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<mods:title id="8A4F88992448C1659275EBAB67B446E4">New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03871B11FFA73E5CFCE5FD1CFC5FFDD1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6138235" ID-GBIF-Taxon="146019601" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6138235" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03871B11FFA73E5CFCE5FD1CFC5FFDD1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03871B11FFA73E5CFCE5FD1CFC5FFDD1" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">
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<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA73E5EFCE5FD1CFBCCFD6B" blockId="12.[809,1110,675,697]" box="[809,1110,675,697]" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA73E5EFCE5FD1CFBCCFD6B" ID-CoL="7NMTS" authority="Ludwig, 1875" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[809,1110,675,697]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA73E5EFCE5FD1CFC5DFD6A" bold="true" box="[809,967,675,696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
Ludwig, 1875
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA73E5EFC83FD71FBBCFCC4" blockId="12.[809,1441,718,790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA73E5EFC83FD71FB15FD33" ID-CoL="7NMTS" authority="Ludwig, 1875: 91" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityPageNumber="91" authorityYear="1875" box="[847,1167,718,737]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA73E5EFC83FD71FC4DFD33" box="[847,983,718,737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
Ludwig, 1875: 91
</taxonomicName>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA73E5EFB66FD71FA84FD33" author="Theel, H." box="[1194,1310,718,737]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 290" part="14" refId="ref11660" refString="Theel, H. 1886. Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 14 (39): 1 - 290, 16 pls." title="Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger" type="journal article" year="1886">Théel, 1886</bibRefCitation>
: 125.—
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA73E5EFAA7FD71FC00FD29" author="Clark, H. L." journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 567" part="566" refId="ref10141" refString="Clark, H. L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1 - 567." title="The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin" type="journal article" year="1946">H. L. Clark, 1946</bibRefCitation>
: 402403.—
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA73E5EFBC3FD57FA96FD29" author="Heding, S. G. &amp; Panning, A." bookContentInfo="209 pp." box="[1039,1292,744,763]" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" refId="ref10511" refString="Heding, S. G. and Panning, A. 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 209 pp." title="Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen" type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning, 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 7072.—
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA73E5EFAA7FD57FC6EFCC4" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Rowe, F. W. E." bookContentInfo="238 pp." journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Publication 690" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" pagination="171 - 210" refId="ref10005" refString="Clark, A. M. and Rowe, F. W. E. 1971. Holothurioidea. Pp. 171 - 210. In: Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Publication 690. 238 pp., 31 pls." title="Holothurioidea. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms" year="1971">A. M. Clark and Rowe, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 204.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA73E5EFF40F8A2FAF0F8B7" blockId="12.[140,1440,1821,1893]" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">
Figure 9. Photos of live and preserved specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA73E5EFDA0F8A2FC14F8E2" ID-CoL="585NG" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName="P. Mark OLoughlin &amp; Melanie Mackenzie &amp; Didier Vandenspiegel" authorityYear="2014" box="[620,910,1821,1840]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Triasemperia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA73E5EFDA0F8A2FD73F8E2" bold="true" box="[620,745,1821,1840]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">Triasemperia</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA73E5EFD3DF8A2FC84F8E2" bold="true" box="[753,798,1821,1840]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">stola</emphasis>
OLoughlin
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A, lateral view of live holotype specimen (mouth right; NMV F174889); B, lateral view of preserved holotype (mouth right, lateral view width 45 mm); C, lateral view of preserved paratype (mouth right, lateral view width 50 mm, NMV F204088); D, photo of the calcareous ring of the holotype; insert with sketch of the calcareous ring.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA63E5FFF75FF57FF7EFF28" box="[185,228,232,250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFEF7FF58FD12FF28" ID-CoL="9TSG" authority="Ludwig, 1875" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[315,648,231,250]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFEF7FF58FD99FF28" box="[315,515,231,250]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Actinocucumis typica</emphasis>
Ludwig, 1875
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA63E5FFD5AFF58FD24FF28" box="[662,702,231,250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
locality
<collectingRegion id="49EA64E5FFA63E5FFF5FFEBEFE9BFEC6" box="[147,257,257,276]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Queensland</collectingRegion>
, Bowen, 20°S 148°E)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFF75FEA3FE73FEFD" box="[185,489,284,303]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
Other species and
<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA63E5FFEABFEA3FE14FEFC" box="[359,398,284,302]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
localities
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFE3AFEA3FEA2FE9B" authority="Liao and Pawson, 2001" authorityName="Liao and Pawson" authorityYear="2001" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFE3AFEA3FD40FEFD" box="[502,730,284,303]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Actinocucumis chinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFD2DFEA3FEA2FE9B" author="Liao, Y. &amp; Pawson, D. L." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" pagination="58 - 90" part="114" refId="ref10639" refString="Liao, Y. and Pawson, D. L. 2001. Dendrochirote and dactylochirote sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of China, with descriptions of eight new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (1): 58 - 90." title="Dendrochirote and dactylochirote sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of China, with descriptions of eight new species" type="journal article" year="2001">Liao and Pawson, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(off
<collectingRegion id="49EA64E5FFA63E5FFEA8FE89FE33FE9B" box="[356,425,310,329]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Hainan</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8EF1FCDCFFA63E5FFE7EFE89FDD6FE9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03871B11FFA73E5CFCE5FD1CFC5FFDD1:8EF1FCDCFFA63E5FFE7EFE89FDD6FE9B" box="[434,588,310,329]" country="China" name="South China Sea" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" stateProvince="Hainan">
South
<collectingCountry id="F339EA97FFA63E5FFE20FE89FDB9FE9B" box="[492,547,310,329]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">China</collectingCountry>
Sea
</location>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFD97FE89FF5CFEB1" authority="(Heding, 1934)" authorityName="Heding" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Heding" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cornus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFD97FE89FD2EFE9A" box="[603,692,310,329]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. cornus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFD0CFE89FF5AFEB1" author="Heding, S. G." journalOrPublisher="The Hong Kong Naturalist. Supplement" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" pagination="15 - 25" part="3" refId="ref10477" refString="Heding, S. G. 1934. On some holothurians from Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Naturalist. Supplement 3: 15 - 25, 5 figs, pl. 9." title="On some holothurians from Hong Kong" type="journal article" year="1934">Heding, 1934</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(Hong Kong);
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFE98FEEFFD85FEB1" authority="Bell, 1884" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1884" box="[340,543,336,355]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFE98FEEFFE20FEB1" box="[340,442,336,355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. difficilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFE0DFEEFFD85FEB1" author="Bell, F. J." box="[449,543,336,355]" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis: London" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" pagination="117 - 177" refId="ref9841" refString="Bell, F. J. 1884. Echinodermata. Pp. 117 - 177, pls 8 - 18 in, Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. Alert 1881 - 2. Taylor and Francis: London." title="Echinodermata" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. Alert 1881 - 2" year="1884">Bell, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Torres Strait, north-east Australia);
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFF35FED4FE7EFEAF" authority="Clark, 1938" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[249,484,362,382]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipedes">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFF35FED4FEEFFEAF" box="[249,373,362,382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. longipedes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFEB6FED5FE7EFEAF" author="Clark, H. L." box="[378,484,362,381]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 596" part="55" refId="ref10097" refString="Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1 - 596, 28 pls, 63 figs." title="Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932" type="journal article" year="1938">Clark, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Broome, north-west Australia);
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFF5FFE3AFE68FE4A" authority="(Sluiter, 1914) (Indonesia)" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1914" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[147,498,389,408]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFF5FFE3AFF6CFE4A" box="[147,246,389,408]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. simplex</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFECAFE3AFEE1FE4A" author="Sluiter, C. P." box="[262,379,389,408]" journalOrPublisher="Buitensorg Contribution Faune Indes Neerlandaiises" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 28" part="1" refId="ref11536" refString="Sluiter, C. P. 1914. Die von Dr. P. N. van Kampen, wahrend seiner Fahrten mit dem Reglierungsdampfer Gier 1906 - 1909, im Indischen Archipel gesammelten Holothurien. Buitensorg Contribution Faune Indes Neerlandaiises 1 (1): 1 - 28, 1 pl." title="Die von Dr. P. N. van Kampen, wahrend seiner Fahrten mit dem Reglierungsdampfer Gier 1906 - 1909, im Indischen Archipel gesammelten Holothurien" type="journal article" year="1914">Sluiter, 1914</bibRefCitation>
) (Indonesia)
</taxonomicName>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B46A05AFFA63E5FFE33FE3AFD26FE60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1851456552" country="Australia" location="King George River" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFE33FE3AFD72FE4A" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName="P. Mark OLoughlin &amp; Melanie Mackenzie &amp; Didier Vandenspiegel" authorityYear="2014" box="[511,744,389,408]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solanderi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFE33FE3AFDEEFE4A" box="[511,628,389,408]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. solanderi</emphasis>
OLoughlin
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269CB6EFFA63E5FFD3DFE3AFF20FE60" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(off
<location id="8EF1FCDCFFA63E5FFF28FE20FE09FE60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03871B11FFA73E5CFCE5FD1CFC5FFDD1:8EF1FCDCFFA63E5FFF28FE20FE09FE60" box="[228,403,415,434]" country="Australia" name="King George River" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">King George River</location>
, northern
<collectingCountry id="F339EA97FFA63E5FFE3CFE20FDDEFE60" box="[496,580,415,434]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Australia</collectingCountry>
) (see below).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334F98CFFA63E5CFF5FFE76FC5FFDD1" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA63E5FFF5FFE76FE0BFDBD" blockId="13.[147,778,457,624]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFF5FFE76FF76FE0C" box="[147,236,457,478]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFECBFE76FDDDFE0D" author="Heding, S. G. &amp; Panning, A." bookContentInfo="209 pp." box="[263,583,457,479]" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" refId="ref10511" refString="Heding, S. G. and Panning, A. 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 209 pp." title="Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen" type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
listed numerous synonymies for
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFEFFFE58FD94FE2E" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[307,526,487,508]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFEFFFE58FD94FE2E" box="[307,526,487,508]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Actinocucumis typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with lengthy discussion. We have not examined the relevant
<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA63E5FFDCFFDBBFDB5FDCB" box="[515,559,516,537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
specimens but based on the figures and descriptions in the literature, and on our
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFF5FFD81FE8EFD81" box="[147,276,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">sensu stricto</emphasis>
diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFE56FD82FE6FFD81" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[410,501,573,595]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFE56FD82FE6FFD81" box="[410,501,573,595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
below, we raise all of these species out of synonymy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA63E5FFC9BFF57FB6BFDE0" blockId="13.[817,1448,232,624]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
We note that in discussing their synonymies
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFAE3FF57FC4EFECE" author="Heding, S. G. &amp; Panning, A." bookContentInfo="209 pp." journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" refId="ref10511" refString="Heding, S. G. and Panning, A. 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 209 pp." title="Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen" type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
observed in their slide preparations from
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFCFDFE99FB89FEE9" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[817,1043,294,315]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFCFDFE99FB89FEE9" box="[817,1043,294,315]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Actinocucumis typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFB87FE99FAAEFEE9" box="[1099,1332,294,315]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cornus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFB87FE99FAAEFEE9" box="[1099,1332,294,315]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Actinocucumis cornus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens small elongate plates with two long mid-plate perforations and two small distal ones. This form of ossicle was illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFCFDFE3DFC64FE4A" author="Clark, H. L." box="[817,1022,386,408]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 596" part="55" refId="ref10097" refString="Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1 - 596, 28 pls, 63 figs." title="Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932" type="journal article" year="1938">H. L. Clark (1938)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFBF8FE3DFADCFE45" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[1076,1350,386,407]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipedes">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFBF8FE3DFADCFE45" box="[1076,1350,386,407]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Actinocucumis longipedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ludwig (1875) did not illustrate this form of ossicle and we have never observed such ossicles in our preparations from specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFCFDFE60FC0EFE26" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[817,916,479,500]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFCFDFE60FC0EFE26" box="[817,916,479,500]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the region of the type locality and across northern Australia. It appears to us that Heding and Panning were not examining specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFB42FDA2FB71FDE0" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[1166,1259,541,562]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFB42FDA2FB71FDE0" box="[1166,1259,541,562]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA63E5CFC9BFD83FC9BFE5C" blockId="13.[817,1448,232,624]" lastBlockId="14.[140,771,232,1905]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
Two ossicles are drawn for
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFBA2FD83FC43FDBD" authority="in Clark and Rowe (1971" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFBA2FD83FAD7FD83" box="[1134,1357,572,593]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Actinocucumis typica</emphasis>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA63E5FFAA3FD84FC43FDBD" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Rowe, F. W. E." bookContentInfo="238 pp." journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Publication 690" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" pagination="171 - 210" refId="ref10005" refString="Clark, A. M. and Rowe, F. W. E. 1971. Holothurioidea. Pp. 171 - 210. In: Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Publication 690. 238 pp., 31 pls." title="Holothurioidea. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms" year="1971">Clark and Rowe (1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; fig. 95 e and e). We have seen only the left hand side form (e) in the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFDD2FF57FDE1FF2F" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" box="[542,635,232,253]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFDD2FF57FDE1FF2F" box="[542,635,232,253]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we have examined, and this is the only form in the original description by Ludwig (1875). The right hand side form (e) appears to be typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF35FE80FD90FE81" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[249,522,318,340]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipedes">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF35FE80FD90FE81" box="[249,522,318,340]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis longipedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and was referred to by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFF40FEE4FE2CFEA3" author="Heding, S. G. &amp; Panning, A." bookContentInfo="209 pp." box="[140,438,347,369]" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" refId="ref10511" refString="Heding, S. G. and Panning, A. 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 209 pp." title="Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen" type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
above. The two ossicle forms appear to have been drawn from a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFDA3FEC6FD60FE5F" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[623,762,376,398]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipedes">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFDA3FEC6FD60FE5F" box="[623,762,376,398]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. longipedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF51FA8FFFA63E5FFF5FF896FEDAF8A2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1298047/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" startId="13.[147,207,1833,1852]" targetBox="[147,1447,684,1813]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA63E5FFF5FF896FEDAF8A2" blockId="13.[147,1448,1832,1904]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
Figure 10. SEM images of ossicles from the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA63E5FFD44F896FC3BF8EE" authority="O'Loughin" authorityName="P. Mark OLoughlin &amp; Melanie Mackenzie &amp; Didier Vandenspiegel" authorityYear="2014" box="[648,929,1832,1852]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Triasemperia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFD44F896FCA3F8E9" bold="true" box="[648,825,1832,1852]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Triasemperia stola</emphasis>
OLoughin
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269CB6EFFA63E5FFC6AF896FC70F8EE" box="[934,1002,1833,1852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(NMV F174889). A, mid-dorsal body wall tables, spires with 3 pillars (scale bars 20
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFE02F8FCFE41F887" box="[462,475,1859,1877]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">µ</emphasis>
m); B, peri-anal body wall tables (scale bars 20
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFC40F8FCFC03F887" box="[908,921,1859,1877]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">µ</emphasis>
m); C, tube foot tables (scale bars 20
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFB25F8FCFB6CF887" box="[1257,1270,1859,1877]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">µ</emphasis>
m); D, tentacle rods (scale bars 20
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA63E5FFED9F8E2FEB8F8BD" box="[277,290,1885,1903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">µ</emphasis>
m).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA53E5CFF7EFE29FEAEFD41" blockId="14.[140,771,232,1905]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
We note that the
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFEBDFE2AFDF2FE7E" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Rowe, F. W. E." bookContentInfo="238 pp." box="[369,616,405,428]" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Publication 690" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="171 - 210" refId="ref10005" refString="Clark, A. M. and Rowe, F. W. E. 1971. Holothurioidea. Pp. 171 - 210. In: Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Publication 690. 238 pp., 31 pls." title="Holothurioidea. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms" year="1971">Clark and Rowe (1971)</bibRefCitation>
illustration of ossicles from
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFED3FE0CFEE5FE1A" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" box="[287,383,435,456]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFED3FE0CFEE5FE1A" box="[287,383,435,456]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pl. 30 fig. 4) is in fact from a
<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA53E5CFD1AFE0CFC99FE1A" box="[726,771,435,456]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFEDFFE6FFDA0FE37" authority="Bell" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1884" box="[275,570,463,485]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFEDFFE6FFD9DFE36" box="[275,519,463,485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis difficilis</emphasis>
Bell
</taxonomicName>
that was judged to be a con-specific with
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFEBBFE52FE4FFDD0" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" box="[375,469,493,514]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFEBBFE52FE4FFDD0" box="[375,469,493,514]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ossicles appear to us to exemplify
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF35FDB5FECFFDCD" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" box="[249,341,522,543]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF35FDB5FECFFDCD" box="[249,341,522,543]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that adds weight to the probability of a synonymy (NHMUK
<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA53E5CFE6FFD98FE4AFDEE" box="[419,464,551,572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
information confirmed by Andrew Cabrinovic). There are no small elongate plates with two long mid-plate perforations and two small distal ones in this preparation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA53E5CFF7EFD25FDBFFBDE" blockId="14.[140,771,232,1905]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
The single
<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA53E5CFED2FD24FED1FD62" box="[286,331,667,688]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F339EA97FFA53E5CFE25FD24FDC6FD62" box="[489,604,667,688]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFDB5FD25FEFBFD1E" authority="Heding, 1934" authorityName="Heding" authorityYear="1934" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Phyllophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cornus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFDB5FD25FF49FD1F" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Phyllophorus cornus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFF14FD08FEFBFD1E" author="Heding, S. G." box="[216,353,695,717]" journalOrPublisher="The Hong Kong Naturalist. Supplement" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="15 - 25" part="3" refId="ref10477" refString="Heding, S. G. 1934. On some holothurians from Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Naturalist. Supplement 3: 15 - 25, 5 figs, pl. 9." title="On some holothurians from Hong Kong" type="journal article" year="1934">Heding, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has tube feet all over the body, five inner tentacles and 15 outer, and five anal teeth. Ossicles from the
<typeStatus id="549514A5FFA53E5CFF40FD4DFF23FCD5" box="[140,185,754,775]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF16FD4EFE25FCD5" box="[218,447,753,775]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cornus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF16FD4EFE25FCD5" box="[218,447,753,775]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis cornus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were used for the illustration in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFF40FCB1FE76FCF6" author="Heding, S. G. &amp; Panning, A." bookContentInfo="209 pp." box="[140,492,782,804]" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" refId="ref10511" refString="Heding, S. G. and Panning, A. 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 209 pp." title="Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen" type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning (1954, fig. 19)</bibRefCitation>
of the ossicles of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFD6CFCB1FD67FCF6" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" box="[672,765,782,804]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFD6CFCB1FD67FCF6" box="[672,765,782,804]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The original illustration of ossicles for
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFDF6FC94FF5FFC8C" authority="(Heding 1934)" authorityName="Heding" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Heding" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cornus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFDF6FC94FD39FC93" box="[570,675,811,833]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. cornus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFD79FC94FF24FC8C" author="Heding, S. G." journalOrPublisher="The Hong Kong Naturalist. Supplement" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="15 - 25" part="3" refId="ref10477" refString="Heding, S. G. 1934. On some holothurians from Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Naturalist. Supplement 3: 15 - 25, 5 figs, pl. 9." title="On some holothurians from Hong Kong" type="journal article" year="1934">Heding 1934</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
did not show fenestrated ellipsoids. That in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFD40FCF7FEA8FCA9" author="Heding, S. G. &amp; Panning, A." bookContentInfo="209 pp." journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" refId="ref10511" refString="Heding, S. G. and Panning, A. 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 209 pp." title="Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen" type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
did show fenestrated ellipsoids. Neither illustrated the small plates with two long and two small distal perforations that
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFE8CFC20FDFBFC67" author="Heding, S. G. &amp; Panning, A." bookContentInfo="209 pp." box="[320,609,927,949]" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" refId="ref10511" refString="Heding, S. G. and Panning, A. 1954. Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 13: 209 pp." title="Phyllophoridae. Eine bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des zoologischen museums in Kopenhagen" type="journal article" year="1954">Heding and Panning (1954)</bibRefCitation>
indicated were present. We judge that the status of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFDC9FC03FDF1FC00" box="[517,619,956,978]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cornus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFDC9FC03FDF1FC00" box="[517,619,956,978]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. cornus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF0AFC66FEB0FC3D" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" box="[198,298,985,1007]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF0AFC66FEB0FC3D" box="[198,298,985,1007]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains uncertain, and we raise it out of synonymy as an
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFEF9FC49FE54FBD9" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[309,462,1014,1035]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFEF9FC49FE54FBD9" box="[309,462,1014,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA53E5CFF7EFBACFE8DFB05" blockId="14.[140,771,232,1905]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF7EFBACFD2DFBFA" authority="Sluiter, 1901" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1901" box="[178,695,1043,1065]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Pseudocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="quinqangularis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF7EFBACFD90FBFA" box="[178,522,1043,1064]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Pseudocucumis quinqangularis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFDEFFBACFD2DFBFA" author="Sluiter, C. P." bookContentInfo="142 pp." box="[547,695,1043,1065]" journalOrPublisher="Die Holothurien der Siboga - Expedition 44" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" refId="ref11509" refString="Sluiter, C. P. 1901. Siboga - Expedite. Die Holothurien der Siboga - Expedition 44. 142 pp., 11 pls." title="Siboga - Expedite" type="book" year="1901">Sluiter, 1901</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F339EA97FFA53E5CFF40FB8FFF75FB94" box="[140,239,1072,1094]" name="Indonesia" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
has posterior prolongations on the radial plates of a composite calcareous ring, 12 large outer and six small inner tentacles, and an absence of figure-8 ossicles and fenestrated ellipsoids. It is not a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFE0FFB38FDC6FB4E" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[451,604,1159,1180]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFE0FFB38FDC6FB4E" box="[451,604,1159,1180]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and we raise the species out of synonymy in the original combination to await further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA53E5CFF7EFB61FEBAFA6C" blockId="14.[140,771,232,1905]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
The single small type specimen from Ceylon of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF40FB44FDB7FAC2" authority="Pearson, 1903" authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1903" box="[140,557,1275,1296]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="donnani">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF40FB44FE12FAC2" box="[140,392,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis donnani</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFE5AFB44FDB7FAC2" author="Pearson, J." box="[406,557,1275,1296]" journalOrPublisher="Supplementary Reports" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="181 - 208" part="5" refId="ref11128" refString="Pearson, J. 1903. Report on the Holothurioidea collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Ceylon Pearl Fisheries - 1903 - Supplementary Reports 5: 181 - 208, pls 1 - 3." title="Report on the Holothurioidea collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Ceylon Pearl Fisheries - 1903" type="journal article" year="1903">Pearson, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
does not have the tentacles present, has a composite calcareous ring with long posterior prolongations on the radial plates, and has body wall ossicles that are not fenestrated ellipsoids or any form of table. It is not an
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF33FAD0FE02FA56" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[255,408,1391,1412]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF33FAD0FE02FA56" box="[255,408,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. In the absence of tentacles it is not possible to re-assign the species that we regard as
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF40FA16FE80FA6C" box="[140,282,1449,1470]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">incertae sedis</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA53E5CFF7EFA79FEE6F9BE" blockId="14.[140,771,232,1905]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
The illustrations for
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFE5DFA79FC99FA09" authority="Sluiter, 1914" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1914" box="[401,771,1478,1500]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Phyllophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFE5DFA79FDEFFA09" box="[401,629,1478,1499]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Phyllophorus simplex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFD4CFA79FC99FA09" author="Sluiter, C. P." box="[640,771,1478,1500]" journalOrPublisher="Buitensorg Contribution Faune Indes Neerlandaiises" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 28" part="1" refId="ref11536" refString="Sluiter, C. P. 1914. Die von Dr. P. N. van Kampen, wahrend seiner Fahrten mit dem Reglierungsdampfer Gier 1906 - 1909, im Indischen Archipel gesammelten Holothurien. Buitensorg Contribution Faune Indes Neerlandaiises 1 (1): 1 - 28, 1 pl." title="Die von Dr. P. N. van Kampen, wahrend seiner Fahrten mit dem Reglierungsdampfer Gier 1906 - 1909, im Indischen Archipel gesammelten Holothurien" type="journal article" year="1914">Sluiter, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
indicate ossicles that do not include fenestrate ellipsoids and typical figure-8 plates, and the description reports tube feet covering the body. It is not conspecific with
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFDA6F9A2FF48F99D" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFDA6F9A2FF55F99D" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">Actinocucumis typica</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and we raise it out of synonymy with reservations as an
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF40F9E8FEBFF9BE" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[140,293,1623,1644]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF40F9E8FEBFF9BE" box="[140,293,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA53E5CFF7EF9CBFB3FFE5C" blockId="14.[140,771,232,1905]" lastBlockId="14.[809,1441,231,515]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
H. L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFF3EF9CCFEF5F95B" author="Clark, H. L." box="[242,367,1651,1673]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 596" part="55" refId="ref10097" refString="Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1 - 596, 28 pls, 63 figs." title="Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932" type="journal article" year="1938">Clark (1938</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFEB7F9CCFE35F95B" author="Clark, H. L." box="[379,431,1651,1673]" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 567" part="566" refId="ref10141" refString="Clark, H. L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1 - 567." title="The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin" type="journal article" year="1946">1946</bibRefCitation>
) examined numerous specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF6BF92EFEDAF974" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[167,320,1681,1702]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF6BF92EFEDAF974" box="[167,320,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northern
<collectingCountry id="F339EA97FFA53E5CFE10F92FFDA0F974" box="[476,570,1680,1702]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
and was convinced of the existence of four species:
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFE3EF911FDC9F911" authorityName="in Clark and Rowe" authorityYear="1971" box="[498,595,1710,1731]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFE3EF911FDC9F911" box="[498,595,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFDA9F911FD41F910" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1884" box="[613,731,1709,1731]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFDA9F911FD41F910" box="[613,731,1709,1731]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFD20F911FF60F90D" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1938" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipedes">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFD20F911FF60F90D" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. longipedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFEC6F974FE52F90D" box="[266,456,1738,1760]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. quinuangularis</emphasis>
. We reject
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFD89F974FC99F90D" box="[581,771,1738,1760]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. quinuangularis</emphasis>
as an
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF0BF957FEFAF92F" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[199,352,1768,1789]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF0BF957FEFAF92F" box="[199,352,1768,1789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (above), but accept the judgment by Clark who recognized the other three species. We raise
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFD20F8BAFF7AF8E4" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1884" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFD20F8BAFF7AF8E4" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFEDFF89DFE3AF8E4" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[275,416,1825,1847]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipedes">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFEDFF89DFE3AF8E4" box="[275,416,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. longipedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
out of synonymy here. In the case of
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFF6BF880FE8DF881" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1884" box="[167,279,1854,1876]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFF6BF880FE8DF881" box="[167,279,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we defer to the experience of H. L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFD49F881FD64F881" author="Clark, H. L." box="[645,766,1854,1876]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 596" part="55" refId="ref10097" refString="Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1 - 596, 28 pls, 63 figs." title="Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932" type="journal article" year="1938">Clark (1938</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFF40F8E4FF5AF8A3" author="Clark, H. L." box="[140,192,1883,1905]" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 567" part="566" refId="ref10141" refString="Clark, H. L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1 - 567." title="The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin" type="journal article" year="1946">1946</bibRefCitation>
) who had an abundance of material to examine, but we also judge that the morphological characters that he used to distinguish this species are probably variable characters. We think that a confirmed synonymy requires more consideration. The presence in
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFC16FE80FBF3FE81" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[986,1129,318,340]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipedes">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFC16FE80FBF3FE81" box="[986,1129,318,340]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">A. longipedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of small elongate plates with two long mid-plate perforations and two small distal ones is apparently systematically distinctive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91AA07FFA53E5CFC83FE29FC5FFDD1" blockId="14.[809,1441,231,515]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
We note the absence of fenestrated ellipsoids and radial papillae in
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFC50FE0CFB00FE15" authorityName="Liao and Pawson" authorityYear="2001" box="[924,1178,434,456]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFC50FE0CFB00FE15" box="[924,1178,434,456]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and continue to refer this species to
<taxonomicName id="4C2ED184FFA53E5CFC50FE6FFBAFFE37" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1875" box="[924,1077,464,485]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Actinocucumis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A7615FFA53E5CFC50FE6FFBAFFE37" box="[924,1077,464,485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Actinocucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with reservation, as did
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFD7F6FFA53E5CFA8EFE70FC5BFDD1" author="Liao, Y. &amp; Pawson, D. L." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" pagination="58 - 90" part="114" refId="ref10639" refString="Liao, Y. and Pawson, D. L. 2001. Dendrochirote and dactylochirote sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of China, with descriptions of eight new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (1): 58 - 90." title="Dendrochirote and dactylochirote sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of China, with descriptions of eight new species" type="journal article" year="2001">Liao and Pawson (2001)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>