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<mods:title id="B1912744A693D047143EC49BC53A814E">Species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Kirchenpaueriidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF89A74F39DF0201FB7A721C" blockId="29.[429,1152,1025,1049]" box="[429,1152,1025,1049]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF89A74F39DF0201FB7A721C" ID-CoL="6TCJF" authority="Pena Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort" authorityYear="1997" box="[429,1152,1025,1049]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F39DF0201FD7A721C" bold="true" box="[429,640,1025,1049]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">Oswaldella grandis</emphasis>
Peña
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF89A74F3ABB0201FB7A721C" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; SVOBODA, A. &amp; VERVOORT, W." box="[713,1152,1025,1049]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" pagination="339 - 388" refId="ref25667" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L., SVOBODA, A. and VERVOORT, W., 1997, Species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from recent antarctic expeditions with R. V. ' Polarstern', with the description of eight new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119, 339 - 388." type="journal article" year="1997">Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3356561FF89A74F3A900221FCB0723C" box="[738,842,1057,1081]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF89A74F3A900221FCB0723C" blockId="29.[313,1268,1057,1272]" box="[738,842,1057,1081]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
(
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F3A980221FCBB723C" box="[746,833,1057,1081]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@30.[313,1269,179,1573]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 9. Oswaldella grandis Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702/464; G, Stn 721/776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600 Mm (G), 250 Mm (BF)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">figure 9</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3356561FF89A74F394B0243FB3F72F2" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF89A74F394B0243FD10728B" blockId="29.[313,1268,1057,1272]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11C4FF89A74F394B0243FD10728B" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF89A74F394B0243FC94725C" ID-CoL="6TCJF" authority="Pena Cantero et al., 1997: 363 - 367" authorityName="Pena Cantero" authorityPageNumber="363 - 367" authorityYear="1997" box="[313,878,1091,1113]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F394B0243FE0D725D" box="[313,503,1091,1112]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">Oswaldella grandis</emphasis>
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3AE70244FD3B725D" box="[661,705,1091,1113]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">et al</emphasis>
., 1997: 363367
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F3B080243FC2B725D" box="[890,977,1091,1113]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="25.[313,329,1562,1583]" captionTargetBox="[9,1262,184,1525]" captionTargetId="figure-8@25.[313,1269,177,1535]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIG. 7. Oswaldella erratum Peña Cantero and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Branched hydrocladium and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and branched hydrocladium; (CJ) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca (A, B, EI, Stn 575/61; C, Stn SOSC-L26; D, Stn 824/41-1; J, Stn 702/511). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 250 Mm (BJ)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">figures 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F3BAC0243FBD6725D" box="[990,1068,1091,1112]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="42.[313,329,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,181,1542]" captionTargetId="figure-11@42.[313,1269,178,1547]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIG. 14. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanyants, 1979. (A) Hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons, as well as branched hydrocladium; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca and both mesial superior and mesial inferior nematophores; (G) female gonotheca; (H) male gonotheca (A, B, Stn 7/484; CG, Stn 721/816; H, Stn 833/22-4). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 250 Mm (BH)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">14C, D</figureCitation>
; Peña
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10FBFF89A74F3C000243FD6D7276" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; GARCIA CARRASCOSA, A. M." page="179" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF89A74F3C000243FD6D7276" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; GARCIA CARRASCOSA, A. M." pageId="29" pageNumber="833" pagination="175 - 180" refId="ref25222" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L. and GARCIA CARRASCOSA, A. M., 1998, Oswaldella vervoorti spec. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), a new benthic hydroid from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, Zoologische Verhandelingen, 232, 175 - 180." type="journal article" year="1998">Cantero and García Carrascosa, 1998: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 1999: 212
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3B60025EFCB47276" box="[786,846,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">et seq</emphasis>
.; Peña
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10FBFF89A74F3BED025EFB0A7276" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; VERVOORT, W." box="[927,1264,1117,1139]" page="36" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF89A74F3BED025EFB0A7276" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; VERVOORT, W." box="[927,1264,1117,1139]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref25549" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L. and VERVOORT, W., 1998, On two new species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica), Polar Biology, 20, 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1998">Cantero and Vervoort, 1998: 36</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Peña
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10FBFF89A74F39E90278FD1C728B" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; MARQUES, A. C." box="[411,742,1143,1166]" page="85" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF89A74F39E90278FD1C728B" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; MARQUES, A. C." box="[411,742,1143,1166]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" pagination="83 - 93" refId="ref25335" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L. and MARQUES, A. C., 1999, Phylogenetic analysis of the Antarctic genus Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae, Kirchenpaueriidae), Contributions to Zoology, 68, 83 - 93." type="journal article" year="1999">Cantero and Marques, 1999: 85</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF89A74F394B0293FC8672C6" blockId="29.[313,1268,1057,1272]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11C4FF89A74F394B0293FC8672C6" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10FBFF89A74F394B0293FCF172AC" author="A CANTERO, A. L." box="[313,779,1170,1193]" page="175" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" year="1991">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF89A74F394B0293FCF172AC" ID-CoL="75D9P" authority=": Pena Cantero, 1991: 175" authorityName=": Pena Cantero" authorityPageNumber="175" authorityYear="1991" box="[313,779,1170,1193]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bifurca">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F394B0293FE0C72AD" box="[313,502,1171,1192]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">Oswaldella bifurca</emphasis>
: Peña
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF89A74F3A300293FCF172AC" author="A CANTERO, A. L." box="[578,779,1170,1193]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" refId="ref25073" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L., 1991, Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea del area del Arco de Escocia (Antartica) recogidos durante la campana ' Antartida 8611 '. Unpublished Tesis de Licenciatura, University of Valencia, Spain, 233 pp., 69 pls." type="book" year="1991">Cantero, 1991: 175</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 32; Peña
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10FBFF89A74F3BD20293FE3F72C6" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; GARCIA CARRASCOSA, A. M." page="125" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF89A74F3BD20293FE3F72C6" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; GARCIA CARRASCOSA, A. M." pageId="29" pageNumber="833" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref25123" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L. and GARCIA CARRASCOSA, A. M., 1994, Hidrozoos de la campana ' Antartida 8611 ', in J. Castellvi (ed.) Actas del Cuarto Simposio Espanol de Estudios Antarticos (Madrid: CICYT), pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1994">Cantero and García Carrascosa, 1994: 125</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F39A302ADFDE672C6" box="[465,540,1197,1219]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="27.[313,329,1570,1591]" captionTargetBox="[9,1260,181,1540]" captionTargetId="figure-8@27.[321,1263,178,1544]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIG. 8. Oswaldella frigida sp. nov. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons, as well as branched hydrocladium; (C) cauline apophysis with two axillary nematophores and a single mamelon; (DK) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca and both mesial superior and mesial inferior nematophores (AE, GI, Stn 691/26; F, J, K, Stn 721/1063). Scale bar: 1mm (A), 250 Mm (BK)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">figure 8</figureCitation>
df; 1995: 101104, figure 45AE.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF89A74F394B02C8FB3F72F2" blockId="29.[313,1268,1057,1272]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF89A74F393002C8FD9772D8" ID-CoL="75D9P" authority=": Naumov" authorityName="Naumov" box="[322,621,1224,1245]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bifurca">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F393002C8FDFB72D8" box="[322,513,1224,1245]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">Oswaldella bifurca</emphasis>
: Naumov
</taxonomicName>
and Stepanyants, 1962: 98; Stepanyants, 1979: 112, pl. 21
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F391302E2FE5572F2" box="[353,431,1250,1272]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[313,329,1586,1607]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,182,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-11@20.[313,1269,179,1560]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 4. Oswaldella delicata Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Fragment of stem showing hydrocladial and hydrothecal arrangement; (B, C) cauline apophyses showing axillary nematophore and first hydrocladial internode (in C with branching); (DH) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (I) gonotheca (A, B, DF, Stn 001/011; C, GI, Stn 32/2068). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 250 Mm (BH)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">figure 4</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF89A74F39C902E2FD9372F2" author="BLANCO, O. M." box="[443,617,1250,1272]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref24575" refString="BLANCO, O. M., 1984, Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos, Contribuciones del Instituto antartico argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco, 1984: 43</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 39 figures 89, 90, pl. 40 figures 9193, pl. 41 figure 94.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3356561FF89A74D39130311FE6B729D" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="835" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF89A74F39130311FCF2738C" blockId="29.[313,1268,1296,1736]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F39130311FDC6732C" box="[353,572,1297,1321]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3A210311FD56732C" box="[595,684,1296,1321]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">702/464</emphasis>
, one stem
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3B330312FCA0732C" box="[833,858,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">ca</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CD79B0FFF89A74F3B1B0310FC38732C" box="[873,962,1296,1321]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" unit="mm" value="145.0">145 mm</quantity>
high (
<collectionCode id="ED3EAE2FFF89A74F3C6D0311FB8E732C" box="[1055,1140,1297,1321]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1003327);
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F394B0331FE68734C" box="[313,402,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">702/465</emphasis>
, two stems up to
<quantity id="4CD79B0FFF89A74F3A060330FD36734D" box="[628,716,1328,1353]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
high (
<collectionCode id="ED3EAE2FFF89A74F3B500331FC8D734C" box="[802,887,1329,1353]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1003328; RMNH-Coel. 30213);
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F394B0351FE68736C" box="[313,402,1360,1385]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">721/776</emphasis>
, four stems up to
<quantity id="4CD79B0FFF89A74F3AE60351FD16736D" box="[660,748,1361,1385]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" unit="mm" value="460.0">460 mm</quantity>
high, with gonothecae (
<collectionCode id="ED3EAE2FFF89A74F3C580351FB85736C" box="[1066,1151,1361,1385]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1003329; RMNH-Coel. 30214;
<collectionCode id="ED3EAE2FFF89A74F3A410371FD76738C" box="[563,652,1393,1417]" country="Spain" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" type="Museum">MNCN</collectionCode>
2.03
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3AB6036FFD37738D" box="[708,717,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">/</emphasis>
234).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF89A74D39130391FDD6770B" blockId="29.[313,1268,1296,1736]" lastBlockId="31.[313,1269,181,1176]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="835" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F39130391FE1A73AD" box="[353,480,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">Description</emphasis>
. Colonies consisting of polysiphonic and unbranched stems up to
<quantity id="4CD79B0FFF89A74F394B03B0FE6B73CD" box="[313,401,1456,1481]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="833" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
high. Hydrocaulus divided into internodes, occasionally so in Stn 702
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3CCE03AFFB3F73CD" box="[1212,1221,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">/</emphasis>
465, and provided with alternately arranged apophyses, forming two longitudinal rows in one plane. Cauline apophyses directed upwards, forming an angle of
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3C0603F1FB77700D" box="[1140,1165,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">ca</emphasis>
45
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF89A74F3CC203F0FB40700D" bold="true" box="[1200,1210,1520,1544]" pageId="29" pageNumber="833">°</emphasis>
with long axis of stem and provided with four nematophores (
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F3B960010FBAB702D" box="[996,1105,1552,1576]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@30.[313,1269,179,1573]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 9. Oswaldella grandis Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702/464; G, Stn 721/776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600 Mm (G), 250 Mm (BF)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">figure 9B</figureCitation>
): two axillary nematophores emerging through simple perisarc holes and two more emerging each through a mamelon, placed laterally on upper surface of apophysis. Cauline apophyses supporting branched hydrocladia; up to third-order hydrocladia observed (
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F39320090FE4A70AD" box="[320,432,1680,1704]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@30.[313,1269,179,1573]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 9. Oswaldella grandis Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702/464; G, Stn 721/776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600 Mm (G), 250 Mm (BF)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">figure 9A</figureCitation>
). Hydrocladial arrangement symmetrical (
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF89A74F3BD60090FBEE70AD" box="[932,1044,1680,1704]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@30.[313,1269,179,1573]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 9. Oswaldella grandis Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702/464; G, Stn 721/776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600 Mm (G), 250 Mm (BF)." pageId="29" pageNumber="833">figure 9A</figureCitation>
); first hydrocladial internode giving rise to two secondary hydrocladia that usually support two or more third-order hydrocladia. No distinct node between cauline apophyses and hydrocladia, although present in the material from Stn 702
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3BF706D4FC7476E8" box="[901,910,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">/</emphasis>
465. Top of distal hydrocladial internodes truncated.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF506662FF8AA74C394B0040FB6370BA" pageId="30" pageNumber="834" startId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" targetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF8AA74C394B0040FB6370BA" blockId="30.[313,1268,1599,1728]" pageId="30" pageNumber="834">
FIG. 9.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF8AA74C39E6003FFBCB7051" authority="Pena Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort" authorityYear="1997" box="[404,1073,1599,1621]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="834" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8AA74C39E6003FFDA97051" box="[404,595,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="834">Oswaldella grandis</emphasis>
Peña
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF8AA74C3AE8003FFBCB7051" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; SVOBODA, A. &amp; VERVOORT, W." box="[666,1073,1599,1621]" pageId="30" pageNumber="834" pagination="339 - 388" refId="ref25667" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L., SVOBODA, A. and VERVOORT, W., 1997, Species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from recent antarctic expeditions with R. V. ' Polarstern', with the description of eight new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119, 339 - 388." type="journal article" year="1997">Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8AA74C39D600A8FE5670BA" box="[420,428,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="834">/</emphasis>
464; G, Stn 721
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8AA74C3A3D00A8FDAD70BA" box="[591,599,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="834">/</emphasis>
776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8AA74C3BED00A9FC5670C5" box="[927,940,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="834">M</emphasis>
m (G), 250
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8AA74C3C5500A9FBCE70C5" box="[1063,1076,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="834">M</emphasis>
m (BF).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF8BA74D39130716FBCC77AA" blockId="31.[313,1269,181,1176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">
Hydrocladia homomerously divided into hydrothecate internodes, each provided with one hydrotheca and two nematophores (
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF8BA74D3B130736FC4C774B" box="[865,950,310,334]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@30.[313,1269,179,1573]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 9. Oswaldella grandis Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702/464; G, Stn 721/776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600 Mm (G), 250 Mm (BF)." pageId="31" pageNumber="835">figure 9</figureCitation>
CF): one mesial superior emerging through a perisarc hole situated behind free adcauline hydrothecal wall and one mesial inferior provided with a much-reduced nematotheca and emerging through a perisarc hole situated on a slight elevation of internode.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF8BA74D391307B7FC737435" blockId="31.[313,1269,181,1176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">
Hydrotheca shallow, situated on distal half of internode (
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF8BA74D3BAC07B7FBC977CA" box="[990,1075,439,463]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@30.[313,1269,179,1573]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 9. Oswaldella grandis Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702/464; G, Stn 721/776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600 Mm (G), 250 Mm (BF)." pageId="31" pageNumber="835">figure 9</figureCitation>
CF). Adcauline hydrothecal wall almost completely adnate; aperture circular and approximately perpendicular to long axis of internode; rim even. Abcauline hydrothecal wall straight; angle with internodal long axis very acute.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF8BA74D39130439FE5A7494" blockId="31.[313,1269,181,1176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">
Female gonothecae present (
<figureCitation id="13142A6FFF8BA74D3ACA0439FCD97454" box="[696,803,569,593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="30.[313,329,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[9,1266,183,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@30.[313,1269,179,1573]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIG. 9. Oswaldella grandis Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997. (A) Hydrocladial branching and arrangement of hydrothecae; (B) cauline apophysis with axillary nematophores and mamelons; (CF) hydrocladial internodes with hydrotheca, mesial superior nematophore and mesial inferior nematotheca; (G) gonotheca (AF, Stn 702/464; G, Stn 721/776). Scale bar: 1 mm (A), 600 Mm (G), 250 Mm (BF)." pageId="31" pageNumber="835">figure 9G</figureCitation>
), inserting on infrathecal elevation of hydrocladial internodes, large, club-shaped and provided with a subterminal aperture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF8BA74D3913049AFC577531" blockId="31.[313,1269,181,1176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3913049AFE3E74B7" box="[353,452,666,690]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF8BA74D39A7049AFD5374B7" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort" authorityYear="1997" box="[469,681,666,690]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="835" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D39A7049AFD5374B7" box="[469,681,666,690]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">Oswaldella grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a well-characterized species, easily recognizable by the large, unbranched stems, the shape of the hydrotheca which is placed on the distal half of the hydrocladial internodes, the much-reduced nematotheca, the shape of the gonothecae and the presence of four nematophores on the cauline apophyses, two of which emerge through mamelons (cf.
<tableCitation id="C6AD0351FF8BA74D3B3C051CFC607531" box="[846,922,796,820]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="9.[912,968,395,418]" captionText="Table 1. Major features of the known species of" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF8BA74D3913053CFCE175F2" blockId="31.[313,1269,181,1176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3913053CFD8A7551" box="[353,624,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">Ecology and distribution</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF8BA74D3A0D053CFCAA7551" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort" authorityYear="1997" box="[639,848,828,852]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="835" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3A0D053CFCAA7551" box="[639,848,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">Oswaldella grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be a shelf species, having been found at depths of
<quantity id="4CD79B0FFF8BA74D3A3F055DFD277571" box="[589,733,861,885]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="835" unit="m" value="330.0" valueMax="440.0" valueMin="220.0">220 to 440 m</quantity>
on muddy bottoms and on bottoms with small stones (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3A47057EFD977590" box="[565,621,893,917]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997); our material comes from
<quantity id="4CD79B0FFF8BA74D3B9F057DFB7B7591" box="[1005,1153,892,917]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.315" metricValueMax="1.54" metricValueMin="1.09" pageId="31" pageNumber="835" unit="m" value="131.5" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="109.0">109 to 154 m</quantity>
. It is used as a substratum by other hydroids (
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF8BA74D3AA3059DFCCB75B0" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" box="[721,817,925,949]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Billardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="835" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3AA3059DFCCB75B0" box="[721,817,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">Billardia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3C68059EFBA975B0" box="[1050,1107,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997). It has been collected with gonothecae in January and February (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3C1505BFFB6575D3" box="[1127,1183,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997); our fertile material was found in January.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9036EAFF8BA74D391305FFFE6B729D" blockId="31.[313,1269,181,1176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D69FF8BA74D391305FFFDCE7212" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort" authorityYear="1997" box="[353,564,1023,1047]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="835" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D391305FFFDCE7212" box="[353,564,1023,1047]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">Oswaldella grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be endemic to West
<collectingCountry id="F338767AFF8BA74D3BE405FFFBF47212" box="[918,1038,1023,1047]" name="Antarctica" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
(Peña
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B1BFF8BA74D3C1605FFFE117232" author="A CANTERO, A. L. &amp; VERVOORT, W." pageId="31" pageNumber="835" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref25549" refString="PEN ͠ A CANTERO, A. L. and VERVOORT, W., 1998, On two new species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica), Polar Biology, 20, 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1998">Cantero and Vervoort, 1998</bibRefCitation>
). It is known from off Elephant Island (Peña Cantero and García Carrascosa, 1995) and off the south coast of the Weddell Sea (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="B95BEAF8FF8BA74D3CC60240FB177252" box="[1204,1261,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="835">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997). Our material was collected off Deception Island, in the South Shetland Islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>