae" genus="Coniforma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0030F923FA8D4860" box="[1285,1396,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Coniforma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Late Cretaceous),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B068EF8C3FB614840" authority="(Eocene)" baseAuthorityName="Eocene" box="[955,1176,1810,1836]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B068EF8C3FBD74840" box="[955,1070,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Anthocyrtis</emphasis>
|
||
(Eocene)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B01F8F8C3FAAD4840" box="[1229,1364,1810,1836]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Clathrocyclas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B01F8F8C3FAAD4840" box="[1229,1364,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Clathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0618F8E0FC594827" box="[813,928,1841,1867]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0618F8E0FC594827" box="[813,928,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Anthocyrtis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(end of Eocene to Oligocene), the
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0011F8E0FC9F4807" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Spuroclathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
-form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B06FAF880FBA44807" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1846" box="[975,1117,1873,1899]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B06FAF880FBA44807" box="[975,1117,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0158F880FAD24807" box="[1133,1323,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Spuroclathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
in original; Miocene to Pliocene), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0169F8A0FC9048C0" authority="(Pliocene-Pleistocene)" baseAuthorityName="Pliocene-Pleistocene" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFAFE5B0169F8A0FB1048E7" box="[1116,1257,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="513">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
(Pliocene-Pleistocene)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0135F840FACB48C0" author="TOCHILINA S. V. & VASILENKO L. N." box="[1024,1330,1937,1964]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="149 - 153" refId="ref200515" refString="TOCHILINA S. V. & VASILENKO L. N. 2015. - The biometric analysis for taxonomy of Radiolaria (example of three genera from the subfamily Theopiliinae), in VISHNEVSKAYA V. S. & OLSHANETSKY D. M. (eds), Modern micropaleontology. Proceedings of the XVI All-Russian micropaleontological meeting (Kaliningrad), 2015. 149 - 153. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="2015">Tochilina & Vasilenko 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFAFE5B0075F840FA7248C0" author="TOCHILINA S. V. & VASILENKO L. N." box="[1344,1419,1937,1964]" pageId="110" pageNumber="513" pagination="166 - 175" refId="ref200636" refString="TOCHILINA S. V. & VASILENKO L. N. 2018 b. - Value of biometric analysis for classification of genera Cycladophora, Anthocyrtis, Clathrocyclas, Spuroclathrocyclas and Podocyrtis (type Nassellaria), in ROZHNOV S. V. (ed.), Proceeding of the Paleontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vol. 2018. PIN RAS: 166 - 175. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="2018">2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If this reconstruction could be supported at a species level, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFAFE5B0619F800FC254887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" box="[812,988,2001,2027]" class="Polycystina" family="Anthocyrtididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="110" pageNumber="570" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Anthocyrtididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
would then belong to the same superfam- ily as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05C4FF06FE574F9D" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[241,430,215,241]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or would become synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05B3FF26FEB84E7D" authorityName="Suzuki" authorityYear="2019" box="[134,321,247,273]" class="Polycystina" family="Cycladophoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="571" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Cycladophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The “Living” appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0749FF26FCFE4E7D" box="[636,775,247,273]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0749FF26FCFE4E7D" box="[636,775,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been well documented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A0498FEC6FD7A4E5E" author="SUZUKI N. & NOT F." box="[429,643,279,306]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="179 - 222" refId="ref198324" refString="SUZUKI N. & NOT F. 2015. - Biology and Ecology of Radiolaria, in OHTSUKA S., SUZAKI T., HORIGUCHI T., SUZUKI N. & NOT F. (eds), Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics. Springer Japan: 179 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 55130 - 0 _ 8" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0498FEC6FE0F4E5D" authority="Suzuki & Caulet & Dumitrica, 2021" authorityName="Suzuki & Caulet & Dumitrica" authorityYear="2021" box="[429,502,279,305]" family="Suzuki" pageId="111" pageNumber="571" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Suzuki</taxonomicName>
|
||
& Not 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 8.10.8, 8.10.9, 8.11.21;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A040FFEE6FDDF4E3D" author="ZHANG L. L. & SUZUKI N. & NAKAMURA Y. & TUJI A." box="[314,550,311,337]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref202691" refString="ZHANG L. L., SUZUKI N., NAKAMURA Y. & TUJI A. 2018. - Modern shallow water radiolarians with photosynthetic microbiota in the western North Pacific. Marine Micropaleontology 139: 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marmicro. 2017.10.007" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A04BDFEE9FE454E3D" box="[392,444,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018: 19
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs 7.26, 7.27).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFBFE5A05B1FEA6FEE24EDC" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFBFE5A05B1FEA6FE9C4EE3" blockId="111.[130,778,375,2027]" box="[132,357,375,401]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">VALIDITY OF GENERA</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFBFE5A05B1FE47FEE24EDC" blockId="111.[130,778,375,2027]" box="[132,283,406,432]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05B1FE47FEE24EDC" box="[132,283,406,432]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Cycladophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33E38EEFFFBFE5A05B1FE67FB764CC3" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFBFE5A05B1FE67FE754827" blockId="111.[130,778,375,2027]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A0586FE66FF184EBD" box="[179,225,439,465]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
designation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A04BBFE67FDE04EBC" box="[398,537,438,464]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A04BBFE67FDE04EBC" box="[398,537,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a complex history because three species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0442FE07FD954E9C" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[375,620,470,496]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0442FE07FD954E9C" box="[375,620,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0749FE07FF2A4D7C" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="stiligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0749FE07FF2A4D7C" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora stiligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0425FE27FE004D7C" box="[272,505,502,528]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tabulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0425FE27FE004D7C" box="[272,505,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora tabulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were each selected as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A05B1FDC6FF4B4D5D" box="[132,178,535,561]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species in different publications. The genus name was proposed without any assigned species in 1846. The species name was first applied as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A04A0FD87FDE74D1C" box="[405,542,598,624]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A04A0FD87FDE74D1C" box="[405,542,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0719FD87FD774D1C" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[556,654,598,624]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0719FD87FD774D1C" box="[556,654,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A0789FD87FEC74DFC" author="EHRENBERG C. G." pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="275 - 315" refId="ref176610" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1862. - Uber die Tiefgrund-Verhaltnisse des Oceans am Eingange der Davisstrasse und bei Island. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1861): 275 - 315. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36281746" type="journal article" year="1862">Ehrenberg (1862: 297)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but this is not accepted as the first named species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05DEFD47FE8F4DDC" box="[235,374,662,688]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05DEFD47FE8F4DDC" box="[235,374,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to the Code (ICZN 1999), article 67.2.5 of which states, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A04EAFD67FEF34C63" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A04EAFD67FDA94DA3" box="[479,592,693,720]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="nominal">A nominal</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is deemed not to be originally included if it was doubtfully or conditionally includes
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[...]”. The next applications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A074DFD24FCF04C63" box="[632,777,757,783]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A074DFD24FCF04C63" box="[632,777,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05D5FCC4FE244C43" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[224,477,789,815]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05D5FCC4FE244C43" box="[224,477,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A072DFCC4FCF04C43" box="[536,777,789,815]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tabulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A072DFCC4FCF04C43" box="[536,777,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora tabulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A0596FCE4FE204C23" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[163,473,821,848]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="131 - 399" refId="ref176716" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1873 b. - Mikrogeologische Studien uber das kleinste Leben der Meeres-Tiefgrunde aller Zonen und dessen geologischen Einfluss. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1872): 131 - 399. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30337528" type="journal article" year="1873">Ehrenberg (1873b: 288-289</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2, fig. 11; p. 145, 288- 289, pl. 4, fig. 18 for the latter). Thus, according to ICZN (1999) article 67.2.2, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A04ACFCA4FE3E4CE3" box="[409,455,885,911]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species must be selected from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A05B1FC44FEAE4CC3" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[132,343,917,943]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="131 - 399" refId="ref176716" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1873 b. - Mikrogeologische Studien uber das kleinste Leben der Meeres-Tiefgrunde aller Zonen und dessen geologischen Einfluss. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1872): 131 - 399. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30337528" type="journal article" year="1873">Ehrenberg (1873b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Because Ehrenberg had already placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05B3FC64FF104CA3" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[134,233,949,975]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05B3FC64FF104CA3" box="[134,233,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0409FC64FE3E4CA3" box="[316,455,949,975]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0409FC64FE3E4CA3" box="[316,455,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A04E0FC64FD334CA3" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[469,714,949,975]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A04E0FC64FD334CA3" box="[469,714,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
takes precedence over
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0419FC05FDF74C82" box="[300,526,980,1006]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tabulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0419FC05FDF74C82" box="[300,526,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora tabulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A0766FC04FD794C83" box="[595,640,981,1007]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, even if the first application was questionably assigned. Unfortunately, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A05C2FBC4FEDC4B43" box="[247,293,1045,1071]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0485FBC5FD614B42" box="[432,664,1044,1070]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tabulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0485FBC5FD614B42" box="[432,664,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora tabulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is missing from the Ehrenberg collection. Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A072BFBE5FCFE4B22" box="[542,775,1076,1102]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tabulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A072BFBE5FCFE4B22" box="[542,775,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora tabulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A042AFB84FE384B02" box="[287,449,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">nomen dubium</emphasis>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A0705FB84FDA64B03" box="[560,607,1109,1135]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
designation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05B3FBA5FE894BE2" box="[134,368,1140,1166]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tabulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05B3FBA5FE894BE2" box="[134,368,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora tabulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A04A3FBA4FD744BE2" author="FOREMAN H. P." box="[406,653,1140,1167]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="407 - 474" refId="ref177404" refString="FOREMAN H. P. 1973 b. - Radiolaria of Leg 10 with systematics and ranges for the families Amphipyndacidae, Artostrobiidae and Theoperidae, in WORZEL J. L., BRYANT W. et al. (eds), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 10. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 407 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 10.118.1973" type="book chapter" year="1973">Foreman (1973b: 434)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is unlikely. Unaware of the recommendations of ICZN (1926) article 30:III-q, stating that, all else equal, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A073AFB65FF0C4A61" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">show preference to a species which the author of the genus actually studied at or before the time he</emphasis>
|
||
[sic]
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A041BFB22FE104A61" box="[302,489,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">proposed the genus</emphasis>
|
||
,”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A0735FB22FD484A62" author="CAMPBELL A. S." box="[512,689,1267,1294]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="11 - 195" refId="ref170808" refString="CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1954">Campbell (1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: D132) wrongly designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0452FAC2FDA84A41" box="[359,593,1299,1325]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="stiligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0452FAC2FDA84A41" box="[359,593,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora stiligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A0797FAC5FD284A42" box="[674,721,1300,1326]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05FAFAE2FEA34A21" box="[207,346,1331,1357]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05FAFAE2FEA34A21" box="[207,346,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A045CFAE2FDB34A21" box="[361,586,1331,1357]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="stiligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A045CFAE2FDB34A21" box="[361,586,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora stiligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A05B0FA82FEB34A02" author="EHRENBERG C. G." box="[133,330,1363,1390]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="213 - 263" refId="ref176769" refString="EHRENBERG C. G. 1874. - Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie derWissenschaften zu Berlin (1873): 213 - 263. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35983332" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehrenberg (1874)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and therefore cannot be selected as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A05B3FAA5FF4D4AE2" box="[134,180,1396,1422]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species according toICZN (1999) article 67.2.2, which states, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05E3FA42FE6B4AC1" box="[214,402,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05DEFA45FEAD4AC1" box="[235,340,1427,1453]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="nominal">a nominal</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[...]
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A04F6FA45FD234AC1" box="[451,730,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">was established before 1931</emphasis>
|
||
[...]
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05B1FA62FDA74960" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
without included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A040CFA62FE694AA1" box="[313,400,1459,1485]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="nominal">nominal</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0732FA62FDA74AA1" box="[519,606,1459,1485]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="nominal">nominal</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that were first subsequently and expressively included in it are deemed to be the only originally included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A04F4FA22FDE14961" box="[449,536,1523,1549]" class="Polycystinea" family="Theoperidae" genus="Anthocyrtis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Retaria" rank="species" species="nominal">nominal</taxonomicName>
|
||
species
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.” Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A078DFA22FEC94940" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A078DFA22FEC94940" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only valid
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A04E8F9C2FDF24941" box="[477,523,1555,1581]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0740F9C3FD074940" box="[629,766,1554,1580]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0740F9C3FD074940" box="[629,766,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05AEF9E3FEC24920" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[155,315,1586,1612]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Cyclamptidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05AEF9E3FEC24920" box="[155,315,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cyclamptidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A04E6F9E2FDF84921" box="[467,513,1587,1613]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0740F9E3FCF94920" box="[629,768,1586,1612]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0740F9E3FCF94920" box="[629,768,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A05B1F983FF014900" box="[132,248,1618,1644]" class="Polycystinea" genus="Diplocyclas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Retaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05B1F983FF014900" box="[132,248,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Diplocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0749F983FCF14900" box="[636,776,1618,1644]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0749F983FCF14900" box="[636,776,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A0590F9A0FDC849E0" author="BJORKLUND K. R. & DE RUITER R." box="[165,561,1649,1677]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="271 - 281" refId="ref168557" refString="BJORKLUND K. R. & DE RUITER R. 1987. - Radiolarian preservation in eastern Mediterranean anoxic sediments, in VAN HINTE J. E., CITA M. B. & VAN DER WEIJDEN C. H. (eds), Marine Geology. Vol. 75. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 271 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0025 - 3227 (87) 90109 - 5" type="book chapter" year="1987">BjØrklund & De Ruiter (1987: 274)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549FD5C7FFFBFE5A0759F9A2FD6349E1" box="[620,666,1651,1677]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05B1F943FEC449C0" box="[132,317,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Spuroclathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A047FF943FDE549C0" box="[330,540,1682,1708]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Clathrocyclas" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="semeles">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A047FF943FDE549C0" box="[330,540,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Clathrocyclas semeles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0782F943FF3049A0" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0782F943FF3049A0" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A05D8F963FDF349A1" author="LOMBARI G. & LAZARUS D. B." box="[237,522,1714,1741]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="97 - 135" refId="ref185585" refString="LOMBARI G. & LAZARUS D. B. 1988. - Neogene cycladophorid radiolarians from the North Atlantic, Antarctic, and North Pacific deep-sea sediments. Micropaleontology 34 (2): 97 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485657" type="journal article" year="1988">Lombari & Lazarus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; thus,
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0778F963FCFC49A0" box="[589,773,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Spuroclathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
is potentially a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0494F903FDD24980" box="[417,555,1746,1772]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0494F903FDD24980" box="[417,555,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although this genus was established in 1989, 1 year later than
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A0703F923FF294840" author="LOMBARI G. & LAZARUS D. B." pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="97 - 135" refId="ref185585" refString="LOMBARI G. & LAZARUS D. B. 1988. - Neogene cycladophorid radiolarians from the North Atlantic, Antarctic, and North Pacific deep-sea sediments. Micropaleontology 34 (2): 97 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485657" type="journal article" year="1988">Lombari & Lazarus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Therefore, the taxonomic characters of
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A074FF8C3FF454827" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Spuroclathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
require evaluation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B6B65FFFBFE5A05AEF880FB764CC3" blockId="111.[130,778,375,2027]" lastBlockId="111.[810,1457,215,943]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05AEF880FEA84807" box="[155,337,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Spuroclathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
was defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A04CCF883FD464800" author="POPOVA I. M." box="[505,703,1874,1900]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="68 - 77" refId="ref192852" refString="POPOVA I. M. 1989. - Some new Theopiliidae and its systematic paleontology. Paleontologo-stratigraficheskie issledovaniya Phanerozoya Dal'nego Vostoka: 68 - 77 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1989">Popova (1989: 72)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, translated as “
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A05D6F8A0FB1D4D3C" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
Three-segmented shell with an aperture with peristome. First segment spherical and well differentiated, with two apical cylindrical or side horns as external extensions of the A- and V-rods. On the opposite side to the first and second horns is another horn formed by external extension of the single internal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A001EFF06FAB64F9D" box="[1323,1359,215,241]" class="Polycystina" family="Cannobotryidae" genus="Acrobotrys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="rod">rod</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is rarely preserved.Second segment sometimes designated as a pedestal, sub-cylindrical, slightly wider than the first segment.Third segment bell-shaped. First segment smooth, not separated from the second (pedestal) by a constriction. Sharp constriction with an internal septum between the second and third segments. Third segment swollen. Aperture slightly constricted or as wide as the widest part of the last segment. Inner peristome sometimes bearing apophyses of considerable length. Pores are medium on the first and second segments, and wider and quincuncially distributed on the third segment. Walls of most segments are uniformly thin. Basal spines have large pores and are not always preserved
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A01CCFDE7FA564D3C" box="[1273,1455,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Spuroclathrocyclas</emphasis>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0685FD87FB584D1C" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[944,1185,598,624]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0685FD87FB584D1C" box="[944,1185,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in four ways: bell-shaped abdomen, ambiguous separation between the cephalis and thorax (pedestal), sharp constriction with an internal septum between the thorax and abdomen, and aperture slight constricted. The species best fitting these characters is
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0194FD04FA5F4D83" box="[1185,1446,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">
|
||
Spuroclathrocyclas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A006CFD04FA5F4D83" baseAuthorityName="Popova" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1369,1446,725,751]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="sphaeris">sphaeris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, which is a senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0140FD24FABB4C63" box="[1141,1346,757,783]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="sakaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0140FD24FABB4C63" box="[1141,1346,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora sakaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, based on high-resolution biostratigraphy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB51694FFFBFE5A01D8FCC7FA594C43" author="MOTOYAMA I." box="[1261,1440,789,816]" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" pagination="45 - 63" refId="ref187461" refString="MOTOYAMA I. 1997. - Origin and evolution of Cycladophora davisiana Ehrenberg (Radiolaria) in DSDP Site 192, Northwest Pacific. Marine Micropaleontology 30 (1 - 3): 45 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0377 - 8398 (96) 00047 - 3" type="journal article" year="1997">Motoyama 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this species is the direct ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0180FCE4FA514C23" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[1205,1448,821,847]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0180FCE4FA514C23" box="[1205,1448,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on this analysis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A013BFC84FB0E4C03" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1862" box="[1038,1271,853,879]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="davisiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A013BFC84FB0E4C03" box="[1038,1271,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora davisiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0012FC84FC824CE3" baseAuthorityName="Popova" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="sphaeris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0012FC84FC824CE3" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora sphaeris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should belong to the same genus. Among these genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0619FC44FC8B4CC3" box="[812,882,917,943]" family="Names" pageId="111" pageNumber="410" rank="family">names</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2410E6FFFBFE5A0648FC44FBFC4CC3" box="[893,1029,917,943]" class="Polycystina" family="Theoperidae" genus="Cycladophora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="514" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950B777FFFBFE5A0648FC44FBFC4CC3" box="[893,1029,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="514">Cycladophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the oldest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |