565 lines
66 KiB
XML
565 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791285" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1686dc5c-c0db-4023-a221-56785ba8295e" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163748811" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791285" ID-ZooBank="32D10F5D-7DDA-426F-8CA9-E5538B7F6FD1" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:97405532-D55F-449C-9303-2F8BDFE1137E" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="5" checkinTime="1587964117231" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Heraty, John, Heraty, Joanne & Torréns, Javier" docDate="2009" docId="0389C566FFC37517D2A7FB61388DFD71" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2047.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 20 (20)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@4536a09a" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Pseudochalcura alba Heraty & Heraty & Torréns 2009, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="97405532-D55F-449C-9303-2F8BDFE1137E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="224" masterDocId="FFB0BD1EFFC7751ED22BFFE13A54FFA0" masterDocTitle="A new species of Pseudochalcura (Hymenoptera, Eucharitidae), with a review of antennal morphology from a phylogenetic perspective" masterLastPageNumber="231" masterPageNumber="215" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" updateTime="1643566809719" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new species of Pseudochalcura (Hymenoptera, Eucharitidae), with a review of antennal morphology from a phylogenetic perspective</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Heraty, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Heraty, Joanne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of California, Davis ,,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Torréns, Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>CRILAR-CONICET, La Rioja ,, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-09-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>215</mods:start>
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<mods:end>231</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.20.126</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">1686dc5c-c0db-4023-a221-56785ba8295e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576513</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">32D10F5D-7DDA-426F-8CA9-E5538B7F6FD1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791285" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163748811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791285" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:97405532-D55F-449C-9303-2F8BDFE1137E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0389C566FFC37517D2A7FB61388DFD71" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,961,1152,1249]" box="[140,673,1152,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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<heading box="[140,673,1152,1179]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,673,1152,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName authority="Heraty & Heraty" authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[140,595,1152,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba" status="sp. n.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,385,1152,1179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis box="[140,326,1152,1179]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" reason="1">Pseudochalcura</emphasis>
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alba
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</emphasis>
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Heraty & Heraty
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[608,673,1152,1178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,961,1152,1249]" box="[140,961,1187,1214]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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<uri box="[140,961,1187,1214]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid box="[419,961,1187,1214]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">97405532-D55F-449C-9303-2F8BDFE1137E</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[140,236,1223,1249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,961,1152,1249]" box="[140,236,1223,1249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Figs 1–9</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,1293,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,267,1293,1319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis box="[140,262,1293,1319]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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This is the only species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[568,732,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[568,732,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Pseudochalcura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in which the male has flagellomeres 1–9 each with a long branch, the female has a long branch on flagellomeres 1–7, and both sexes have a 10-segmented flagellum. This species is placed in the
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<emphasis box="[1026,1107,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">condyla</emphasis>
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group of species based on the bare wing veins, sculptured (strigate) gastral sternite
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
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the female, absence of a metatibial spur, and ramose female antenna (to couplet
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
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<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[170,319,1469,1496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" pagination="183 - 212" refId="ref7775" refString="Heraty JM (1986) Pseudochalcura (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): a New World genus of chalcidoids parasitic on ants. Systematic Entomology 11: 183 - 212." type="journal article" year="1986">Heraty 1986</bibRefCitation>
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). No other member of this group has a 12-segmented female antenna or completely ramose male antenna. The closest species is considered to be
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<taxonomicName authority="Heraty" authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolata">
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<emphasis box="[1004,1107,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">P. prolata</emphasis>
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Heraty
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[237,355,1539,1565]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Argentina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Argentina</taxonomicName>
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:
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<collectingRegion box="[370,558,1539,1566]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Chaco Province</collectingRegion>
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), which has the basal 5–7 flagellomeres of the female antenna each with a stout branch, and a maximum of 8–11 antennal segments (male unknown). The basal branch of the female of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[731,833,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolata">
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<emphasis box="[731,833,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">P. prolata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is stouter and 5.4 times as long as the basal length, as compared to 6.2 times in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[767,839,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba">
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<emphasis box="[767,839,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">P. alba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,166,650]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,245,167,193]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" reason="1">Male</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus box="[259,373,167,194]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Holotype</typeStatus>
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). Length
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<quantity box="[477,584,166,193]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="2.35">2.35 mm</quantity>
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. Black with faint metallic luster; scape, pedicel, mandible, petiole, and basal quarter of femora light brown; antennal flagellum and rest of legs white. Wings hyaline, stigma clear.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,166,650]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Head 1.79 times as broad as high (Fig. 4). Posterior ocellar line (POL) 2.8 times lateral ocellar line (LOL); POL 3.3 times ocellar ocular line (OOL). Frons and face irregularly costate (Fig. 4); clypeus and supraclypeal area smooth; genal bridge emarginate behind the mouthparts. Eyes separated by 2.2 times their height. Malar space 1.1 times height of eye, malar depression absent. Apical tooth of mandible long and overlapping opposing genal area. Labrum not observed. Antenna 12-segmented (Fig. 4); scape short and cylindrical, not reaching to median ocellus; all flagellomeres but the last with long branches ranging from 7.4 to 12.3 times as long as basal length, flagellomere branches alternating in origin from the base and slightly flattened; apical flagellomere unbranched and 3.6 times longer than broad; flagellomeres with dense short setae, and multiporous plate sensilla small and recessed into depressions of the antennal wall.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[140,777,1650,1673]" box="[140,777,1650,1673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,238,1650,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Figure Ι.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns, 2009" authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[244,422,1651,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba" status="sp. n.">
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<emphasis box="[244,422,1651,1672]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Pseudochalcura alba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[429,480,1651,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, male
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<typeStatus box="[541,625,1651,1673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">holotype</typeStatus>
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: habitus, lateral.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1108,167,475]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Mesosoma mostly with areolate sculpture, interstices broad with verrucose sculpture (Figs 2, 3, 5). Mesoscutum 2.0 times as broad as long; scutoscutellar sulcus transverse and deeply foveate; scutellar-axillar complex 1.4 times as long as maximum width of scutellum. Propodeal disc slightly rounded with broad alveolate sculpture medially and a few scattered setae dorsally, disc laterally relatively smooth; callus and metapleuron alveolate. Femoral groove deeply impressed. Proepisternum rugulose, becoming smooth apically. Mesocoxa weakly sculptured and lacking a lateral carina; metacoxa mostly smooth, laterally with small scattered pits. Legs stout (Figs 1, 2, 3), metafemur expanded medially, 3.5 times as long as broad; with short sparse appressed setae later-</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1111,1584,1676]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,244,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Figures 2</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[244,259,1584,1610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">–</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[259,279,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">9.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns, 2009" authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[287,467,1587,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba" status="sp. n.">
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<emphasis box="[287,467,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Pseudochalcura alba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[476,530,1588,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[542,555,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">2</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[556,571,1584,1610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">–</emphasis>
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<specimenCount box="[570,636,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" type="male">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[570,583,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">5</emphasis>
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male
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</specimenCount>
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<typeStatus box="[644,728,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[739,752,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">2</emphasis>
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lateral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[901,914,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">3</emphasis>
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mesosoma, lateral
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1097,1110,1587,1609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">4</emphasis>
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head, frontal
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[267,280,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">5</emphasis>
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mesosoma, dorsal
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[459,472,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">6</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[472,487,1619,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">–</emphasis>
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<specimenCount box="[487,568,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" type="female">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[487,500,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">9</emphasis>
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female
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</specimenCount>
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<typeStatus box="[576,658,1623,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">paratype</typeStatus>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[668,681,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">6</emphasis>
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antenna, lateral
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,853,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">7</emphasis>
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head, frontal
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[987,1000,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">8</emphasis>
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mesosoma, dorsal
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[201,214,1654,1676]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">9</emphasis>
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habitus, lateral. Inset is magnification of mesoscutal sidelobe.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">ally; metatibia with sparse semi-erect setae dorsally and dense appressed setae ventrally; metatibial spur absent. Forewing 1.9 times as long as broad; costal cell 0.31 times as long as wing, without setae; submarginal vein and basal area of wing bare; wing veins clear and difficult to discern beyond submarginal vein, stigma elongate oval and about 4 times as long as broad; disc of wing with microsetae ventrally. Hind wing broad and apically rounded, 3.4 times as long as broad.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
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Petiole 2.7 times as long as broad in lateral view, 1.6 times as long as metacoxa (Fig. 3); very slightly curved in profile; bare with fine granulate sculpture. Gaster globose, first tergite (Gt
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<subScript attach="left" box="[309,318,467,481]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">1</subScript>
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) 1.7 times as long as broad, smooth with few short setae dorsally; first gastral sternite smooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,269,519,545]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" reason="1">Female</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus box="[284,386,519,545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Paratype</typeStatus>
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; differences from male). Length
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<quantity box="[752,861,519,545]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.72" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" unit="mm" value="3.72">3.72 mm</quantity>
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. Dark brown to black with faint metallic luster; antenna, mandible, petiole and basal two thirds of femora brown; rest of legs light brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Head 1.7 times as broad as high (Fig. 6). POL 2.5 times LOL; POL 2.8 times OOL. Frons and face finely costate (Fig. 7); clypeus smooth, supraclypeal area lightly costate. Eyes separated by 2.0 times their height. Malar space 0.77 times height of eye. Basal 7 flagellomeres with long branches ranging from 6.2 to 1.4 times as long as basal length (Fig. 6), flagellomere branches arranged linearly along flagellar axis, branches cylindrical; flagellomeres 8 and 9 lobate and with terminal segment forming a loose 3-segmented clava.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Mesosoma with areolate sculpture, interstices narrow and smooth (Figs 8, 9, and inset). Mesoscutum 2.1 times as broad as long; scutellar-axillar complex 1.1 times as long as maximum width of scutellum. Propodeal disc flat with broad alveolate sculpture medially, disc laterally areolate (Fig. 9). Metafemur 3.4 times as long as broad. Forewing 2.1 times as long as broad; costal cell 0.31 times as long as wing. Hind wing 3.4 times as long as broad.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
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Petiole 1.8 times as long as broad, 1.0 times as long as metacoxa; curved in profile, sculpture granulate with weak irregular carinae laterally. Gaster globose (Fig. 9), first tergite (Gt
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<subScript attach="left" box="[262,271,1171,1185]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">1</subScript>
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) 1.4 times as long as broad, smooth with few short setae dorsally; first gastral sternite longitudinally strigate with broad median keel. Hypopygium with two bristles. Ovipositor acicular.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[185,1089,1258,1284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" box="[185,1089,1258,1284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,320,1258,1284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
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<emphasis box="[185,315,1258,1284]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" reason="1">Etymology</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Named for the white antenna and light-colored petiole of the male.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608819373" collectingDate="2007-03-10" collectionCode="UCRC" collectorName="J. and J. Heraty" elevation="64512" latitude="-28.158054" location="Lavalle" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-64.92694" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" specimenCode="ENT 161499" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Santiago del Estero" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,306,1293,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,301,1293,1319]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" reason="1">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[185,301,1293,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[316,432,1293,1319]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Argentina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[444,776,1293,1320]" country="Argentina" name="Santiago del Estero" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Santiago del Estero Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, E of
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0389C566FFC37517D2A7FB61388DFD71:8EFF22ABFFC07519D17AFAEC39F7FA87" box="[849,931,1293,1319]" latitude="-28.158054" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-64.92694" name="Lavalle" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" stateProvince="Santiago del Estero">Lavalle</location>
|
||
, RN
|
||
<quantity box="[989,1103,1293,1320]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4512" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="64512.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[989,1103,1293,1320]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4512" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="64512.0">64, 512m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[140,270,1328,1354]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="09" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" precision="15" seconds="29" value="-28.158054">28°09’29”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[280,424,1328,1355]" degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" precision="15" seconds="37" value="-64.92694">64°55’37”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[439,573,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" value="2007-03-10">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[439,573,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" value="2007-03-10">10.III.2007</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[589,777,1328,1355]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">J. and J. Heraty</collectorName>
|
||
, chaco vegetation H07-004,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[140,221,1364,1390]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" type="University or college">UCRC</collectionCode>
|
||
_
|
||
<specimenCode box="[237,394,1363,1390]" collectionCode="UCRC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" type="University or college">ENT 161499</specimenCode>
|
||
; deposited in UCR
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus box="[630,731,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[742,858,1363,1389]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Argentina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[870,994,1364,1390]" country="Argentina" name="Catamarca" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Catamarca</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Punta de Balasto,
|
||
<quantity box="[236,321,1399,1425]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[332,491,1398,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" value="1995-01-25" valueMax="1995-01-26" valueMin="1995-01-25">25–26.I.1995</date>
|
||
, P. Fidalgo,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[627,708,1399,1425]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m2jc-wmeq" name="University of California, Riverside" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" type="University or college">UCRC</collectionCode>
|
||
_
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[724,862,1399,1425]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/ENT91260" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">ENT 91260</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount box="[881,978,1399,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[990,1064,1399,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">IFML</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,421,1519,1546]" box="[140,421,1519,1546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,421,1519,1546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Phylogenetic Results</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,1575,1672]" lastBlockId="8.[140,1109,167,1672]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
|
||
Only two genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Clausen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[413,499,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stilbula</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,637,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[645,791,1575,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" pagination="1 - 359" refId="ref7805" refString="Heraty JM (2002) A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68: 1 - 359." type="journal article" year="2002">Heraty 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were not included in these analyses.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="2002" box="[243,365,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Neostilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,365,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Neostilbula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[378,514,1610,1637]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
) is now considered as a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Heraty" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[947,1044,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Eucharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucharis</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade in the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[210,337,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eucharitini">Eucharitini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Heraty unpublished). Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" box="[751,882,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Striostilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[751,882,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Striostilbula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[895,998,1645,1672]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) were not available for molecular analysis, although its placement in the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Clausen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[857,943,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stilbula</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade is based on weak morphological support and its inclusion is suspect (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[819,969,202,228]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 359" refId="ref7805" refString="Heraty JM (2002) A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68: 1 - 359." type="journal article" year="2002">Heraty 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Parsimony analysis of the 7 genera in the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Clausen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[500,586,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stilbula</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade resulted in a single tree (247 steps, r.i. 0.88;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[206,290,272,298]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). Successive approximations weighting generated the same tree, suggesting the data provide stable results (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter J" box="[541,729,308,334]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref7589" refString="Carpenter J (1988) Choosing among multiple equally parsimonious cladograms. Cladistics 4: 291 - 296." type="journal article" year="1988">Carpenter 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Bootstrap support was high for most nodes across the tree. The RAxML results provided nearly the same tree topology, but with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Heraty" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[245,364,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbuloida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[245,364,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Stilbuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister group to the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Clausen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[705,791,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stilbula</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade; however the RAxML bootstrap results supported a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Heraty" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[657,776,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbuloida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[657,776,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Stilbuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Clausen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[814,899,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,899,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Stilbula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(100%;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1007,1094,413,439]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). The RAxML results also placed
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Provancher" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[498,603,448,474]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,603,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister group to the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Howard" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[851,989,449,474]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,989,449,474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, but with almost no bootstrap support (52% as compared to 51% for the placement on the parsimony tree (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[324,408,519,545]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). For
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[475,639,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[475,639,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the results presented in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[921,1001,519,545]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
are more concordant with the morphology-based phylogeny presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[870,1037,554,581]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="183 - 212" refId="ref7775" refString="Heraty JM (1986) Pseudochalcura (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): a New World genus of chalcidoids parasitic on ants. Systematic Entomology 11: 183 - 212." type="journal article" year="1986">Heraty (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Relationships within and among the other genera were the same in both results (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[997,1081,589,615]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1109,167,1672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">
|
||
Two groups occur within the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Clausen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[538,624,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stilbula</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[712,800,624,650]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
): (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,852,624,650]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">A</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[872,997,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Leurocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,997,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Leurocharis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Australian),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" box="[198,319,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Substilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,319,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Substilbula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Australian),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Indoaustralian)" baseAuthorityName="Indoaustralian" box="[473,820,659,686]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Rhipipalloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[473,631,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Rhipipalloidea</emphasis>
|
||
(Indoaustralian)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[874,1038,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[874,1038,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(New World); weak parsimony bootstrap support (52%), but strong RAxML bootstrap support (99%); and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[343,362,730,756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">B</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Heraty" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[378,497,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbuloida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[378,497,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Stilbuloida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Australian),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Old World)" baseAuthorityName="Old World" box="[654,893,730,757]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[654,739,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Stilbula</emphasis>
|
||
(Old World)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1985" box="[905,975,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Obeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[905,975,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Obeza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Lophyrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Lophyrocera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(both New World); strong parsimony bootstrap support (100%) but not monophyletic in RAxML. Genera in group B all share a bare callar region on the mesosoma, and usually have strong transverse carinae on the lower face. Sister group relationships between
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[240,398,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Rhipipalloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[240,398,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Rhipipalloidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[427,591,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,591,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1884" box="[648,778,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Lophyrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,778,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Lophyrocera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1985" box="[807,877,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Obeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[807,877,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Obeza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been proposed based on both morphological and molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[718,869,906,932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 359" refId="ref7805" refString="Heraty JM (2002) A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68: 1 - 359." type="journal article" year="2002">Heraty 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty J & Hawks D & Kostecki JS & Carmichael A" box="[881,1095,906,932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="544 - 559" refId="ref7872" refString="Heraty J, Hawks D, Kostecki JS, Carmichael A (2004) Phylogeny and behaviour of the Gollumiellinae, a new subfamily of the ant-parasitic Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematic Entomology 29: 544 - 559." type="journal article" year="2004">Heraty et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,298,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Rhipipalloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,298,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Rhipipalloidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[359,513,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalura</emphasis>
|
||
have the postgenae or hypostomae forming a complete bridge posterior to the mandibles in association with a reduction of the maxillary complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[249,398,1012,1038]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 359" refId="ref7805" refString="Heraty JM (2002) A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68: 1 - 359." type="journal article" year="2002">Heraty 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1985" box="[629,699,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Obeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[629,699,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Obeza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1884" box="[753,883,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Lophyrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[753,883,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Lophyrocera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share strong projections on the propodeum and callus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[551,701,1047,1073]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 359" refId="ref7805" refString="Heraty JM (2002) A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68: 1 - 359." type="journal article" year="2002">Heraty 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on morphology,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[982,1107,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Leurocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[982,1107,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Leurocharis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was treated as either a sister group to all of these genera when monophyletic, or exclud- ed when paraphyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[396,547,1117,1143]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 359" refId="ref7805" refString="Heraty JM (2002) A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68: 1 - 359." type="journal article" year="2002">Heraty 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subsequent analyses of an even larger molecular data set consistently put all of these
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[555,641,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Stilbula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stilbula</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade genera together in a monophyletic group (Heraty unpublished).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1109,167,1672]" lastBlockId="9.[140,1108,167,721]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">
|
||
The new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[387,462,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis box="[387,462,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is placed together with
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Heraty" authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[751,943,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[751,855,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. prolata</emphasis>
|
||
Heraty
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[961,1046,1223,1249]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
, grey box).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[208,458,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[208,458,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalcura prolata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[638,803,1258,1285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="183 - 212" refId="ref7775" refString="Heraty JM (1986) Pseudochalcura (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): a New World genus of chalcidoids parasitic on ants. Systematic Entomology 11: 183 - 212." type="journal article" year="1986">Heraty (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with two other species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Heraty" authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="condylus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. condylus</emphasis>
|
||
Heraty
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Heraty" authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1985" box="[382,619,1293,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[382,529,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. sculpturata</emphasis>
|
||
Heraty
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the prolata species group based on six synapomorphies, including males having 7 basal rami on the antennal flagellomeres, the first gastral sternite striate, and lack of a metatibial spur, which are all features shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[278,351,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis box="[278,351,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[366,585,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis box="[366,585,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalcura alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only male with rami on all flagellar segments, including an elongation of the terminal segment (Fig. 4). Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty & Heraty & Torréns" authorityYear="2009" box="[1026,1100,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1026,1100,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,294,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1985" box="[140,290,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">P. sculpturata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[356,459,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,459,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. prolata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have at least the basal flagellomeres ramose (Figs 6, 14,
|
||
<quantity box="[140,186,1504,1530]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" unit="g" value="23.0">23g</quantity>
|
||
). Females of all other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[557,721,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[557,721,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have either cylindrical or at most dorsally serrate antennae (Figs 10, 12,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[579,669,1539,1566]" degrees="16, 23" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" precision="555" value="16.23">16, 23e</geoCoordinate>
|
||
). Based on the lack of costal cell setae,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[140,230,1575,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauca">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,230,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. pauca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was treated as a potential sister group of the prolata group, but it has serrate, not ramose, antennae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[400,490,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Fig. 23f</figureCitation>
|
||
); the male is unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[772,923,1610,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" pagination="183 - 212" refId="ref7775" refString="Heraty JM (1986) Pseudochalcura (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): a New World genus of chalcidoids parasitic on ants. Systematic Entomology 11: 183 - 212." type="journal article" year="1986">Heraty 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Provancher" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">Pseudochalcura gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Heraty" authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[369,572,1646,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septuosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[369,484,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. septuosa</emphasis>
|
||
Heraty
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Heraty" authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[634,795,1646,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[634,707,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="223">P. atra</emphasis>
|
||
Heraty
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was proposed as the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heraty" authorityYear="1986" box="[244,333,167,192]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauca">
|
||
<emphasis box="[244,333,167,192]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">P. pauca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ the prolata group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heraty JM" box="[571,720,167,194]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="183 - 212" refId="ref7775" refString="Heraty JM (1986) Pseudochalcura (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): a New World genus of chalcidoids parasitic on ants. Systematic Entomology 11: 183 - 212." type="journal article" year="1986">Heraty 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is consistent with the current results (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[282,367,202,228]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Howard" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[539,679,203,228]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[539,679,203,228]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">P. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade herein and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Provancher" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[884,989,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[884,989,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">P. gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have only the basal 4–6 flagellomeres ramose (Figs 11, 13). Based on the phylogenetic hypothesis presented in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[290,375,272,298]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="12.[140,212,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[148,1098,178,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[141,1106,161,1413]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 23. Most parsimonious tree of the Stilbula clade based on analysis of 18S and 28S (247 steps, r.i. 0.88); same tree recovered from RAxML likelihood analysis. Values below branches are bootstrap scores based on parsimony (1000 reps) and RAxML rbs search (200 reps). The prolata species group is shaded. Antennae (species either included or representative of taxa):a, Pseudometagea schwarzii; b, Leurocharis serricornis; c, Substilbula bidentata; d, Rhipipalloidea mira; e, Pseudochalcura gibbosa; f, Pseudochalcura pauca; g, P.sculpturata; h, Stilbuloida doddi; i, Stilbula polyrachicidia; j, Obeza floridana; k, Lophyrocera apicalis (figures redrawn from Heraty 1986, 2002). Red line is development of dorsal rami on female antenna; blue line is development of dorsal rami on male antenna. Clades A and B marked.Species names are followed by country codes and DNA voucher number (see Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767608/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
, in males, a flagellum bearing 4–6 basal rami originating along the dorsal midline is considered plesiomorphic for the genus (Figs 11, 13), whereas a flagellum with 7–9 rami, with an alternating origin along the midline (Figs 4, 15, 17, 18) is apomorphic within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[436,600,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Pseudochalcura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[436,600,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Pseudochalcura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,167,721]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[315,473,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Rhipipalloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[315,473,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Rhipipalloidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[545,644,413,439]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
have either simple cylindrical flagellomeres as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Girault)" baseAuthorityName="Girault" box="[259,484,448,475]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Rhipipalloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gruberi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[259,372,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">R. gruberi</emphasis>
|
||
(Girault)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 19), dorsally serrate flagellomeres as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Girault)" baseAuthorityName="Girault" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Rhipipalloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mira">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1021,1108,449,474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">R. mira</emphasis>
|
||
(Girault)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 20), or completely ramose flagellomeres as in several undescribed species from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[254,347,519,545]" name="Malaysia" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Fig. 21),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[472,573,519,545]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[682,813,519,545]" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
. One undescribed species from Mudigere (western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[426,487,554,581]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
) has dorsally serrate flagellomeres. Males of all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[172,330,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Rhipipalloidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[172,330,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Rhipipalloidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have long dorsal rami on flagellomeres 1–7 (Figs. 22, 23d). Female rami always originate along the midline, whereas male rami have alternating sites of origin. Thus the range of antennal morphology in these Australasian species parallels the diversity found in their New World sister group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |