893 lines
95 KiB
XML
893 lines
95 KiB
XML
<document id="C62D82AE68BD71FA90DD6602855DD97A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.184231" ID-GBIF-Dataset="302581d2-0eb0-45cf-94cb-3be429360e1e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="184231" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459963481178" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bell, Trent P & Patterson, Geoff B" docDate="2008" docId="03842100FFF9FFF87FC9F22340A9E99D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01882p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1882" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Oligosoma pikitanga Bell & Patterson, 2008, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFBD5978FFFAFFF27F5EF4344229EB27" masterDocTitle="A rare alpine skink Oligosoma pikitanga n. sp. (Reptilia: Scincidae) from Llawrenny Peaks, Fiordland, New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1698230994273" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="3F07FA131DE7422B69188211271FDCB8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="21472B4725682F7FC4A28E0673282DFF">
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<mods:title id="D037B9B49B14DDCA89739EBCA272B3A9">A rare alpine skink Oligosoma pikitanga n. sp. (Reptilia: Scincidae) from Llawrenny Peaks, Fiordland, New Zealand</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F6D144DF9060DE87C118DD0A0FFB5CF0" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="1F456B6DBE66E004BCECCD52832FE97A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="857B0EC063C22C53A3F0F1EA39E14F48">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A72CCEB8E36EB6DD3C7A670F2F8FCA1A">Bell, Trent P</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0D755572751031C2114E7B504EF63D7E" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="ACEF73091A59E65DC6B3F3A3125CB919">
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<mods:roleTerm id="02B739C11862569C91A99E9B95F29CD9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C5ED4313673BFEFA48581670473B112D">Patterson, Geoff B</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9E9B0687E503EB50704415C02B6F4564">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="D403B3579D4632D803FC8F512E282CD8" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4DCB4E3C2082DA02673BCD2F08E44188">
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<mods:title id="9486ECF3BAF70AFC25B837E51B292938">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B787C947553C1014A6200AC2FA4EF84D">
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<mods:date id="1F108DB9EC35FD54EFF22659973633F1">2008</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail id="5B38AE14D95880FB003366AC9791A337" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F120D684976DE4AFEE3E5EBDE7537546">1882</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="015B7BF34B34E38F4F231F6C968F40D1" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="639160D71A949B90DB4DBBD9CEDCE750">57</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="7CC671AF48488AAD577291C30AEC74D4">68</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="A6DEB4C01D283AED26F8F885C209AB59">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="793028F8E380FA45BB5FDDB3688F06F7" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.184231</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A34557F49C21BDCC49520286FDA5AE5C" type="GBIF-Dataset">302581d2-0eb0-45cf-94cb-3be429360e1e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="54230F85A00719D0C96D017C5DCCF160" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="59B52F4214D70AC54FDEFFF338F8ADAB" type="Zenodo-Dep">184231</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03842100FFF9FFF87FC9F22340A9E99D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6229783" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119377094" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6229783" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:297D3430-3E83-435E-B087-61488AB83786" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03842100FFF9FFF87FC9F22340A9E99D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFF9FFF17FC9F223430FED73" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF9FFF17FC9F22343DEED16" blockId="3.[151,503,1559,1620]" box="[151,503,1559,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="D0DA277AFFF9FFF17FC9F22343DEED16" bold="true" box="[151,503,1559,1585]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF9FFF17FC9F22343DEED16" bold="true" box="[151,503,1559,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF9FFF17FC9F22343BBED16" box="[151,402,1559,1585]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF9FFF17FC9F22343BBED16" bold="true" box="[151,402,1559,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Oligosoma pikitanga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26AF17FFFF9FFF17EC7F22343DEED16" box="[409,503,1559,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B929016FFF9FFF17FC9F20E430FED73" blockId="3.[151,503,1559,1620]" box="[151,294,1594,1620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13168C93FFF9FFF17FC1F20E4334ED73" box="[159,285,1594,1620]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURES 5, 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStart-3="FIGURES 8 – 10" captionStartId-0="4.[151,255,1505,1529]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,269,1919,1943]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,255,1503,1527]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox-0="[264,1322,794,1481]" captionTargetBox-1="[302,1341,649,1887]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1322,714,1478]" captionTargetBox-3="[504,1192,555,1861]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[264,1323,794,1481]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[301,1342,643,1279]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[264,1323,714,1479]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[518,1193,996,1390]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Sinbad skink (Oligosoma pikitanga) holotype (RE 5315) photographed at the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2004. Note the particularly long toes. Photograph: Rod Morris" captionText-1="FIGURES 5, 6. Dorsal and ventral views of the Sinbad skink (Oligosoma pikitanga, Live specimen 1) from the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Photographs: Trent Bell" captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Sinbad skink Live specimen 1 displaying full body detail in natural surroundings, Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Note the large green speckles and elongated tail. Photograph: Rod Morris" captionText-3="FIGURES 8 – 10. Head and chin drawings of O. pikitanga (note the lateral drawing is from Live Specimen, due to the poor condition of the lateral head side of the Holotype)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/184234/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/184235/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/184236/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/184237/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Figs. 4–10</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFF9FFF17FC9F2BE437CEC9B" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B929016FFF9FFF17FC9F2BE437FEC3B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1674,1980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF9FFF17FC9F2BE4339ED83" bold="true" box="[151,272,1674,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFF9FFF17FC9F2BE4322ED83" box="[151,267,1674,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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RE 5315 (juvenile male,
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<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF9FFF17D62F2BE40A7ED83" box="[572,654,1674,1700]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
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SVL,
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<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF9FFF17D85F2BE4104ED83" box="[731,813,1674,1700]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
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tail length; Te Papa Tongawera Museum of
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<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF9FFF17A6DF2BE4775ED83" box="[1331,1372,1674,1700]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">NZ</collectingCountry>
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) Sinbad Gully, Llawrenny Peaks, Fiordland (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE19F6D1FFF9FFF17D26F2864119EDEB" box="[632,816,1714,1740]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="1" value="-44.645683">44° 38'44.46'' S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE19F6D1FFF9FFF17C66F286462BEDEB" box="[824,1026,1714,1740]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="1" value="167.80547">167° 48'19.65'' E</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF9FFF17B4EF2864684EDEB" box="[1040,1197,1714,1740]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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Map Grid (
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<collectionCode id="ED3C08D3FFF9FFF17A64F28647BDEDEB" box="[1338,1428,1714,1740]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">NZMG</collectionCode>
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||
) reference E2098195 N2098195, map series 260, sheet code D40.),
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<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF9FFF17CF8F2EE41D7EDD3" box="[934,1022,1754,1780]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
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ASL collected by T. Jewell,
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<date id="FF93B6D6FFF9FFF17A0EF2EE42FBEC3B" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2004-03">March 2004</date>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="13168C93FFF9FFF17FBEF3364361EC3B" box="[224,328,1794,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1505,1529]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,794,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,794,1481]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sinbad skink (Oligosoma pikitanga) holotype (RE 5315) photographed at the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2004. Note the particularly long toes. Photograph: Rod Morris" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184234/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF9FFF17F98F31E437CEC9B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1674,1980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF9FFF17F98F31E43AEEC63" bold="true" box="[198,391,1834,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Live Specimen.</emphasis>
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(1) Live adult male (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF9FFF17DD4F31E40C9EC63" box="[650,736,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="82.0">82 mm</quantity>
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||
SVL,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF9FFF17C6CF31E41A5EC63" box="[818,908,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="106.0">106mm</quantity>
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||
tail length,
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||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF9FFF17B40F31E4662EC63" box="[1054,1099,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="g" value="10.0">10g</quantity>
|
||
weight (wt)), Sinbad Gully, Llawrenny Peaks, Fiordland (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE19F6D1FFF9FFF17EA7F3664098EC4B" box="[505,689,1874,1900]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="1" value="-44.645683">44° 38'44.46'' S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE19F6D1FFF9FFF17DE4F36641ACEC4B" box="[698,901,1874,1900]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="1" value="167.80547">167° 48'19.65'' E</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF9FFF17CCAF366461AEC4B" box="[916,1075,1874,1900]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
Map Grid (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C08D3FFF9FFF17B9DF3664734EC4B" box="[1219,1309,1874,1900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">NZMG</collectionCode>
|
||
) reference E2098195 N2098195, map series 260, sheet code D40) 1150 +
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||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF9FFF17CD0F34E41E5ECB3" box="[910,972,1914,1940]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
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||
ASL collected by T. Jewell,
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<date id="FF93B6D6FFF9FFF17A77F34E42FCEC9B" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2007-03-10">10 March 2007</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168C93FFF9FFF17FBEF3964379EC9B" box="[224,336,1954,1980]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 5, 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="5.[151,269,1919,1943]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,255,1503,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[302,1341,649,1887]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1322,714,1478]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[301,1342,643,1279]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[264,1323,714,1479]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 5, 6. Dorsal and ventral views of the Sinbad skink (Oligosoma pikitanga, Live specimen 1) from the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Photographs: Trent Bell" captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Sinbad skink Live specimen 1 displaying full body detail in natural surroundings, Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Note the large green speckles and elongated tail. Photograph: Rod Morris" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/184235/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/184236/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Figs. 5–7</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFFEFFF67F98F4A3415BEA75" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFEFFF67F98F4A3415BEA75" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67F98F4A343D7EB96" bold="true" box="[198,510,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Further Live Specimens:</emphasis>
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(2) Juvenile female (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67DA7F4AC4164EB95" box="[761,845,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="64.0">64 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67CC5F4AC41C7EB95" box="[923,1006,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="82.0">82 mm</quantity>
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||
tail length,
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||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67B25F4AC4686EB95" box="[1147,1199,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="g" value="4.5">4.5g</quantity>
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wt). All subsequent locality details are as for Live Specimen (1); Collected
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<date id="FF93B6D6FFFEFFF67C6FF4F44621EBFD" box="[817,1032,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" value="2008-02-17">17 February 2008</date>
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||
. (3) Adult male (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67B86F4F44707EBFD" box="[1240,1326,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="82.0">82 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67A21F4F442ECEA25" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="88.0">88 mm</quantity>
|
||
tail length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67E0EF4DC43B8EA25" box="[336,401,232,258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="g" value="10.8">10.8g</quantity>
|
||
wt). Collected
|
||
<date id="FF93B6D6FFFEFFF67D18F4DC4130EA25" box="[582,793,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" value="2008-02-18">18 February 2008</date>
|
||
. (4) Adult male (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67CBEF4DC461DEA25" box="[992,1076,232,258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67BDCF4DC46FDEA25" box="[1154,1236,232,258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="98.0">98 mm</quantity>
|
||
tail length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67A01F4DC47B2EA25" box="[1375,1435,232,258]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="9.0">9mm</quantity>
|
||
regenerated tail portion (r)
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67E85F524402FEA0D" box="[475,518,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="g" value="15.0">15g</quantity>
|
||
wt). Collected
|
||
<date id="FF93B6D6FFFEFFF67D9EF52441BEEA0D" box="[704,919,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" value="2008-02-18">18 February 2008</date>
|
||
. (5) Adult female, gravid (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67B87F5244707EA0D" box="[1241,1326,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="91.0">91 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67A21F52442ECEA75" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="89.0">89 mm</quantity>
|
||
tail length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67E0EF50C43B5EA75" box="[336,412,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="48.0">48mm</quantity>
|
||
r,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67EE4F50C43CCEA75" box="[442,485,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="g" value="15.0">15g</quantity>
|
||
wt). Collected
|
||
<date id="FF93B6D6FFFEFFF67DC4F50C4147EA75" box="[666,878,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" value="2008-02-18">18 February 2008</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFFEFFF67F98F56B43A4E9C5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFEFFF67F98F56B43A4E9C5" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67F98F56B436FEA5E" bold="true" box="[198,326,351,377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This medium sized skink (SVL up to ˜
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67C72F5544153EA5D" box="[812,890,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="91.0">91mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67CD6F55441CBEA5D" box="[904,994,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="188.0">188mm</quantity>
|
||
total length and
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFEFFF67BEEF55446F5EA5D" box="[1200,1244,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="g" value="15.0">15g</quantity>
|
||
weight) is relatively easily distinguished from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67DD5F5BC4125EA86" box="[651,780,392,417]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67DD5F5BC4125EA86" box="[651,780,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Oligosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, having a characteristic appearance with large green dorsal speckles against a black dorsal base colour, a black upper-lateral band with large salmon-pink lateral speckles, a pale grey chin and a belly flushed with vivid orange.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67C98F5EC4673EAD6" box="[966,1114,472,497]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67C98F5EC4673EAD6" box="[966,1114,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67C98F5EC41F7EAD6" box="[966,990,472,497]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a shiny, glossy appearance, and is slender with long toes and long tail. The nearest genetically-related species are each further separated by distinct counts of mid-body scale rows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67C52F61C4189E966" box="[780,928,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67C52F61C4189E966" box="[780,928,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67C52F61C410DE966" box="[780,804,552,577]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
38;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67C8BF61C4687E966" box="[981,1198,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67C8BF61C4687E966" box="[981,1198,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67C8BF61C41C4E966" box="[981,1005,552,577]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. infrapunctatum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
29–37;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67A51F61C47B5E966" box="[1295,1436,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otagense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67A51F61C47B5E966" box="[1295,1436,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67A51F61C470EE966" box="[1295,1319,552,577]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. otagense
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
46–72;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67FB1F66443ADE94E" box="[239,388,592,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67FB1F66443ADE94E" box="[239,388,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67FB1F664432EE94E" box="[239,263,592,617]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. taumakae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
32–34;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67EBDF66440B9E94E" box="[483,656,592,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waimatense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67EBDF66440B9E94E" box="[483,656,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67EBDF66443D2E94E" box="[483,507,592,617]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. waimatense
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
50–68), ventral scale rows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67C84F6644645E94E" box="[986,1132,592,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67C84F6644645E94E" box="[986,1132,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67C84F66441DBE94E" box="[986,1010,592,617]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
78–88;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67B95F6644743E94E" box="[1227,1386,592,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67B95F6644743E94E" box="[1227,1386,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67B95F66446CAE94E" box="[1227,1251,592,617]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. acrinasum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
90– 100), subdigital lamellae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67E97F64C4072E9B6" box="[457,603,632,657]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67E97F64C4072E9B6" box="[457,603,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67E97F64C43C8E9B6" box="[457,481,632,657]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
20–23;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67DE4F64C4171E9B6" box="[698,856,632,657]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67DE4F64C4171E9B6" box="[698,856,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67DE4F64C40FBE9B6" box="[698,722,632,657]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. acrinasum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
16–19
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67CF7F64C419AE9B6" box="[937,947,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">)</emphasis>
|
||
or the relative size of the dorsal scales (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67FC9F6944302E99E" box="[151,299,672,697]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67FC9F6944302E99E" box="[151,299,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67FC9F6944286E99E" box="[151,175,672,697]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
smaller than ventrals; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67D09F6944119E99E" box="[599,816,672,697]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67D09F6944119E99E" box="[599,816,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFEFFF67D09F6944046E99E" box="[599,623,672,697]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. infrapunctatum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larger). This species is allopatric to all other genetically-related species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF52C09EFFFEFFF67FC9F1D54155ED3C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184234/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[264,1322,794,1481]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFEFFF67FC9F1D54155ED3C" blockId="4.[151,1435,1505,1563]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67FC9F1D54332EEDE" bold="true" box="[151,283,1505,1529]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Sinbad skink (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFEFFF67E9BF1D64081EEDE" box="[453,680,1506,1529]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67E9BF1D64081EEDE" box="[453,680,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Oligosoma pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) holotype (RE 5315) photographed at the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2004. Note the particularly long toes. Photograph: Rod Morris
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFFEFFF57F98F27B407EEA85" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFEFFF77F98F27B415AEAE8" blockId="4.[151,1436,1615,2001]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,583]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFEFFF67F98F27B43D0ED4E" bold="true" box="[198,505,1615,1641]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFFEFFF67EDEF27B43DDED4E" box="[384,500,1615,1641]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body elongate, oval in cross-section; limbs well developed, pentadactyl (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168C93FFFEFFF67A3FF27B42EEEDB6" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURES 5, 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="4.[151,255,1505,1529]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,269,1919,1943]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,255,1503,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[264,1322,794,1481]" captionTargetBox-1="[302,1341,649,1887]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1322,714,1478]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[264,1323,794,1481]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[301,1342,643,1279]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[264,1323,714,1479]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Sinbad skink (Oligosoma pikitanga) holotype (RE 5315) photographed at the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2004. Note the particularly long toes. Photograph: Rod Morris" captionText-1="FIGURES 5, 6. Dorsal and ventral views of the Sinbad skink (Oligosoma pikitanga, Live specimen 1) from the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Photographs: Trent Bell" captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Sinbad skink Live specimen 1 displaying full body detail in natural surroundings, Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Note the large green speckles and elongated tail. Photograph: Rod Morris" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/184234/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/184235/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/184236/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Figs. 4–7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lower eyelid with a transparent palpebral disc, bordered on sides and below by small, oblong granules. Nostril centred just below middle of nasal, pointing up and back. Supranasals absent. Rostral broader than deep. Frontonasal broader than long, separated from frontal by prefrontals meeting in the midline. Frontal longer than broad, shorter than frontoparietal and interparietal together, in contact with 2 anteriormost supraoculars. Supraoculars 4, the 2nd largest. Frontoparietals distinct, larger than interparietal. A pair of parietals meeting behind interparietal and bordered posteriorly by a pair each of nuchals and temporals, also in contact with interparietal, frontoparietal, 4th supraocular and 2 postoculars. Loreals 2, similar size; anterior loreal in contact with 1st and 2nd supralabial, posterior loreal, prefrontal, frontonasal and nasal; posterior loreal in contact with 2nd and 3rd supralabial, 1st subocular, upper and lower preocular, prefrontal and anterior loreal. Supralabials 8 (left)/7 (right), the 7th/6th largest. Infralabials 6, several of them equal in size; 6th/5th supralabial below centre of eye. Mental broader but shallower than rostral. Suboculars 3 and 4 separated by 6th/5th supralabial. Postmental larger than mental. Chinshields 3 pairs. Dorsal scales not largest, weakly striate,
|
||
<date id="FF93B6D6FFFFFFF77F96F52142C4EA08" box="[200,237,277,303]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">1 x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFFFFF77FAAF5214362EA08" box="[244,331,277,303]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
. Ventral scales smooth, c 1.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFFFFFF77DE5F5214130EA08" box="[699,793,277,303]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Subdigital lamellae smooth. Nasals separate. One primary temporal scale. Forehead concave, snout slightly convex. Ear opening round, moderately large, lacking projecting granules on anterior margin. Forelimbs shorter than hind limbs, adpressed limbs overlapping in live specimen. Digits very long, cylindrical. Third front digit shorter than the 4th. Precloacal scales enlargened, c. 20; postcloacal scales 20. All scales have a glossy appearance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFFFFF77F98F5E94685EAD0" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,583]" box="[198,1196,477,503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFFFFF77F98F5E94354EAD0" bold="true" box="[198,381,477,503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
(in millimeters;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFFFFFF77D1CF5E94080EAD0" box="[578,681,477,503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with the Live specimen (1) in parentheses):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFFFFF77F98F631466FE960" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,583]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">SVL 61 (82); HL 10 (13.3); HW 6 (8.3); AG 31 (42); SF 22 (27); SE 11 (14); EF 10 (14); FTL 6.7 (11.0); HLL 26 (34); diameter of eye 2.5 (3.0); diameter of ear 0.9 (1.8); TL 75.0 (106).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFFFFF47FAEF72046EDEB95" blockId="5.[240,267,788,832]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,658]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFFFFF47FAEF7204310EB96" bold="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">5 6 Variation</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFFCFFF47E15F4AC439AEB95" box="[331,435,152,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with the variation shown in the Live specimen (1) in parentheses):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF52C09EFFFFFFF77FC9F34B40CCEC9E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184235/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[302,1341,649,1887]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFFFFF77FC9F34B40CCEC9E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1919,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFFFFF77FC9F34B436DECB0" bold="true" box="[151,324,1919,1943]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">FIGURES 5, 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral views of the Sinbad skink (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFFFFF77C65F3B44673ECB1" authority="Live" authorityName="Live" box="[827,1114,1919,1943]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFFFFF77C65F3B44635ECB0" box="[827,1052,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Oligosoma pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
, Live
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen 1) from the head of the Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Photographs: Trent Bell
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFCFFF47FC9F4F4461CEA25" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Upper ciliaries 7 (6); lower ciliaries 11 (10); nuchals 1 pair (1 pair); midbody scale rows 38 (38); ventral scale rows 88 (78); subdigital lamellae 23 (20); supraciliaries 7 (6); suboculars 6 (6).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFCFFF47F98F524473EEA0D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,658]" box="[198,1303,272,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Ratios for morphological measurements (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFFCFFF47DF5F524413AEA0D" box="[683,787,272,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with the Live specimen (1) in parentheses):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFCFFF47F98F50C47B2EA75" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,658]" box="[198,1435,312,338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">AG/SF 1.4 (1.6); SE/EF 1.1, (1.0); HL/HW 1.7 (1.6). Both specimens had intact tails – ratios 1.23 (1.29).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFCFFF47F98F56B4325E9B5" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47F98F56B430AEA5E" bold="true" box="[198,291,351,377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Colour.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary dorsal markings range from a jet black base with regular green specks, to primarily green with black mottling. Median dorsal stripe absent. Dorsolateral line absent, although intensity of green pigment along the dorsal-lateral area may form a stripe which may be distinct from the head and shoulders but break up progressively down the body. Lateral surface black with grey or pinkish spots. Primary head markings as for dorsal markings. Tail mainly green with some black flecking. Ventral surface vivid orange, shading into gray on undersurface of tail, throat and chin blackish-grey. Soles of feet black, upper and outer surface of limbs blotched with black and pink. Juvenile coloration is similar to adult, however neonate colouration is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF52C09EFFFCFFF47FC9F1EB41C0ED3E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184236/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[264,1322,714,1478]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFCFFF47FC9F1EB41C0ED3E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1503,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47FC9F1EB4335EED0" bold="true" box="[151,284,1503,1527]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Sinbad skink Live specimen 1 displaying full body detail in natural surroundings, Sinbad Gully, March 2007. Note the large green speckles and elongated tail. Photograph: Rod Morris
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFCFFF57F98F27C407EEA85" blockId="6.[151,1437,1608,2034]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,498]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47F98F27C4310ED45" bold="true" box="[198,313,1608,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Genetics.</emphasis>
|
||
Genetic analyses of the Sinbad skink were undertaken by David Chapple and collaborators (D.G. Chapple, C.H. Daugherty & P.A. Ritchie, unpublished data) as part of a wider phylogenetic study of the relationship among all members of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47C68F2AC41FAED95" box="[822,979,1688,1714]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
skink radiation. Analyses indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47FC9F2F44303EDFE" box="[151,298,1728,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47FC9F2F44303EDFE" box="[151,298,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47FC9F2F44286EDFE" box="[151,175,1728,1753]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a part of a phylogeny clade containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47C49F2F4419EEDFE" box="[791,951,1728,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47C49F2F4419EEDFE" box="[791,951,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47C49F2F44106EDFE" box="[791,815,1728,1753]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. acrinasum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47C9BF2F446B7EDFE" box="[965,1182,1728,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47C9BF2F446B7EDFE" box="[965,1182,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47C9BF2F441F4EDFE" box="[965,989,1728,1753]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. infrapunctatum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47BF3F2F442CDEC26" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47BF3F2F44714EDFE" box="[1197,1341,1728,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otagense">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47BF3F2F446ECEDFE" box="[1197,1221,1728,1753]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. otagense
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47A17F2F442CDEC26" authority="Chapple & Patterson, 2007" authorityName="Chapple & Patterson" authorityYear="2007" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47A17F2F44748EDFE" box="[1353,1377,1728,1753]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. taumakae
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFFCFFF47FACF2DC401BEC25" author="Chapple" box="[242,562,1768,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Chapple D. G. & Patterson G. B. (2007) A new skink species (Oligosoma taumakae sp. nov,; Reptilia: Scincidae) from the Open Bay Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, Vol 34, 347 - 357." type="journal article" year="2007">Chapple & Patterson, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47D2DF2DC4108EC26" box="[627,801,1768,1793]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waimatense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47D2DF2DC4108EC26" box="[627,801,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47D2DF2DC40A2EC26" box="[627,651,1768,1793]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. waimatense
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168C93FFFCFFF47C6FF2DC41AEEC25" box="[817,903,1768,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1594,1618]" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagram of a Neighbour-Joining tree with 1000 bootstraps for O. pikitanga, its closest relatives, and some outgroups (D. Chapple, pers. comm. 2008)." pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Genetic distances calculated from a Neighbour-Joining (NJ) tree, with 1000 bootstraps, generated in MEGA 3.1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFFCFFF47B1FF3244710EC0D" author="Kumar" box="[1089,1337,1808,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Kumar S., Tamura K., Nei M. (2004) MEGA 3: integrated software for evolutionary genetic analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 5, 150 - 163" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47BF8F32446C2EC0E" box="[1190,1259,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) by D. Chapple (pers. comm.) between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47D4AF30C408EEC76" box="[532,679,1848,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47D4AF30C408EEC76" box="[532,679,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47D4AF30C4005EC76" box="[532,556,1848,1873]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other species within this clade are as follows:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47BA2F30C47B5EC76" box="[1276,1436,1848,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47BA2F30C47B5EC76" box="[1276,1436,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47BA2F30C473DEC76" box="[1276,1300,1848,1873]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. acrinasum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(11.8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47E5AF35443F5EC5E" box="[260,476,1888,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47E5AF35443F5EC5E" box="[260,476,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47E5AF3544335EC5E" box="[260,284,1888,1913]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. infrapunctatum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(10.8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47D0FF35440F4EC5E" box="[593,733,1888,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otagense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47D0FF35440F4EC5E" box="[593,733,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47D0FF3544040EC5E" box="[593,617,1888,1913]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. otagense
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(11.5%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47C0CF35441C1EC5E" box="[850,1000,1888,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47C0CF35441C1EC5E" box="[850,1000,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47C0CF3544143EC5E" box="[850,874,1888,1913]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. taumakae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(9.4%), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFCFFF47BDEF3544707EC5E" box="[1152,1326,1888,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waimatense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFCFFF47BDEF3544707EC5E" box="[1152,1326,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47BDEF35446B1EC5E" box="[1152,1176,1888,1913]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. waimatense
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(10.2%).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47FC9F3BC4291EC85" box="[151,184,1928,1954]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a rough guide, from genetic work on other
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47DE2F3BC40CAEC85" box="[700,739,1928,1954]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">NZ</collectingCountry>
|
||
skink species, the level of genetic distance between recognized species (for ND2 and ND4) is at least 7–10% (D. Chapple, pers. comm.). These genetic analyses indicate a clear species-level separation from all other
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFCFFF47C7EF3EC41ECECD5" box="[800,965,2008,2034]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
skink species, apart from an as-yetundescribed species,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFDFFF57ECAF4AC4399EB96" box="[404,432,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFDFFF57ECAF4AC4385EB96" box="[404,428,152,177]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. "Barrier". Genetic distances between this undescribed species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFDFFF57A59F4AC47B5EB96" box="[1287,1436,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFDFFF57A59F4AC47B5EB96" box="[1287,1436,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFFDFFF57A59F4AC4736EB96" box="[1287,1311,152,177]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are only 3.0%, however the two skinks can be readily distinguished by appearance, morphology, ecology and behaviour (Patterson & Bell, in prep). Both the Sinbad and Barrier skinks appear to be the most basal and distinctive members of this clade. The ND2 and ND4 sequence data from mitochondrial DNA genes used to construct the phylogeny are available on GenBank (sequence accession numbers for ND2 are SVS1 (juvenile
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFFDFFF57FC9F554432DEA5D" box="[151,260,352,378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
):
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947E0DF5FFFDFFF57E47F55443B1EA5D" box="[281,408,352,378]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU567713" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">EU567713</accessionNumber>
|
||
and SVS3 (live specimen 1):
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947E0DF5FFFDFFF57C5AF55441AFEA5D" box="[772,902,352,378]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU885755" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">EU885755</accessionNumber>
|
||
; and for ND4, SVS1:
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947E0DF5FFFDFFF57BCDF554473AEA5D" box="[1171,1299,352,378]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU567743" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">EU567743</accessionNumber>
|
||
and SVS3:
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947E0DF5FFFDFFF57FC9F5BC433FEA85" box="[151,278,392,418]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU885758" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">EU885758</accessionNumber>
|
||
(D. Chapple pers comm.)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFFDFFFA7F98F59B419FEA25" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFDFFFA7F98F59B419FEA25" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,498]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFDFFF57F98F59B437AEAEE" bold="true" box="[198,339,431,457]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The English words ‘mountain climber’ can be translated into the Maori language as ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFDFFF57A38F58442CDEAD6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">pikitanga’</emphasis>
|
||
and is applied to this skink in reference to the species’ alpine ecology. The common name ‘Sinbad
|
||
<date id="FF93B6D6FFFDFFF57ECCF64D43EEEEEE" box="[402,455,633,1481]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" value="1910-09-08">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFDFFF57ECCF64D43EEEEEE" bold="true" box="[402,455,633,1481]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">8 9 10</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
skink’ has come into popular use and refers to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFF2FFFA7DA4F4AC4105EB95" box="[762,812,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in the Sinbad Gully, Llawrenny Peaks. The Sinbad Gully was named by Donald Sutherland (a Scottish sailor, soldier and prospector) in 1878, inspired by the legend of Sinbad the Sailor’s Valley of Diamonds (Jewell 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF52C09EFFFDFFF57FC9F36B40C0ECBE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184237/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[504,1192,555,1861]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFFDFFF57FC9F36B40C0ECBE" blockId="7.[151,1436,1887,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFDFFF57FC9F36B437BEC50" bold="true" box="[151,338,1887,1911]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">FIGURES 8–10.</emphasis>
|
||
Head and chin drawings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFFDFFF57DD9F3544127EC50" box="[647,782,1888,1911]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFFDFFF57DD9F3544127EC50" box="[647,782,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">O. pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(note the lateral drawing is from Live Specimen, due to the poor condition of the lateral head side of the Holotype).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFF2FFFB7F98F53B476DE994" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF2FFFA7F98F53B4138E82D" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7F98F53B402DEA0E" bold="true" box="[198,516,271,297]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFF2FFFA7D1AF524405FEA0D" box="[580,630,272,298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality is the only locality record known to date for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7A5EF52447BCEA0E" box="[1280,1429,272,297]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7A5EF52447BCEA0E" box="[1280,1429,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF2FFFA7A5EF5244731EA0E" box="[1280,1304,272,297]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Sinbad Gully is a north/north-west facing alpine cirque basin at the head of the Sinbad Valley at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7A12F50C47B5EA75" box="[1356,1436,312,338]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
|
||
ASL, enclosed on three sides by vertical rock cliffs
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7C52F55441A0EA5D" box="[780,905,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="200.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="150.0">150–250m</quantity>
|
||
high up to c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7B66F55446A3EA5D" box="[1080,1162,352,378]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250m</quantity>
|
||
ASL, straddled by the Llawrenny Peaks (Darran Ecological District 72.01;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7C5FF5BC4186EA85" author="McEwen" box="[769,943,392,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="McEwen W. M. (1987) Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand. New Zealand Biological Resources Centre, Department of Conservation, Wellington." type="book" year="1987">McEwen 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reaching to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7B17F5BC46B2EA85" box="[1097,1179,392,418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.925" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1925.0">1925m</quantity>
|
||
ASL. The geology of the Llawrenny Peaks is derived of the Milford Gneiss formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7CCCF584461EEAED" author="Blattner" box="[914,1079,432,458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Blattner P. (1991) The North Fiordland transcurrent convergence. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vo l." type="book" year="1991">Blattner 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7B1DF58446E5EAED" author="Wood" box="[1091,1228,432,458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Wood B. (1962) Sheet 22 Wakatipu (1 st Edition). Geological Map of New Zealand 1: 250,000. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research." type="journal article" year="1962">Wood 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) covering an area of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7FE5F5EC4328EAD5" box="[187,257,472,498]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="15.0">15km</quantity>
|
||
, reaching north to Mt Pembroke across Milford Sound, west to Rugged Mountain and south to Mackinnon Pass. The Milford area (LENZ Environment R2.2a;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7CD8F6344656E93D" author="Leathwick" box="[902,1151,512,538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Leathwick J. R., Morgan F., Wilson G., Rutledge D., McLeod M., & Johnston K. (2003). Land Environments of New Zealand - A Technical Guide. Wellington, Ministry for the Environment, 237 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Leathwick
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7B57F6344615E93E" box="[1033,1084,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) consists of glaciated or partly glaciated mountain ranges up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7D3DF61C4095E965" box="[611,700,552,578]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000m</quantity>
|
||
in altitude, dramatically shaped by successive ice-advances in the Pleistocene into U-shaped valleys with 45–90 degree walls. During the last glacial maximum (Otira Glaciation) 18–20,000 years ago, the Milford Sound glacier reached a total depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7B66F64C46B9E9B5" box="[1080,1168,632,658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="2.17">2.17km</quantity>
|
||
and extended
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7A65F64C47B5E9B5" box="[1339,1436,632,658]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="12.5">12.5 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7FC1F6944342E99D" author="Augustinus" box="[159,363,672,698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Augustinus, P. C. (1992) Outlet glacier trough size-drainage area relationships, Fiordland, New Zealand. Geomorphology, 4 347 - 361." type="journal article" year="1992">Augustinus 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) providing widely spaced nunataks at around
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7CCFF69441CAE99D" box="[913,995,672,698]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200m</quantity>
|
||
ASL (I. Turnbull, pers comm.), suggesting that lizards could not have been present at this time. The last major glaciation event occurred 14,000 years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7E4BF6C443F5E82D" author="Fitzsimons" box="[277,476,752,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Fitzsimons S. J. (1997) Late glacial and early Holocene glacier activity in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Quarternary International. Vols 38 / 39, pp. 69 - 76." type="journal article" year="1997">Fitzsimons 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7EB7F6C4412DE82D" author="Fitzsimons" box="[489,772,752,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Fitzsimons S. J. & Veit H. (2001) Geology and geomorphology of the European Alps and Southern Alps of New Zealand - a comparision. Mountain Research and Development. Vol 21, No 4, Nov 2004, pp. 340 - 349." type="journal article" year="2001">Fitzsimons & Veit 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF2FFFA7F98F72C4041EFCD" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The climate of Environment R2.2a (as modeled from a suite of stations and extrapolated across the landscape) is very cold with mean annual temperature of 6.5 degrees Celsius and a mean minimum temperature of the coldest month of -0.7 degrees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7D70F75C411DE8A5" author="Leathwick" box="[558,820,872,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Leathwick J. R., Morgan F., Wilson G., Rutledge D., McLeod M., & Johnston K. (2003). Land Environments of New Zealand - A Technical Guide. Wellington, Ministry for the Environment, 237 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Leathwick
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7DEDF75C40C7E8A6" box="[691,750,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Actual temperatures are currently unknown for the cirque basin, however
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7EC0F7A44099E88D" box="[414,688,912,938]" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Leathwick J. R., Morgan F., Wilson G., Rutledge D., McLeod M., & Johnston K. (2003). Land Environments of New Zealand - A Technical Guide. Wellington, Ministry for the Environment, 237 pp." type="book">
|
||
Leathwick
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7D7FF7A44072E88E" box="[545,603,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide a suitable approximation given the species’ known altitude. The high elevation, coupled with its exposure to rain-bearing clouds and westerly winds, results in low sunshine hours of less than 1600 hours per annum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7DAAF7D4460AE8DD" author="Atkinson" box="[756,1059,992,1018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refString="Atkinson I. A. E. & Merton D. (2006) Habitat and diet of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) in the Esperance Valley, Fiordland, New Zealand. Notornis, 53 (1), 37 - 54." type="journal article" year="2006">Atkinson & Merton 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a mean annual solar radiation of 12.1 MJ/m2/day, but this drops to a winter mean solar radiation of 3.1 MJ/m2/day) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7B84F03C42FEEF6D" author="Leathwick" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Leathwick J. R., Morgan F., Wilson G., Rutledge D., McLeod M., & Johnston K. (2003). Land Environments of New Zealand - A Technical Guide. Wellington, Ministry for the Environment, 237 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Leathwick
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7A3EF03C47B5EF06" box="[1376,1436,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This area receives an extraordinary average annual precipitation of up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7B05F00446F3EF6D" box="[1115,1242,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="12000.0">12,000mm</quantity>
|
||
/y (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF2FFFA7A5AF004434FEF55" author="Griffiths" pageId="8" pageNumber="68" refString="Griffiths G. A. & McSaveney M. J. (1983) Distribution of Mean Annual Precipitation Across Some Steepland Regions of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 197 - 209." type="journal article" year="1983">Griffiths and McSaveney 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), giving rise to numerous cascading waterfalls year round and heavy snow falls during the winter. The cirque basin is snow-bound during winter and avalanche prone in the spring months. The microclimate of the cirque basin is sheltered from the prevailing westerly winds and the gneiss rock also provides thermal refugia from extreme elements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF2FFFA7F98F0CC4058EC65" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Little is known about the biology, ecology and life-history of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7CE8F0CC467AEE36" box="[950,1107,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7CE8F0CC4679EE36" box="[950,1104,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF2FFFA7CE8F0CC41E7EE36" box="[950,974,1272,1297]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. pikitanga
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This new species occupies damp alpine to sub-alpine cliffs in the Llawrenny Peaks and is likely to occupy cirque basin walls and similar steep rock terrain, foraging on ledges amongst vegetation, and utilizing crevices in the rock as refugia (Bell
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7AD9F17C429CEEAE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press, Bell & Patterson (in prep)). The elongate body form, long toes and relatively high scale counts are suggestive of a saxicolous existence, typical of other saxicolous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7CC2F1AC4634EE96" box="[924,1053,1432,1457]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7CC2F1AC4634EE96" box="[924,1053,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oligosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7BB2F1AC47B5EE96" box="[1260,1436,1432,1457]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waimatense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7BB2F1AC47B5EE96" box="[1260,1436,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF2FFFA7BB2F1AC472DEE96" box="[1260,1284,1432,1457]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. waimatense
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7F97F1F443C8EEFD" authority="Gray, 1845" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[201,481,1472,1498]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grande">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7F97F1F44369EEFE" box="[201,320,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF2FFFA7F97F1F442C8EEFE" box="[201,225,1472,1497]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. grande
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Gray, 1845)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The striking green colouration of this skink also suggests it has a strong association with the vegetation of the area. All but one skink have so far been discovered among pockets of vegetation on rock bluffs.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF2FFFA7EDAF224438CED0D" box="[388,421,1552,1578]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
with almost all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7DF2F2244104ED0E" box="[684,813,1552,1577]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7DF2F2244104ED0E" box="[684,813,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Oligosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, this species is likely to be diurnal and livebearing and one individual skink was observed sunbasking (H. Edmonds, pers. comm.). The juvenile
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFF2FFFA7A6BF20C47B2ED75" box="[1333,1435,1592,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was found under loose rocks at the foot of the cirque wall at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7C01F2544186ED5D" box="[863,943,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
|
||
ASL and five animals were found among snow tussock (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7E16F2BC4015ED86" box="[328,572,1672,1697]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chionochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7E16F2BC4015ED86" box="[328,572,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Chionochloa pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) vegetation on the cirque wall at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7C91F2BC4636ED85" box="[975,1055,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1150.0">1150m</quantity>
|
||
+
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF2FFFA7B1CF2BC465FED85" box="[1090,1142,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="50.0">50m</quantity>
|
||
ASL. Sympatric species include a putative new species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7D4BF284401BEDEE" box="[533,562,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF2FFFA7D4BF2844004EDEE" box="[533,557,1712,1737]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. ‘mahogany skink’, affiliated with the cryptic skink,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7B8AF28447B5EDEE" box="[1236,1436,1712,1737]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7B8AF28447B5EDEE" box="[1236,1436,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF2FFFA7B8AF28446C5EDEE" box="[1236,1260,1712,1737]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. inconspicuum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-complex; Bell
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7EFFF2EC43F2EDD6" box="[417,475,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press; Bell & Patterson in prep, and D. Chapple, pers comm.) and the Cascades gecko (a member of the forest and alpine gecko,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7DB0F334460BEC3E" box="[750,1058,1792,1817]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Hoplodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7DB0F334460BEC3E" box="[750,1058,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Hoplodactylus granulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-complex; Bell
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7A63F3344752EC3E" box="[1341,1403,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press and R. Hitchmough, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF2FFFB7F98F3644678EA75" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,538]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The flora and fauna of the Sinbad Gully are species-diverse. The flora is adapted for alpine and sub-alpine areas, particularly for (1) rocky cliffs and areas and/or (2) snow accumulation during the winter. These include alpine tussock (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7E0AF39440E8EC9E" box="[340,705,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7E0AF3944064EC9E" box="[340,589,1952,1977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chionochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pallens">Chionochloa pallens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7D05F39440E8EC9E" box="[603,705,1952,1977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chionochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">C. ovata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7C5EF39441B4EC9E" box="[768,925,1952,1977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chionochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassicula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7C5EF39441B4EC9E" box="[768,925,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">C. crassicula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ferns (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7B59F3944655EC9E" box="[1031,1148,1952,1977]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Blechnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7B59F3944655EC9E" box="[1031,1148,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Blechnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., kiokio), whipcord hebes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7FB3F3FC4302ECC6" box="[237,299,1992,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Hebe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7FB3F3FC4302ECC6" box="[237,299,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Hebe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp), pohuehue (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7EA3F3FC4135ECC6" box="[509,796,1992,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Muehlenbeckia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polygonales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="axillaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7EA3F3FC4135ECC6" box="[509,796,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Muehlenbeckia axillaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7C68F3FC4186ECC6" box="[822,943,1992,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7C68F3FC4186ECC6" box="[822,943,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Coprosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and snowberries (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFA7BD0F3FC4726ECC6" box="[1166,1295,1992,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Gaultheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFA7BD0F3FC4726ECC6" box="[1166,1295,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Gaultheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF2FFFB7A3DF3FC4338EB96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Dracophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF2FFFB7A3DF3FC4338EB96" italics="true" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="8" pageNumber="65">Dracophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp, mountain daisies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7D60F4AC4126EB96" box="[574,783,152,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Celmisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hectorii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7D60F4AC4126EB96" box="[574,783,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Celmisia hectorii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tikumu) and lily (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7B5AF4AC467CEB96" box="[1028,1109,152,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asteliaceae" genus="Astelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B5AF4AC467CEB96" box="[1028,1109,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Astelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.), mountain buttercup (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7FFFF4F4435EEBFE" box="[161,375,192,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Ranunculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lyallii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7FFFF4F4435EEBFE" box="[161,375,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Ranunculus lyallii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and snow marguerite (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7DCFF4F441D8EBFE" box="[657,1009,192,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dolichoglottis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scorzoneroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7DCFF4F441D8EBFE" box="[657,1009,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Dolichoglottis scorzoneroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Other plants present are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7A72F4F447B5EBFE" box="[1324,1436,192,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Aciphylla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7A72F4F447B5EBFE" box="[1324,1436,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Aciphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and the native broom (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7E89F4DC4040EA26" box="[471,617,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Carmichaeli</emphasis>
|
||
) (K. Lloyd, pers. comm.). The skink has a strong association with the vegetation as all captures (both by hand and trap) were within vegetation and not on bare rock surfaces. These skinks are likely to forage within vegetation and utilize this vegetation as refugia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7F98F5544649EA85" blockId="9.[151,1436,152,538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The fauna of the Sinbad Gully include the rock wren (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7C11F5544610EA5E" box="[847,1081,352,377]" class="Aves" family="Acanthisittidae" genus="Xenicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilviventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7C11F5544610EA5E" box="[847,1081,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Xenicus gilviventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), kea (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7BD3F5544762EA5E" box="[1165,1355,352,377]" class="Aves" family="Psittacidae" genus="Nestor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psittaciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7BD3F5544762EA5E" box="[1165,1355,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Nestor notabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF3FFFB7A3AF55442DCEA85" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
falcon (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7E09F5BC404FEA86" box="[343,614,392,417]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Falco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeseelandiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7E09F5BC404FEA86" box="[343,614,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Falco novaeseelandiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, karearea) and weka (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7C37F5BC4666EA86" box="[873,1103,392,417]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Galliralus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7C37F5BC4666EA86" box="[873,1103,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Galliralus australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7F98F58443E6E93D" blockId="9.[151,1436,152,538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Ecological and ecophysiological studies of this skink, the Barrier skink, (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF3FFFB7B78F5844612EAEE" box="[1062,1083,432,457]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B78F5844612EAEE" box="[1062,1083,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">O</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
. sp. ‘Barrier’), and the Fiordland skink, (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7E72F5EC43E4EAD6" box="[300,461,472,497]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7E72F5EC43E4EAD6" box="[300,461,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF3FFFB7E72F5EC436DEAD6" box="[300,324,472,497]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. acrinasum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) would provide a valuable insight into how these skinks survive such contrasting yet extreme environments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7CC7F691476DE994" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[921,1348,669,697]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
100
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7CBEF6A946D1E994" box="[992,1272,669,691]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7CBEF6A946D1E994" box="[992,1272,669,691]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma infrapunctatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OIF1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C39DFFF3FFF87CBCF6F940A9E99D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7CBCF6F9476FE9C4" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[994,1350,717,739]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7CBCF6F946D3E9C4" box="[994,1274,717,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7CBCF6F946D3E9C4" box="[994,1274,717,739]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma infrapunctatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OIF2)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7C8DF6CC4762E834" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[979,1355,760,787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
100
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7B46F6C946DDE834" box="[1048,1268,765,787]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otagense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B46F6C946DDE834" box="[1048,1268,765,787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma otagense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OOT1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7E33F701477BE864" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[365,1362,813,841]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
62
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7B40F71946D2E864" box="[1054,1275,813,835]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otagense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B40F71946D2E864" box="[1054,1275,813,835]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma otagense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OOT2)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7C79F75146BDE854" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[807,1172,861,889]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
100
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7C3DF769466EE854" box="[867,1095,861,883]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7C3DF769466EE854" box="[867,1095,861,883]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma taumakae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OBI2)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7C3EF7B946B9E884" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[864,1168,909,931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7C3EF7B9466AE884" box="[864,1091,909,931]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7C3EF7B9466AE884" box="[864,1091,909,931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma taumakae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OBI3)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7E68F7954367E892" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[310,334,929,949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">70</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7CEDF78C4713E8F4" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[947,1338,952,979]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
100
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7CA7F78946CBE8F4" box="[1017,1250,957,979]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7CA7F78946CBE8F4" box="[1017,1250,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma acrinasum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OAC1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7B58F7D9476EEF24" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[1030,1351,1005,1027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7B58F7D946C7EF24" box="[1030,1262,1005,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B58F7D946C7EF24" box="[1030,1262,1005,1027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma acrinasum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OAC3)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7E55F0274729EF14" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[267,1280,1043,1075]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
93
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7CF7F029468BEF14" box="[937,1186,1053,1075]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waimatense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7CF7F029468BEF14" box="[937,1186,1053,1075]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma waimatense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OWA2)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7CD8F06146B3EF44" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[902,1178,1101,1129]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">100 Barrier Skink (BKS1)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7D9FF04C46B3EFB4" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[705,1178,1144,1171]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">100 Barrier Skink (BKS2)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7C37F09C46E4EFE4" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[873,1229,1192,1219]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
100
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7CC1F0994651EFE4" box="[927,1144,1197,1219]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7CC1F0994651EFE4" box="[927,1144,1197,1219]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SVS1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7CC1F0E946E4EFD4" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[927,1229,1245,1267]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7CC1F0E94651EFD4" box="[927,1144,1245,1267]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7CC1F0E94651EFD4" box="[927,1144,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SVS3)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7B54F1394735EE04" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" box="[1034,1308,1293,1315]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7B54F13946EBEE04" box="[1034,1218,1293,1315]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B54F13946EBEE04" box="[1034,1218,1293,1315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma smithi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OSM1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7CB2F109473DEEA4" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7CB2F10946F6EE74" box="[1004,1247,1341,1363]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zelandicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7CB2F10946F6EE74" box="[1004,1247,1341,1363]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma zelandicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OZE3) 55
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7B4EF1594696EEA4" box="[1040,1215,1389,1411]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Cyclodina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B4EF1594696EEA4" box="[1040,1215,1389,1411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Cyclodina oliveri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(COL1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7B40F1A9400CEC45" blockId="9.[267,1407,669,1459]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,1703,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7B40F1A9470EEE94" box="[1054,1319,1437,1459]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7B40F1A946B8EE94" box="[1054,1169,1437,1459]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oligosoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
n polychroma
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(ONP1) 0.01
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7F98F29343E0EDE6" bold="true" box="[198,457,1703,1729]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7E8AF29C40E7EDE6" box="[468,718,1704,1729]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7E8AF29C40E7EDE6" box="[468,718,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">Oligosoma pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7C58F29C410BEDE6" box="[774,802,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF3FFFB7C58F29C4137EDE6" box="[774,798,1704,1729]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 'Sinbad Gully') is a threatened species currently listed by the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF3FFFB7E72F2E443E1EDCD" box="[300,456,1744,1770]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
Department of Conservation as DD, OL (data deficient, one location) (Hitchmough
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7FC9F2CC42FBEC36" box="[151,210,1784,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007) based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962EB4FFF3FFFB7E9CF2CC43DDEC35" box="[450,500,1784,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
population. A recent DOC meeting (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF3FFFB7CF4F2CC4646EC35" author="Henderson" box="[938,1135,1784,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Henderson J. (2007) Fiordland lizard meeting, 25 th May 2007. Minutes. Unpublished report, Department of Conservation, Southland, 5 pp." type="book" year="2007">Henderson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and report (Bell
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7A1CF2CC4754EC36" box="[1346,1405,1784,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press) have also since classified the species as being of regional high priority and as requiring urgent surveys, research, and conservation action.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF52C09EFFF3FFFB7FC9F20E404EED53" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFFB7FC9F20E404EED53" blockId="9.[151,1435,1594,1652]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7FC9F20E430CED75" bold="true" box="[151,293,1594,1618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagram of a Neighbour-Joining tree with 1000 bootstraps for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF3FFFB7C92F20E4678ED76" box="[972,1105,1594,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF3FFFB7C92F20E4678ED76" box="[972,1105,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">O. pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its closest relatives, and some outgroups (D. Chapple, pers. comm. 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF3FFF87F98F3444393EA25" blockId="9.[151,1436,1703,2010]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,698]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="9" pageNumber="66">
|
||
It is concerning that only six specimens of this species have been discovered, despite four recent lizard surveys from
|
||
<date id="FF93B6D6FFF3FFFB7E65F3AC43F5EC95" box="[315,476,1944,1970]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" value="2004" valueMax="2008">2004 to 2008</date>
|
||
. Rock climbers over recent years have found many geckos but no skinks around the
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53DF3FFF3FFFB7F9AF3F4432EECFD" box="[196,263,1984,2010]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="200.0">200m</quantity>
|
||
high ‘Shadowland’ wall, which forms a large part of the cirque bluffs on which this skink exists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF0FFF87FC1F4AC4381EB95" author="Jewell" box="[159,424,152,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Jewell T. & Morris R. (2007). Sinbad Gully, valley of diamonds. New Zealand Geographic, No. 88, pp. 44 - 59. Kowhai Publishing LTD." type="book chapter" year="2007">Jewell & Morris 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Detailed faunal and floral surveys in extensive rocky and vegetation habitat throughout the Sinbad Gully environment during the 1970's also found no evidence of skinks (R. Morris pers. comm.; D. Merton pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF0FFF87F98F524463BEA85" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,698]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The known habitat is protected within a National Park, but invasive mammalian predator control is not currently undertaken within the known range for these skinks. Recent accounts of mice (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF0FFF87BE9F50C4776EA76" box="[1207,1375,312,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF0FFF87BE9F50C4776EA76" box="[1207,1375,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Mus musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and possums (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF0FFF87E51F554403EEA5E" box="[271,535,352,377]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF0FFF87E51F554403EEA5E" box="[271,535,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Trichosurus vulpecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) indicate the presence of mammals in the area (Bell et al in press). Native predators may be the weka (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF0FFF87EBCF5BC40E1EA86" box="[482,712,392,417]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Galliralus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF0FFF87EBCF5BC40E1EA86" box="[482,712,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Galliralus australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and kea (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF0FFF87C1BF5BC4629EA86" box="[837,1024,392,417]" class="Aves" family="Psittacidae" genus="Nestor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psittaciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF0FFF87C1BF5BC4629EA86" box="[837,1024,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Nestor notabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B929016FFF0FFF87F98F58440A9E99D" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,698]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
|
||
A similarly-sized sister species, the Fiordland skink,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF0FFF87C67F58441F3EAEE" box="[825,986,432,457]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF0FFF87C67F58441F3EAEE" box="[825,986,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD086FFF0FFF87C67F5844178EAEE" box="[825,849,432,457]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. acrinasum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is extant along the harsh littoral rock areas of the south-western Fiordland coastline (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF0FFF87D98F5EC417CEAD5" author="Hardy" box="[710,853,472,498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Hardy G. S. (1977) The New Zealand Scincidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia); a taxonomic and zoogeographic study. New Zealand Journal of Zoolog, y 4, 221 - 325." type="journal article" year="1977">Hardy 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) almost exclusively on islands free of introduced mammalian predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF0FFF87EF8F634407FE93D" author="Thomas" box="[422,598,512,538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Thomas B. W. (1985 a) Observations on the Fiordland skink (Leiolopisma acrinasum Hardy). Pp. 17 - 22 In: GRIGG G; SHINE R; EHMANN H. (Eds.) ' Biology of Australasian frogs and reptiles. ' Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton (Aust.), 527 pp." type="book chapter" year="1985" yearSuffix="a">Thomas 1985a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEDE7FFF0FFF87D23F63440A6E93D" author="Thomas" box="[637,655,512,538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Thomas B. W. (1985 b) Distribution and ecology of the Fiordland skink (Leiolopisma acrinasum). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 8, 152." type="journal article" year="1985" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given both skinks’ close relationship to each other, similar morphology and occupation of similarly extreme environments,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEB95FFF0FFF87C02F61C467AE966" box="[860,1107,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pikitanga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594C04FFF0FFF87C02F61C467AE966" box="[860,1107,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="67">Oligosoma pikitanga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have experienced similar severe range constrictions as a result of potentially similar predator pressure, particularly from mice, rats and stoats; the insofar observed cliff-dwelling behaviour of this skink may in fact be an artifact of current introduced mammalian predator pressure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |