195 lines
22 KiB
XML
195 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="7A86A55EC5456994B1A6D037F5CF79C7" ID-CLB-Dataset="55543" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5134.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6cdcd17b-e695-4d2b-9f19-d6c2cf59a722" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6541737" ID-ZooBank="79D78E49-C127-4EB8-BEA2-784B0BC65363" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1652342354988" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dean, W. Richard J., Åhlander, Erik & Johansson, Ulf S." docDate="2022" docId="0384EA10F761B121B1D2FE49371B41C7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5134.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5134 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Alauda fringillaris Sundevall 1850" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="542" masterDocId="FFBD9268F775B134B145FFFF32394342" masterDocTitle="Avian type localities and the type specimens collected by Johan August Wahlberg in southern Africa" masterLastPageNumber="560" masterPageNumber="521" pageNumber="541" updateTime="1699330261015" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="E1FFE0C9AE3845E0053CD2D9483D0890">Avian type localities and the type specimens collected by Johan August Wahlberg in southern Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="624423FA5301D3B249C49AC94C1AD8C4">Dean, W. Richard J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="08A0810DB629E429D2F1869B0CCA356B" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6541-3565</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="68D36B4CDC369747746EBF212E3241A1">Research Associate, FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 South Africa. wrjdean 01 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6541 - 3565 & Wolwekraal Conservation and Research Organisation, P. O. Box 47, Prince Albert 6930, South Africa. & South African Environmental Observation Network, Arid Lands Node, Kimberley, South Africa.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="881A439ED63C4B2B0F18DF5928F35A81" type="email">wrjdean01@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="27621E10BC3374FE18A16BC7B716C664">Åhlander, Erik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EE65C6E0AABE0326A573121D4F2CEB5F">Swedish Museum of Natural History, Zoology, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="451E37659D3B9443796B6C172C85CE99">Johansson, Ulf S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="72DEB30D6ECF54A8E205919685DD0FC3">Swedish Museum of Natural History, Zoology, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="960F4454C454B569C45ABC1789BF1D4D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="45F6667A45BD0D68350F76374745DB29">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E8834C08400243C12861493BC151A4AA">5134</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0384EA10F761B121B1D2FE49371B41C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6542983" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195304205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6542983" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0384EA10F761B121B1D2FE49371B41C7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384EA10F761B121B1D2FE49371B41C7" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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<subSubSection id="C337088DF761B120B1D2FE493162415B" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B925B06F761B120B1D2FE4930454292" blockId="20.[151,636,438,465]" box="[151,636,438,465]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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<heading id="D0DAEC6AF761B120B1D2FE4930454292" bold="true" box="[151,636,438,465]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" reason="1">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3D7C28F761B120B1D2FE4930454292" box="[151,636,438,465]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="B9598714F761B120B1D2FE4930454292" bold="true" box="[151,636,438,465]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8C7D17F761B120B1D2FE49304F4292" author="Sundevall, C. J." box="[151,630,438,465]" page="99" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" year="1850">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D2085F761B120B1D2FE49304F4292" authority="Sundevall, 1850: 99" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,630,438,465]" class="Aves" family="Alaudidae" genus="Alauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fringillaris">
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<emphasis id="B9598714F761B120B1D2FE4933404293" bold="true" box="[151,377,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">Alauda fringillaris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC26F7F761B120B0C5FE49304F4292" author="Sundevall, C. J." box="[384,630,438,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" pagination="96 - 111" refId="ref29984" refString="Sundevall, C. J. (1850) Foglar fran sodra Afrika. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar, 7 (4), 96 - 111." type="journal article" year="1850">Sundevall, 1850: 99</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B925B06F761B120B1D2FE003162415B" blockId="20.[151,1437,511,789]" box="[151,859,511,537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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VERBATIM
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<typeStatus id="5496E5A4F761B120B042FDF933014154" box="[263,312,518,534]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">TYPE</typeStatus>
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LOCALITY: “
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<emphasis id="B9598714F761B120B0FBFE00317E415A" box="[446,839,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">In Caffraria superiore, campestri</emphasis>
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.”
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C337088DF761B120B182FDDC3757417F" box="[199,1390,546,573]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B925B06F761B120B182FDDC3757417F" blockId="20.[151,1437,511,789]" box="[199,1390,546,573]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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CURRENT STATUS:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D2085F761B120B0CDFDDC316D417F" authority="(Sundevall, 1850)" baseAuthorityName="Sundevall" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[392,852,546,573]" class="Aves" family="Alaudidae" genus="Spizocorys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fringillaris">
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<emphasis id="B9598714F761B120B0CDFDDC30B8417F" box="[392,641,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">Spizocorys fringillaris</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC26F7F761B120B3D4FDDC3175417F" author="Sundevall, C. J." box="[657,844,546,573]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" pagination="96 - 111" refId="ref29984" refString="Sundevall, C. J. (1850) Foglar fran sodra Afrika. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar, 7 (4), 96 - 111." type="journal article" year="1850">Sundevall, 1850</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D2085F761B120B21AFDDC3753417F" authority="(Dickinson & Christidis 2014: 445)" baseAuthorityName="Dickinson & Christidis" baseAuthorityPageNumber="445" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[863,1386,546,573]" class="Aves" family="Alaudidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Alaudidae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC26F7F761B120B2A5FDDC375B417F" author="Dickinson, E. C. & Christidis, L." box="[992,1378,546,573]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" refId="ref28395" refString="Dickinson, E. C. & Christidis, L. (2014) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4 th Edition. Vol. 2. Passerines. Aves Press, Eastbourne, 752 pp." type="book" year="2014">Dickinson & Christidis 2014: 445</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C337088DF761B120B182FDB830E04417" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B925B06F761B120B182FDB831B84057" blockId="20.[151,1437,511,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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<collectionCode id="ED3CC3C3F761B120B182FDB832C2411C" box="[199,251,583,609]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">TYPE</collectionCode>
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MATERIAL: Sundevall, in his original description (1850: 99) gave no indication that he had more than a single female at hand. However, Sundevall’s acquisition catalogue indicated that he had
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<specimenCount id="9D2B908FF761B120B5E7FD94377A41C7" box="[1186,1347,619,645]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
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that he identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D2085F761B120B068FD7033D741EB" box="[301,494,655,681]" class="Aves" family="Alaudidae" genus="Alauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheniana">
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<emphasis id="B9598714F761B120B068FD7033D741EB" box="[301,494,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">Alauda cheniana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but he later changed his mind and decided that
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<specimenCount id="9D2B908FF761B120B561FD70368641EB" box="[1060,1215,655,681]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
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belonged to a new undescribed species close to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D2085F761B120B09FFD4C3093418E" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1850" box="[474,682,691,717]" class="Aves" family="Alaudidae" genus="Alauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conirostris">
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<emphasis id="B9598714F761B120B09FFD4C3093418E" box="[474,682,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">Alauda conirostris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This specimen should be treated as the single specimen in the type series and is a
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<typeStatus id="5496E5A4F761B120B07BFD28339A41B3" box="[318,419,727,753]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, catalogue number NRM 569768 [6453], a study skin of an adult female collected
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<date id="FF937DC6F761B120B40EFD2832EB4057" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" value="1843-07-12">12 July 1843</date>
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. See comments below for a discussion on geographical origin.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF520B8EF761B120B1D2F92E30C3444F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6541745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6541745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6541745/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" startId="20.[151,250,1745,1769]" targetBox="[151,1436,810,1719]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph id="8B925B06F761B120B1D2F92E30C3444F" blockId="20.[151,1436,1745,1805]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="B9598714F761B120B1D2F92E332A45AB" bold="true" box="[151,275,1745,1769]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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Wahlberg’s route in 1843 (red dots) across the Free State from the Drakensberg Mountains at Bezuidenhout’s Pass to Potchefstroom via Skandinawiedrif across the Vaal River.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B925B06F761B120B182F8C330E04417" blockId="20.[151,1437,1851,2022]" box="[199,729,1851,1878]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
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<materialsCitation id="3B45515BF761B120B182F8C330EC4417" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3766756375" box="[199,725,1851,1878]" collectionCode="VERIFIED" location="Klerkspruit" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Free State" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectionCode id="ED3CC3C3F761B120B182F8C3331A4411" box="[199,291,1852,1878]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">VERIFIED</collectionCode>
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<typeStatus id="5496E5A4F761B120B06FF8BC33624411" box="[298,347,1859,1875]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">TYPE</typeStatus>
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LOCALITY:
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<location id="8EF20DDDF761B120B096F8C4306F4417" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0384EA10F761B121B1D2FE49371B41C7:8EF20DDDF761B120B096F8C4306F4417" box="[467,598,1851,1877]" name="Klerkspruit" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" stateProvince="Free State">Klerkspruit</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E995E4F761B120B324F8C330EC4417" box="[609,725,1851,1878]" country="South Africa" name="Free State" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">Free State</collectingRegion>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C337088DF761B121B182F8A0371B41C7" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B925B06F761B121B182F8A03073425F" blockId="20.[151,1437,1851,2022]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">
|
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COMMENTS:
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<typeStatus id="5496E5A4F761B120B00CF89F33B84438" box="[329,385,1888,1914]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">Type</typeStatus>
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||
locality corrected to Leeuw Spruit, Heilbron District by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC26F7F761B120B2B7F8A036E3443B" author="Gyldenstolpe, N." box="[1010,1242,1887,1913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" pagination="264 - 292" refId="ref28785" refString="Gyldenstolpe, N. (1934) The travels and collections of Johan August Wahlberg, 1810 - 1856: a pioneer naturalist in South Africa. Ibis, 76, 264 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 1934. tb 01567. x" type="journal article" year="1934">Gyldenstolpe (1934)</bibRefCitation>
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||
. Neither the original
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<typeStatus id="5496E5A4F761B120B18DF87B32C144DC" box="[200,248,1924,1950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541">type</typeStatus>
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||
locality nor the correction appear to be correct. There are a number of places called Leeuwspruit or Leeuw Spruit in the general area through which Wahlberg travelled in
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<date id="FF937DC6F761B120B208F85831854483" box="[845,956,1959,1985]" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" value="1843-07">July 1843</date>
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. The “Leeuwspruit” in the Heilbron district is at
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<geoCoordinate id="EE193DC1F761B120B18AF834335044A7" box="[207,361,1995,2022]" degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" precision="925" value="-27.75">27° 45’ south</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE193DC1F761B120B033F834303944A4" box="[374,512,1995,2022]" degrees="27" direction="east" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="541" precision="925" value="27.233334">27° 14’ east</geoCoordinate>
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, and is off the track of Wahlberg’s journey on that date. Wahlberg “pitched camp under the Drakensberg” (at the base of Bezuidenhout’s Pass at
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<geoCoordinate id="EE193DC1F760B121B22CFF68363D43F3" box="[873,1028,151,177]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" precision="925" value="-28.533333">28° 32’ south</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE193DC1F760B121B554FF6836A343F3" box="[1041,1178,151,177]" degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" precision="925" value="29.2">29° 12’ east</geoCoordinate>
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) on
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<date id="FF937DC6F760B121B595FF68375E43F3" box="[1232,1383,151,177]" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" value="1843-07-12">12 July 1843</date>
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, and moved on up the Drakensberg where he camped for the night before travelling on to Leeuwriet which he reached on 18 July. The
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<typeStatus id="5496E5A4F760B121B06DFF20336143BB" box="[296,344,223,249]" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">type</typeStatus>
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of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D2085F760B121B03BFF20306943BB" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1850" box="[382,592,223,249]" class="Aves" family="Alaudidae" genus="Alauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fringillaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9598714F760B121B03BFF20306943BB" box="[382,592,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">Alauda fringillaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected on
|
||
<date id="FF937DC6F760B121B25FFF20319543BB" box="[794,940,223,249]" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" value="1843-07-18">18 July 1843</date>
|
||
at Leeuwriet, so the TL should be restricted to Leeuwriet (but see below,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13164783F760B121B099FEFC3004425F" box="[476,573,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,810,1719]" captionTargetId="figure-258@20.[151,1436,810,1719]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 4. Wahlberg’s route in 1843 (red dots) across the Free State from the Drakensberg Mountains at Bezuidenhout’s Pass to Potchefstroom via Skandinawiedrif across the Vaal River." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6541745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6541745/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B925B06F760B121B182FED8371B41C7" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">
|
||
However, the question of the locality of Leeuwriet and its present name remains. There was evidently some confusion by Wahlberg about names and dates. There are also problems with modern name changes and identifying the names of places that Wahlberg recorded in his travels. Leeuwriet (translated as lion + reeds) does not appear in any modern gazetteer in the context of Wahlberg’s travels and is not shown on Baines’ “Great Map” of old wagon routes from the Drakensberg to the Vaal River and beyond (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC26F7F760B121B3ACFE4831824293" author="Stiebel, L. & Carruthers, J. & Forbes, V. L. & Etherington, N." box="[745,955,439,465]" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" refId="ref29930" refString="Stiebel, L., Carruthers, J., Forbes, V. L. & Etherington, N. (2001) Thomas Baines and the " Great Map ". Route of the Goldfields Exploration Company Expedition, 1869 - 1872. University of Natal, Durban. [CD-Rom]" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Stiebel
|
||
<emphasis id="B9598714F760B121B205FE4831414293" box="[832,888,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Map A, between pp.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD5F6E3F760B121B5FEFE4837014293" box="[1211,1336,439,465]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2638999999999996" metricValueMax="3.2766" metricValueMin="3.2512" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" unit="in" value="128.5" valueMax="129.0" valueMin="128.0">128–129 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC26F7F760B121B404FE48337542B7" author="Craig, A. & Hummel, C." pageId="21" pageNumber="542" refId="ref28290" refString="Craig, A. & Hummel, C. (1994) Johan August Wahlberg. Travel Journals (and Some Letters) South Africa and Namibia / Botswana, 1838 - 1856. Translated from Swedish by Michael Roberts. Series 2. No. 23. Van Riebeeck Society, Cape Town, 249 pp." type="book" year="1994">Craig & Hummel (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, shows the possible route taken by Wahlberg from the top of the Drakensberg to Klerkspruit (also called Sandspruit) and then on to Vechtkop (Vegkop) which he reached on 23 July (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13164783F760B121B517FE003689415B" box="[1106,1200,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,810,1719]" captionTargetId="figure-258@20.[151,1436,810,1719]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 4. Wahlberg’s route in 1843 (red dots) across the Free State from the Drakensberg Mountains at Bezuidenhout’s Pass to Potchefstroom via Skandinawiedrif across the Vaal River." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6541745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6541745/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Leeuwriet is almost certainly the same place as Klerkspruit. A similar route and wagon track is shown on the map by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC26F7F760B121B590FDDC37A5417C" author="Petermann, A." box="[1237,1436,547,574]" pageId="21" pageNumber="542" pagination="5" refId="ref29322" refString="Petermann, A. (1868) Das Capland N'Ebst den Sud-Afrikanischen Freistaaten und dem Gebiet der Hottentotten & Kaffern im maassstabe [sic] von 1: 5, 000, 000. Justus Perthes, Gotha. [unknown pagination]" type="journal article" year="1868">Petermann (1868)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who seems to have plotted Wahlberg’s route from Bezuidenhout’s Pass via Vegkop to Potchefstroom (and beyond), but without place names for most of the track. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="5496E5A4F760B121B3D9FD9430F241C7" box="[668,715,619,645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality should be corrected to Klerkspruit,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E995E4F760B121B5E8FD94372741C7" box="[1197,1310,619,645]" country="South Africa" name="Free State" pageId="21" pageNumber="542">Free State</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |