521 lines
70 KiB
XML
521 lines
70 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="549D2716148FDBB92564396E6912451C">Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C3C02F8188F434F8220DFF2401166BF">Kobayashi, Shigeki</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038087CBFFBA075AFF7597D8FCAAA407" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683566" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181002406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4683566" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFBA075AFF7597D8FCAAA407" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087CBFFBA075AFF7597D8FCAAA407" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBA075BFF7597D8FDE7A2DD" box="[151,622,977,1004]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF7597D8FDE7A2DD" blockId="84.[151,812,977,1040]" box="[151,622,977,1004]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0DE81B1FFBA075BFF7597D8FDE7A2DD" bold="true" box="[151,622,977,1004]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFF7597D8FDE7A2DD" ID-CoL="4G8NP" authority="(Swezey, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Swezey" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[151,622,977,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF7597D8FDE7A2DD" bold="true" box="[151,622,977,1004]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF7597D8FE39A2DA" bold="true" box="[151,432,977,1004]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Philodoria neraudicola</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFE2297D8FDEFA2DD" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[448,614,977,1003]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey, 1920</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBA075BFF7597FCFCA5A539" box="[151,812,1013,1040]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF7597FCFCA5A539" blockId="84.[151,812,977,1040]" box="[151,812,1013,1040]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFF7597FCFEA0A526" box="[151,297,1013,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,206,1630]" captionTargetId="figure-20@37.[159,1429,201,1638]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 19. Adults of Philodoria neraudicola (Swezey, 1920) and P. obamaorum sp. n. A P. neraudicola lectotype male, B Forewings of lectotype female, host Pipturus albidus, Maui, C P. obamaorum holotype male, D Paratype female, E Female (CLV017). Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681851/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs. 19A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFED697FCFEFCA526" box="[308,373,1013,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1701,1725]" captionTargetBox="[202,1385,186,1668]" captionTargetId="figure-23@50.[201,1387,181,1677]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 27. Forewing pattern variation in Philodoria. Specimens from recent collection efforts that were preserved in ethanol or RNA stabilization reagent, originally for molecular studies. A P. dubauticola, male (CJ402/SK812), B P. dubautiella, male CJ524a/SK686), C P. hibiscella, female (CJ399/SK723), D Same species, male (CJ089/SK724), lateral view, E Same species, dorsal view, F Philodoria sp., male, host: Dubautia plantaginea, Maui (CJ352c/SK770), G Philodoria sp., female (CJ500), host: Dubautia plantaginea, Oahu, H P. naenaeiella (CJ188), abdomen missing, I P. neraudicola, female (CJ336/SK838), host: Pipturus albidus, J Same species, female (CJ369), host: Pipturus sp., K P. obamaorum, female (CJ423/SK844), L Same species, left forewing, M Same species, female (CJ403a/SK735), N P. touchardiella, female (CJ401a/SK764), O Same species, male (CJ401b/SK765), P P. marginestrigata, male (CJ165/SK760), host: Lipochaeta rockii, Q Same species, male (CJ187/SK771), host: Abutilon menziesii, R Same species, male (CJ379c), host: Sida fallax. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681869/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">27I, J</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFE6397FCFE5DA526" box="[385,468,1013,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,187,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-23@92.[151,1436,181,1650]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 50. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E–J, L: Left valva, B, D, K, M: Right valva. A, B P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, C, D P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, E P. urerana, Oahu, paralectotype, SK671, F P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, G P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, H P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, I P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, J, K P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662, host: unknown, L Same species, Molokai, SK771, host: Abutilon menziesii, M Same species, Kauai, SK784, host: Sida, fallax." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681919/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">50A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFE3D97FCFD9AA526" box="[479,531,1013,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[224,1359,203,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-20@93.[207,1381,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 51. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662 host: unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681921/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">51A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFDFC97FCFDD8A526" box="[542,593,1013,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,190,1687]" captionTargetId="figure-23@94.[160,1427,181,1693]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 52. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view.A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK695, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, PHIL0029 host: Abutilon incanum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681923/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">52A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFDBE97FCFD26A526" box="[604,687,1013,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 59" captionStartId="110.[151,250,1714,1738]" captionTargetBox="[166,1426,193,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-23@110.[151,1436,181,1690]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURE 59. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK708, host: Neraudia melastomifalia, B Same species, Maui, SK838, host: Pipturus albidus, C P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK710, host: Pipturus albidus, D Same species, Hawaii (Big Island), SK844 host: Pipturus sp., E P. urerana, paralectotype, SK672, F Philodoria sp. 1, SK835, G Same species, PHIL0021, H P. keahii, paratype, SK756, I P. funkae, holotype, SK761, J P. touchardiella, SK764, K P. keaensis, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK777, L P. hauicola, Oahu, SK618." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681937/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">59A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFD5997FCFD63A526" box="[699,746,1013,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 85" captionStartId="147.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,198,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-20@147.[173,1414,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURE 85. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A–D: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, E: P. neraudicola A: Molokai, B, D: Hawaii (Big Island), C, E: West Maui, B: Kohala Forest Reserve, C: Waihe'e Forest Reserve D: Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve, E: Iao Valley, same series of CJ336, 360, 361, 369. Host plants: A Pipturus sp. 1, B Pipturus sp. 4, C, D Pipturus sp. 2, E Pipturus albidus. Arrows point to cocoons." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681994/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">85E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFD1497FCFCA1A539" box="[758,808,1013,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 86" captionStartId="148.[151,250,1146,1170]" captionTargetBox="[160,1420,181,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-23@148.[160,1427,181,1121]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURE 86. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A, D: Unidentified Philodoria species, B: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, C: P. neraudicola. A West Oahu, B, C: Waihee Valley, West Maui, D: Kula Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series of CJ219, 222, 224, 230. Host plants: A: Pipturus albidus, B: Pipturus sp. 5, C: Pipturus sp. 4, D: Pipturus rockii. A Young mines, B Mine of late instar larva, C Cocoons on abaxial side of leaf, D Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows show late instar larva (B) and cocoon (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681996/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">86C</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBA075BFF75903DFC07A5BC" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF75903DFD18A57A" blockId="84.[151,910,1076,1162]" box="[151,657,1076,1101]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFF75903DFD04A57A" authority="Swezey, 1920 b: 385 - 386" authorityName="Swezey" authorityPageNumber="385 - 386" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,653,1076,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracilaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF75903DFE0DA57A" box="[151,388,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gracilaria neraudicola</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFE69903CFD93A57A" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[395,538,1076,1101]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey, 1920</bibRefCitation>
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b: 385–386
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF75905DFD61A55D" blockId="84.[151,910,1076,1162]" box="[151,744,1107,1131]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFF75905DFDAEA55D" authority="(Swezey, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Swezey" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[151,551,1107,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Parectopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF75905DFE09A55D" box="[151,384,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Parectopa neraudicola</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFE6C905AFDA9A55D" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[398,544,1107,1131]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey, 1920</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Swezy 1928: 191.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF75907BFC07A5BC" blockId="84.[151,910,1076,1162]" box="[151,910,1138,1162]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3911F3FFBA075BFF75907BFC07A5BC" box="[151,910,1138,1162]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFF75907BFDA5A5BC" ID-CoL="4G8NP" authority="(Swezey, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Swezey" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[151,556,1138,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF75907BFE0CA5BC" box="[151,389,1138,1162]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Philodoria neraudicola</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFE71907BFDACA5BC" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[403,549,1138,1162]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFBA075BFDD5907BFCA7A5BC" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[567,814,1138,1162]" page="689" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" year="1978">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFDD5907BFCA7A5BC" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[567,814,1138,1162]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a: 689</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 444.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBA075BFF7590BAFC16A797" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF7590BAFE7FA5F8" blockId="84.[151,1437,1202,2021]" box="[151,502,1202,1230]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF7590BAFEBFA5FA" bold="true" box="[151,310,1202,1229]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFF7590BAFF5BA5FB" box="[151,210,1203,1229]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Punaluu (Oahu).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF2590DEFC06A727" blockId="84.[151,1437,1202,2021]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF2590DEFEFFA5C6" bold="true" box="[199,374,1238,1265]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Type material.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFE9F90DEFE64A5C7" box="[381,493,1239,1265]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
♂, Punaluu, Oahu,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFBA075BFD2C90DEFCCEA5C7" box="[718,839,1239,1265]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="1916-06-11">11.vi.1916</date>
|
||
, Coll. O.H.S. (= O.H. Swezey), ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFB3590DEFAC8A5C7" box="[1239,1345,1239,1265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Neraudia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFB3590DEFAC8A5C7" box="[1239,1345,1239,1265]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Neraudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFAB090DEFF75A423" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Neraudia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melastomifalia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFAB090DEFF75A423" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">melastomifalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], |
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFEFE90F2FD00A423" authority="Swezey" authorityName="Swezey" authorityYear="1920" box="[284,649,1275,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracilaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFEFE90F2FDAFA423" box="[284,550,1275,1301]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gracilaria neraudicola</emphasis>
|
||
Swezey
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFD6990F2FD71A423" box="[651,760,1275,1301]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
| Type no.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBA075BFC9190F2FC45A423" box="[883,972,1275,1301]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.082294" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="in" value="4261.0">4261 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFC3490F2FBADA423" box="[982,1060,1275,1301]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
(here designated).
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFAE690F2FA15A423" box="[1284,1436,1275,1301]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
5 (1♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFBA075BFF099116FE87A40F" box="[235,270,1311,1337]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 3 sex unknown): Host
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFDC49116FD66A40F" box="[550,751,1311,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Neraudia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melastomifalia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFDC49116FD66A40F" box="[550,751,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">N. melastomifalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, |
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFCE09116FCE1A40F" box="[770,872,1311,1337]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
| O.H. Swezey: 1 (sex unknown), same data and locality as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFEF4914AFE09A46B" box="[278,384,1347,1373]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, missing abdomen,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFD84914AFD3FA46B" box="[614,694,1347,1373]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34243; 1♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFBA075BFCA2914AFCEAA46B" box="[832,867,1347,1373]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2 (sex unknown), Waiahole, Oahu,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFBA075BFAEC914AFA1EA46B" box="[1294,1431,1347,1373]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="1916-08-13">13.viii.1916</date>
|
||
, SK
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFBA075BFF5E916EFF7CA4B7" box="[188,245,1383,1409]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="female">708♀</specimenCount>
|
||
|
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFF1A916EFEC2A4B7" box="[248,331,1383,1409]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34244,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFE46916FFE7DA4B7" box="[420,500,1382,1409]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34245,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFDAB916EFD11A4B7" box="[585,664,1383,1409]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34246, and 1♂, SK707♂ in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFC02916EFBBCA4B7" box="[992,1077,1383,1409]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
. Described from six specimens from Oahu. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFEBF9182FE36A493" box="[349,447,1419,1445]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was not specified in the original description, therefore the so-labeled ‘holotype’ and ‘paratypes’ can be considered
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFE0B91A6FDC2A4FF" box="[489,587,1455,1481]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
under Article 73.2 of the Code (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFC5191A6FBB0A4FF" author="ICZN" box="[947,1081,1455,1481]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref101112" refString="ICZN (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFC5191A6FC7FA4FF" box="[947,1014,1455,1481]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and any of them is eligible for designation as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFEA391DAFE21A4DB" box="[321,424,1491,1517]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
under Article 74 of the Code (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFCE491DAFC07A4DB" author="ICZN" box="[774,910,1491,1517]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref101112" refString="ICZN (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFCE491DAFCC0A4DB" box="[774,841,1491,1517]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFC3491DAFBA4A4DB" box="[982,1069,1491,1517]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
‘holotype’ is here designated as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFF7591FEFF77A727" box="[151,254,1527,1553]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFEEF91FEFEFAA727" box="[269,371,1527,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,206,1630]" captionTargetId="figure-20@37.[159,1429,201,1638]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 19. Adults of Philodoria neraudicola (Swezey, 1920) and P. obamaorum sp. n. A P. neraudicola lectotype male, B Forewings of lectotype female, host Pipturus albidus, Maui, C P. obamaorum holotype male, D Paratype female, E Female (CLV017). Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681851/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the remaining
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFDB191FEFD3CA727" box="[595,693,1527,1553]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFD0791FEFC03A727" box="[741,906,1527,1553]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF259213FC16A797" blockId="84.[151,1437,1202,2021]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF259213FE4DA702" bold="true" box="[199,452,1562,1588]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
3 (sex unknown), Kamiloloa, Mol., 3200,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFBA075BFC0B9213FBE3A703" box="[1001,1130,1562,1589]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="1925-12-20">20.xii.1925</date>
|
||
, O.H. Swezey,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFAD79212FF6EA76F" authority=", BPBM" authorityName="BPBM" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFAD79212FA1CA702" box="[1333,1429,1563,1588]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
, BPBM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
34247,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFEDE9236FE02A76F" box="[316,395,1599,1625]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34249,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFE029237FDB9A76F" box="[480,560,1598,1625]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
34250;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413C80FFBA075BFD679236FDFDA74B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3071273356" collectingDate="2014-07-28" collectingDateMax="2014-08-10" collectingDateMin="2014-07-28" collectorName="C. A. Johns" location="Iao Valley" municipality="Maui" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFBA075BFD679236FD23A76F" box="[645,682,1599,1625]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF66006FFBA075BFD5B9236FCA6A76F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFBA075AFF7597D8FCAAA407:8EF66006FFBA075BFD5B9236FCA6A76F" box="[697,815,1599,1625]" municipality="Maui" name="Iao Valley" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Iao Valley</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF2ACA7FFBA075BFCDE9236FCF3A76F" box="[828,890,1599,1625]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Maui</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, 9&
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFBA075BFC499236FBBAA76F" box="[939,1075,1599,1625]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="2014-08-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFBA075BFC499236FBBAA76F" box="[939,1075,1599,1625]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="2014-08-10">10.viii.2014</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(stored),
|
||
<collectorName id="26DC530BFFBA075BFB469236FAAAA76F" box="[1188,1315,1599,1625]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">C.A. Johns</collectorName>
|
||
leg., host:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFF75926AFEDAA74B" authorityName="A. Gray ex H. Mann (Swezey" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,339,1635,1661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF75926AFEDAA74B" box="[151,339,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Pipturus albidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFBA075BFE87926AFE6EA74B" box="[357,487,1635,1661]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="2014-07-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFBA075BFE87926AFE6EA74B" box="[357,487,1635,1661]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="2014-07-28">28.vii.2014</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, CJ336, SK
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413C80FFBA075BFD97926AFCA3A74B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3071273414" box="[629,810,1635,1661]" collectionCode="BPBM" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="838" specimenCount-female="838">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFBA075BFD97926AFD39A74B" box="[629,688,1635,1661]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="female">838♀</specimenCount>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFD3B926AFCA3A74B" box="[729,810,1635,1661]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413C80FFBA075BFCDB926AFC12A797" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3071273380" collectingDate="2014-08-12" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="C. A. Johns" location="Same" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFBA075BFCDB926AFCD5A74B" box="[825,860,1635,1661]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
1 (sex unknown),
|
||
<location id="8EF66006FFBA075BFBDA926AFBFFA74B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFBA075AFF7597D8FCAAA407:8EF66006FFBA075BFBDA926AFBFFA74B" box="[1080,1142,1635,1661]" name="Same" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Same</location>
|
||
locality, 10&
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFBA075BFAF7926AFA15A74B" box="[1301,1436,1635,1661]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="2014-08-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFBA075BFAF7926AFA15A74B" box="[1301,1436,1635,1661]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="2014-08-12">12.viii.2014</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(stored),
|
||
<collectorName id="26DC530BFFBA075BFF1E928EFEF1A797" box="[252,376,1671,1697]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">C.A. Johns</collectorName>
|
||
leg., host:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFE16928EFDDDA796" box="[500,596,1671,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFE16928EFDDDA796" box="[500,596,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., CJ360, CJ
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBA075BFD1E928EFCCAA797" box="[764,835,1671,1697]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3726" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="in" value="369.0">369 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFBA075BFCA8928EFC12A797" box="[842,923,1671,1697]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBA075BFF2592A3FD9FA64F" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075BFF2592A3FD9FA64F" blockId="84.[151,1437,1202,2021]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF2592A3FECBA7F2" bold="true" box="[199,322,1706,1732]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The forewing pattern is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFD2392A2FC2DA7F3" box="[705,932,1707,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperomanniella" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFD2392A2FC2DA7F3" box="[705,932,1707,1733]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">P. hesperomanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFC4B92A2FC61A7F3" bold="true" box="[937,1000,1707,1733]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57B4FFBA075BFC4B92A2FC61A7F3" box="[937,1000,1707,1733]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFBFE92A2FA8BA7F3" authority="(Swezey)" baseAuthorityName="Swezey" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1052,1282,1707,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urerana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFBFE92A2FB19A7F2" box="[1052,1168,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">P. urerana</emphasis>
|
||
(Swezey)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFAD592A2FF54A7DF" authorityName="Swezey" authorityYear="1920" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracilaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFAD592A2FF54A7DF" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">P. neraudicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an orangish ocherous apical region; the saccus is slender and pointed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFBC192C6FB42A7DF" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[1059,1227,1743,1769]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that a series of five specimens reared from leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFDB892FAFC9AA63B" authorityName="A. Gray ex H. Mann (Swezey" authorityYear="1920" box="[602,787,1779,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFDB892FAFC9AA63B" box="[602,787,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Pipturus albidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Pahoa, Puna on the island of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF83FFFBA075BFB9E92FAFB44A63B" box="[1148,1229,1779,1805]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Big Island),
|
||
<date id="FF97101DFFBA075BFA8B92FAFEC2A607" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" value="1918-09-20">September 20, 1918</date>
|
||
seems to be the same species. However, the five
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFC85931EFC40A607" box="[871,969,1815,1841]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBA075BFBE9931EFB3BA607" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[1035,1202,1815,1841]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have distinguishable forewing pattern from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFE019332FD0CA663" authorityName="Swezey" authorityYear="1920" box="[483,645,1851,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracilaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFE019332FD0CA663" box="[483,645,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">P. neraudicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and therefore we treat them here as new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFB569332FADEA663" box="[1204,1367,1851,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obamaorum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFB569332FADEA663" box="[1204,1367,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">P. obamaorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFABC9332FA14A663" bold="true" box="[1374,1437,1851,1877]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57B4FFBA075BFABC9332FA14A663" box="[1374,1437,1851,1877]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(See diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBA075BFEBD9356FD8CA64F" box="[351,517,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obamaorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFEBD9356FEF9A64E" box="[351,368,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFE9C9356FD8CA64F" box="[382,517,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">obamaorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBA075AFF25938BFA0FA3C7" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBA075AFF25938BFDA8A09B" blockId="84.[151,1437,1202,2021]" lastBlockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBA075BFF25938BFE4BA6AA" bold="true" box="[199,450,1922,1948]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Redescription: Adult</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBA075BFE36938AFDD6A6AB" box="[468,607,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,206,1630]" captionTargetId="figure-20@37.[159,1429,201,1638]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 19. Adults of Philodoria neraudicola (Swezey, 1920) and P. obamaorum sp. n. A P. neraudicola lectotype male, B Forewings of lectotype female, host Pipturus albidus, Maui, C P. obamaorum holotype male, D Paratype female, E Female (CLV017). Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681851/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 19A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wingspan
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBA075BFD0D938BFCF1A6AB" box="[751,888,1922,1949]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="7.3" valueMax="8.1" valueMin="6.5">6.5–8.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in type series; forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBA075BFB07938BFAC2A6AB" box="[1253,1355,1922,1949]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="3.75">3.75 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFA90938AFF69A6F7" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBA075BFF0E93AEFEFAA6F7" box="[236,371,1959,1985]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3499999999999996" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="3.3499999999999996" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFBA075BFE7A93AEFDBAA6F7" box="[408,563,1959,1985]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Head creamy white; frons white; maxillary palpus white mixed with fuscous scales; labial palpus white, median joint fuscous at apex, terminal joint with fuscous band at middle and at apex. Antenna brownish, basal segment pale. Thorax brownish fuscous, pale in middle and posteriorly. Forewing brownish fuscous, with three outwardly-oblique white dorsal streaks (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFC9694B2FC2EA1ED" bold="true" box="[884,935,187,219]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
ds
|
||
<subScript id="17AD3498FFBB075AFC6C94C4FC2EA1ED" attach="left" box="[910,935,205,219]" fontSize="6" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">1–3</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) widened at base and margined with a few black scales, somewhat curved apically, the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFD7694D6FD3EA1C9" bold="true" box="[660,695,223,255]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
ds
|
||
<subScript id="17AD3498FFBB075AFD4D94F8FD3EA1C9" attach="left" box="[687,695,241,255]" fontSize="6" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">3</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
nearly connected with a white slender outwardly-oblique blackmargined line (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFEA2950AFED6A015" bold="true" box="[320,351,259,291]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
cs
|
||
<subScript id="17AD3498FFBB075AFEB5951CFED6A015" attach="left" box="[343,351,277,291]" fontSize="6" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">1</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) at three-fourths of costa, beyond this white line, three or four white costal spots (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFB0F950AFAB8A02B" bold="true" box="[1261,1329,259,285]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">a, b, c</emphasis>
|
||
); a round black spot at apex with a few pale blue scales, a few pale blue scales between this spot and the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFB26952EFB6FA071" bold="true" box="[1220,1254,295,327]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
ds
|
||
<subScript id="17AD3498FFBB075AFB3C9530FB6FA071" attach="left" box="[1246,1254,313,327]" fontSize="6" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">3</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, sometimes this area ocherous; apical and terminal cilia brown, paler near base and black
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFC299542FC63A05D" bold="true" box="[971,1002,331,363]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
bl
|
||
<subScript id="17AD3498FFBB075AFC009554FC63A05D" attach="left" box="[994,1002,349,363]" fontSize="6" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">1</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
at extreme base, tornal cilia- very pale brown. Hindwing and cilia pale brown. Abdomen pale brownish. Legs ocherous, anterior and middle tibiae and tarsi and posterior tarsi fuscous marked.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBB075AFF2595BEFDC1A357" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF2595BEFEFAA0E6" bold="true" box="[199,371,438,465]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFE6695BEFD90A0E7" box="[388,537,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,187,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-23@92.[151,1436,181,1650]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 50. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E–J, L: Left valva, B, D, K, M: Right valva. A, B P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, C, D P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, E P. urerana, Oahu, paralectotype, SK671, F P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, G P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, H P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, I P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, J, K P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662, host: unknown, L Same species, Molokai, SK771, host: Abutilon menziesii, M Same species, Kauai, SK784, host: Sida, fallax." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681919/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs. 50A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFDC495BFFDD0A0E7" box="[550,601,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[224,1359,203,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-20@93.[207,1381,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 51. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662 host: unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681921/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">51A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFD8495BFFD11A0E7" box="[614,664,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,190,1687]" captionTargetId="figure-23@94.[160,1427,181,1693]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 52. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view.A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK695, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, PHIL0029 host: Abutilon incanum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681923/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">52A</figureCitation>
|
||
) (n=1). Capsule
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBB075AFCBA95BEFC3DA0E7" box="[856,948,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="780.0">780 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Tegumen 0.9 x length of valva; valva
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBB075AFA9095BFFF34A0C3" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="540.0">540 µm</quantity>
|
||
long, tapering along costal margin from 2/5 to apex, slightly narrowing at middle with small spines at apex; a set of short spines arranged along inner side of basal region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFCAD95F6FC53A32F" box="[847,986,510,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,187,1641]" captionTargetId="figure-23@92.[151,1436,181,1650]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 50. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E–J, L: Left valva, B, D, K, M: Right valva. A, B P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, C, D P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, E P. urerana, Oahu, paralectotype, SK671, F P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, G P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, H P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, I P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, J, K P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662, host: unknown, L Same species, Molokai, SK771, host: Abutilon menziesii, M Same species, Kauai, SK784, host: Sida, fallax." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681919/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 50A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Saccus slender and pointed at apex in ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFED3962AFE13A30B" box="[305,410,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[224,1359,203,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-20@93.[207,1381,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 51. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662 host: unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681921/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 51A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Phallus
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBB075AFDE4962BFDD4A30B" box="[518,605,546,573]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="570.0">570 µm</quantity>
|
||
long and thickened at phallobase with well-developed coecum; two series of minute cornuti in vesica (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFE31964EFDB2A357" box="[467,571,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,190,1687]" captionTargetId="figure-23@94.[160,1427,181,1693]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 52. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view.A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK695, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, PHIL0029 host: Abutilon incanum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681923/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 52A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBB075AFF259662FA0FA3C7" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF259662FE07A3B2" bold="true" box="[199,398,618,645]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFE7D9662FDA1A3B3" box="[415,552,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 59" captionStartId="110.[151,250,1714,1738]" captionTargetBox="[166,1426,193,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-23@110.[151,1436,181,1690]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURE 59. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK708, host: Neraudia melastomifalia, B Same species, Maui, SK838, host: Pipturus albidus, C P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK710, host: Pipturus albidus, D Same species, Hawaii (Big Island), SK844 host: Pipturus sp., E P. urerana, paralectotype, SK672, F Philodoria sp. 1, SK835, G Same species, PHIL0021, H P. keahii, paratype, SK756, I P. funkae, holotype, SK761, J P. touchardiella, SK764, K P. keaensis, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK777, L P. hauicola, Oahu, SK618." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681937/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 59A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) (n=2).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBB075AFD6B9662FCBCA3B3" box="[649,821,619,645]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="1150.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="1100.0">1100–1200 µm</quantity>
|
||
long. Ostium bursae large; antrum cup-shaped with a pair of lateral lobes; lamella antevaginalis
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBB075AFD979686FD47A39F" box="[629,718,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 µm</quantity>
|
||
, weakly sclerotized, trapezoid in ventral view, widening toward anterior margin of A7. Ductus bursae slender, middle region weakly sclerotized, round and flat; terminus of ductus bursae tubular, biforked. Corpus bursae
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFBB075AFDBA96DEFD38A3C7" box="[600,689,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="670.0">670 µm</quantity>
|
||
, oblong; signa a pair of longitudinal, partly sclerotized wrinkles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBB075AFF2596F3FAE2A223" box="[199,1387,762,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBB075AFF2596F3FAE2A223" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" box="[199,1387,762,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF2596F3FEE8A222" bold="true" box="[199,353,762,788]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Molokai (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBB075AFE3796F2FD39A223" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[469,688,763,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Oahu (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBB075AFCED96F2FC22A223" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[783,939,763,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Maui: new record and possibly Kauai.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBB075AFF259716FEC6A527" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBB075AFF259716FE3BA26B" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF259716FED5A20F" bold="true" box="[199,348,799,825]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Host plants.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFE8B9716FE6CA20F" box="[361,485,799,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFE149716FBCDA20F" authority="Gaudich. (Swezey 1920)" authorityName="Gaudich. (Swezey" authorityYear="1920" box="[502,1092,799,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Neraudia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melastomifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFE149716FC9AA20F" box="[502,787,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Neraudia melastomifolia</emphasis>
|
||
Gaudich. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBB075AFC799716FBB4A20F" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[923,1085,799,825]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="376 - 386" refId="ref102521" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1920) Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4 (2), 376 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16149" type="journal article" year="1920">Swezey 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFBB49716FF7DA26B" authority="A. Gray ex H. Mann" authorityName="A. Gray ex H. Mann (Swezey" authorityYear="1920" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFBB49716FA9FA20F" box="[1110,1302,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pipturus albidus</emphasis>
|
||
A.Gray ex H.Mann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFEC8974AFE03A26A" box="[298,394,835,860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFEC8974AFE03A26A" box="[298,394,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBB075AFF25976FFAF8A2FC" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF25976FFEAEA2B6" bold="true" box="[199,295,870,896]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFED5976EFE2EA2B7" box="[311,423,870,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 85" captionStartId="147.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,198,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-20@147.[173,1414,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURE 85. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A–D: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, E: P. neraudicola A: Molokai, B, D: Hawaii (Big Island), C, E: West Maui, B: Kohala Forest Reserve, C: Waihe'e Forest Reserve D: Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve, E: Iao Valley, same series of CJ336, 360, 361, 369. Host plants: A Pipturus sp. 1, B Pipturus sp. 4, C, D Pipturus sp. 2, E Pipturus albidus. Arrows point to cocoons." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681994/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs. 85E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFE56976EFE6DA2B4" box="[436,484,871,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 86" captionStartId="148.[151,250,1146,1170]" captionTargetBox="[160,1420,181,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-23@148.[160,1427,181,1121]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURE 86. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A, D: Unidentified Philodoria species, B: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, C: P. neraudicola. A West Oahu, B, C: Waihee Valley, West Maui, D: Kula Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series of CJ219, 222, 224, 230. Host plants: A: Pipturus albidus, B: Pipturus sp. 5, C: Pipturus sp. 4, D: Pipturus rockii. A Young mines, B Mine of late instar larva, C Cocoons on abaxial side of leaf, D Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows show late instar larva (B) and cocoon (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681996/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">86C</figureCitation>
|
||
) Little is known about its biology. The larva on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFBEE976EFBE5A2B6" box="[1036,1132,871,896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFBEE976EFBE5A2B6" box="[1036,1132,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a blotch mine on the adaxial leaf surface that gathers the frass in the center (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFCE49782FCE4A293" box="[774,877,906,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 85" captionStartId="147.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,198,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-20@147.[173,1414,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURE 85. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A–D: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, E: P. neraudicola A: Molokai, B, D: Hawaii (Big Island), C, E: West Maui, B: Kohala Forest Reserve, C: Waihe'e Forest Reserve D: Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve, E: Iao Valley, same series of CJ336, 360, 361, 369. Host plants: A Pipturus sp. 1, B Pipturus sp. 4, C, D Pipturus sp. 2, E Pipturus albidus. Arrows point to cocoons." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681994/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 85E</figureCitation>
|
||
); numerous mines and cocoons per leaf; pupation occurs in a brownish-white cocoon outside of the mine, which is usually on the adaxial leaf surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFB1C97A6FAECA2FC" box="[1278,1381,943,970]" captionStart="FIGURE 86" captionStartId="148.[151,250,1146,1170]" captionTargetBox="[160,1420,181,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-23@148.[160,1427,181,1121]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURE 86. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A, D: Unidentified Philodoria species, B: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, C: P. neraudicola. A West Oahu, B, C: Waihee Valley, West Maui, D: Kula Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series of CJ219, 222, 224, 230. Host plants: A: Pipturus albidus, B: Pipturus sp. 5, C: Pipturus sp. 4, D: Pipturus rockii. A Young mines, B Mine of late instar larva, C Cocoons on abaxial side of leaf, D Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows show late instar larva (B) and cocoon (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681996/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 86C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBB075AFF2597DBFEC6A527" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF2597DBFEDDA2DA" bold="true" box="[199,340,978,1004]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Parasitoids.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFEBF97DAFE68A2DB" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[349,481,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFE0C97DAFC11A2DB" authority="(Ashmead, 1901)" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[494,920,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metallicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFE0C97DAFD41A2DB" box="[494,712,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euderus metallicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Ashmead, 1901)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFC4597DAFAC5A2DB" authority="(Timberlake, 1927)" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Timberlake" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[935,1356,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pnigalio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="externa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFC4597DAFBECA2DA" box="[935,1125,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pnigalio externa</emphasis>
|
||
(Timberlake, 1927)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFBB075AFA8197DAFECAA527" author="Zimmerman, E. C." pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFBB075AFF259012FCAAA407" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFBB075AFF259012FCAAA407" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF259012FEB2A503" bold="true" box="[199,315,1051,1077]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
We could not locate the Kauai specimens and therefore the record from Kauai cannot be confirmed. Leaf mines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFEDF9036FE14A56E" box="[317,413,1087,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFEDF9036FE14A56E" box="[317,413,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Iao Valley along Iao Stream were abundant during our survey in 2014. We also collected similar blotch mines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFE6D906AFE7DA548" box="[399,500,1123,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 86" captionStartId="148.[151,250,1146,1170]" captionTargetBox="[160,1420,181,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-23@148.[160,1427,181,1121]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURE 86. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A, D: Unidentified Philodoria species, B: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, C: P. neraudicola. A West Oahu, B, C: Waihee Valley, West Maui, D: Kula Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series of CJ219, 222, 224, 230. Host plants: A: Pipturus albidus, B: Pipturus sp. 5, C: Pipturus sp. 4, D: Pipturus rockii. A Young mines, B Mine of late instar larva, C Cocoons on abaxial side of leaf, D Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows show late instar larva (B) and cocoon (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681996/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 86B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and tortuous linear to blotch mines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFBB075AFC43906AFBA0A54B" box="[929,1065,1122,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 85" captionStartId="147.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[184,1393,198,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-20@147.[173,1414,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURE 85. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A–D: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, E: P. neraudicola A: Molokai, B, D: Hawaii (Big Island), C, E: West Maui, B: Kohala Forest Reserve, C: Waihe'e Forest Reserve D: Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve, E: Iao Valley, same series of CJ336, 360, 361, 369. Host plants: A Pipturus sp. 1, B Pipturus sp. 4, C, D Pipturus sp. 2, E Pipturus albidus. Arrows point to cocoons." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681994/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 85C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) on West Maui and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF83FFFBB075AFAF3906AFAEBA54B" box="[1297,1378,1123,1149]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Big Island). Unfortunately, adults did not emerge, but these mines may be from larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFBB3908EFB4FA597" box="[1105,1222,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floscula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFBB3908EFB4FA597" box="[1105,1222,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">P. floscula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFB09908EFA15A597" box="[1259,1436,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haelaauensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFB09908EFB75A596" box="[1259,1276,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFAE8908EFA15A597" box="[1290,1436,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">haelaauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFF7590A2FF51A5F3" bold="true" box="[151,216,1195,1221]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57B4FFBB075AFF7590A2FF51A5F3" box="[151,216,1195,1221]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The host plant genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFE3590A2FDC8A5F3" box="[471,577,1195,1221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Neraudia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFE3590A2FDC8A5F3" box="[471,577,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Neraudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has become exceedingly rare on the Hawaiian Islands with several species being listed as endangered. We were able to locate fewer than ten plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFC1390C6FB31A5DF" authorityName="Gaudich. (Swezey" authorityYear="1920" box="[1009,1208,1231,1257]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Neraudia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melastomifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFC1390C6FB31A5DF" box="[1009,1208,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">N. melastomifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout our surveys. None of these plants showed signs of leaf mine activity. However, surveys of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFBDF90FAFB2EA43B" box="[1085,1191,1267,1293]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Neraudia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFBDF90FAFB2EA43B" box="[1085,1191,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Neraudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
herbarium specimens (BPBM) revealed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFBB075AFE86911EFE54A407" box="[356,477,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFBB075AFE86911EFE54A407" box="[356,477,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Philodoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf mines on several plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |