treatments-xml/data/03/80/7F/03807F35FFBDFF86AF5BEA68FC9BFF63.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3803636" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c66fc524-9b16-4e5b-9e11-0049f89225ef" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163737614" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3803636" checkinTime="1587714821785" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Girón, Jennifer C. &amp; Franz, Nico M." docDate="2010" docId="03807F35FFBDFF86AF5BEA68FC9BFF63" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectSystematicsEvoluition.41.4.339-.pdf" docOrigin="Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution 41" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Apodrosus epipolevatus Giron &amp; Franz 2010, sp.n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="366" masterDocId="FFB9074DFFAAFF9DAF22E84BFFE5FFB3" masterDocTitle="Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)" masterLastPageNumber="414" masterPageNumber="339" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" updateTime="1643561977367" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Girón, Jennifer C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Call Box 9000, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">entiminae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Franz, Nico M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Call Box 9000, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2010-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number>41</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1163/187631210X538799</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3803636" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163737614" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3803636" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03807F35FFBDFF86AF5BEA68FC9BFF63" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03807F35FFBDFF86AF5BEA68FC9BFF63" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="366" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
<subSubSection box="[121,646,547,574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="23.[121,736,547,574]" box="[121,646,547,574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,646,547,574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
<taxonomicName authority="Giron &amp; Franz" authorityName="Giron &amp; Franz" authorityYear="2010" box="[121,581,547,574]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apodrosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epipolevatus" status="sp.n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,396,547,574]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Apodrosus epipolevatus</emphasis>
Girón &amp; Franz
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[588,646,548,574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection box="[652,736,547,574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="23.[121,736,547,574]" box="[652,736,547,574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
(
<figureCitation box="[661,727,547,574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="362" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="23.[121,225,600,625]" box="[121,225,600,625]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
<emphasis box="[121,225,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[121,1089,651,955]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron &amp; Franz" authorityYear="2010" box="[121,365,651,677]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apodrosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epipolevatus">
<emphasis box="[121,365,651,677]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Apodrosus epipolevatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by the combination of subplane to convex dorsal outline in lateral view, an indistinct nasal plate, a slightly tuberculate surface of the elytra, an alternating color pattern of scale vestiture on the legs, a strongly produced surface of the elytra basad of the midpoint of interval X, a complete separation of elytral striae IX and X along their entire length, and a vestiture composed of brown and light brown to white, iridescent (greenish, yellowish to reddish) scales, and with recurvate, semi-erect setae. This species may be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1922" box="[817,934,859,886]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apodrosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wolcotti">
<emphasis box="[817,834,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[849,934,859,885]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">wolcotti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size, the slightly tuberculate elytral surface, and the completely separated elytral striae IX and X.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="23.[121,341,998,1025]" box="[121,341,998,1025]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
<emphasis box="[121,341,998,1025]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Specimens examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[121,1089,1050,1666]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608527152" collectedFrom="plants" collectingDate="2008-03-15" collectingMethod="Beating / sweeping" collectionCode="USA, UPRM" collectorName="J. Cardona &amp; N. Franz &amp; J. Giron &amp; A. Mazo" country="Puerto Rico" elevation="1330" latitude="18.17" location="Cerro de Punta" longLatPrecision="92" longitude="-66.5885" municipality="Bosque Estatal Toro Negro" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus box="[121,228,1050,1076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount box="[237,259,1050,1076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
“ 
<collectingCountry box="[277,415,1050,1076]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode box="[432,492,1050,1076]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">USA</collectionCode>
), 
<collectingMunicipality box="[514,825,1050,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Bosque Estatal Toro Negro</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03807F35FFBDFF86AF5BEA68FC9BFF63:8EF698F8FFBDFF8AAC64EC51FC1CFB86" box="[838,1017,1050,1077]" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="18.17" longLatPrecision="92" longitude="-66.5885" municipality="Bosque Estatal Toro Negro" name="Cerro de Punta" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Cerro de Punta</location>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" unit="m" value="1330.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" unit="m" value="1330.0">1330 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[163,292,1085,1111]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="10.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" precision="92" value="18.17">N 18°10.2′</geoCoordinate>
0″ 
<geoCoordinate box="[331,480,1085,1112]" degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="35.31" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" precision="9" value="-66.5885">W 66°35.31′</geoCoordinate>
0″, 
<collectingMethod box="[526,736,1085,1111]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Beating/ sweeping</collectingMethod>
<collectedFrom box="[747,816,1085,1111]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">plants</collectedFrom>
/ 
<date box="[836,995,1085,1112]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" value="2008-03-15">
<collectingDate box="[836,995,1085,1112]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" value="2008-03-15">Mar 15/2008</collectingDate>
</date>
, Leg. 
<collectorName pageId="23" pageNumber="362">J. Cardona</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[233,336,1120,1146]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">N. Franz</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[347,442,1119,1146]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">J. Girón</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[453,549,1120,1146]" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">A. Mazo</collectorName>
” (
<collectionCode box="[574,663,1120,1146]" collectionName="USA, Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, University of Puerto Rico" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">UPRM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; paratypes, same label information as holotype (CMNC: 2 ♂, 1 ♀; CWOB: 2 ♂, 1 ♀; MEBT: 2 ♂; NMNH: 2 ♂, 1 ♀; UPRM: 2 ♂); “PUERTO RICO, Guilarte For. Res., Hwy. 131 &amp; 158, July 23-1979, G.B. Marshall” (UPRM: 1 ♀); “PUERTO RICO, Carib. N. F., El Toro Negro, D., Hwy. 143, K16H4, 7-21-1979, C.W.O’Brien/ on 
<taxonomicName box="[676,743,1258,1284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="362" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[676,743,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="362">Rubus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.” (UPRM: 1 ♀); “PUERTO RICO, Carib. N. F., El Toro Negro, D., Hwy. 143, K16H4, 7-21-1979, G.B. Marshall” (UPRM: 1 ♂); “Puerto Rico (USA), Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Cerro de Punta, 1330m, N 18°10.333′ W 66°35.513/ Beating/sweeping plants, Leg. Cardona, Castellanos, Franz &amp; Girón; Jan-04-2008” (UPRM: 4 ♂, 4 ♀); “Puerto Rico (USA), Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Cerro de Punta, 1320 m, N 18°10.32′ W 66°35.53′/ beating/sweeping plants, leg. N. Franz &amp; J. Girón, VIII-07-2007” (UPRM: 2 ♂, including dissected, 1 ♀; MEBT: 1 ♀); “Puerto Rico (USA), Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Cerro Monte de Jayuya, 1320 m, N 18°10.064′ W 66°34.596′/ Beating/sweeping plants, Leg. Cardona, Castellanos, Franz &amp; Girón; Jan-04-2008” (UPRM: 4 ♀); “USA, Puerto Rico, Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Biol. Stat. UPRM, 935 m, N 18°10′43″ W 66°29′19″/ beating/sweeping plants, leg. N. Franz &amp; J. Girón, VIII-07-2007” (UPRM: 1 ♂);
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[121,1088,147,209]" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">“PUERTO RICO, Hwy. 184, K21H1, Carite For. Res., July 20-1979, G.B. Marshall” (UPRM: 1 ♂).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="365" pageId="24" pageNumber="363" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="24.[121,245,252,277]" box="[121,245,252,277]" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis box="[121,245,252,277]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[121,1089,303,538]" lastBlockId="25.[121,1089,147,1665]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="364" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">
Body length 2–4 mm; in dorsal view (
<figureCitation box="[565,653,303,330]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
) 2.5-times longer than greatest width which is at basal third of elytra, shape escudate; dorsal outline in lateral view subplane in males, convex in females. Integument surface slightly tuberculate; vestiture composed of brown and light brown to white, iridescent (greenish, yellowish to reddish) scales, with recurvate, semi-erect setae. Eyes (
<figureCitation box="[725,814,442,468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
) 1.5-times longer than wide, projected; 0.6-times width and 0.7-times length of head in lateral view, separated from anterior margin of prothorax by 0.5-times greatest diameter of eye; line of anterior margin of eyes slightly impressed; shortest distance between eyes (in dorsal view) 0.3-times greatest width of pronotum; median furrow (
<figureCitation box="[841,929,182,208]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="364">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
) linear, deep, extending from mid length of rostrum to posterior margin of eyes. Rostrum (
<figureCitation box="[995,1080,217,243]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="364">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
) 1.1-times longer than wide, constricted at midpoint; apical half with a shallow V-shaped impression; epistome apically with 2-3 setae situated on each side; nasal plate not defined. Length of rostrum in lateral view 1.4-times its basal width; antennal insertion at apical fourth of rostrum; scrobe curved downwards by 45°, directed ventrally at end, extending to anterior margin of eye, separated from it by 1.2-times width of scrobe. Mandibles with 2 lateral setae, pharyngeal process 1.6-times longer than mandible. Maxillae with cardo 3-times longer than its greatest width; stipes with 2-3 lateral setae; galeo-lacinial complex mesally extending to midpoint of maxillary palpomere II, apex with 4-5 tongue-like apically narrowed setae and a tuft of shorter and apically rounded setae, with 3 lacinial teeth and 4 long fine setae at base of lacinia; maxillary palpomere I slightly longer than II, II slightly longer than III; II and III with 2 mesolateral setae. Labium with prementum 1.9-times longer than wide, apex slightly roundly produced in mid region, with external surface sculptured. Antennae yellowish brown; antennal scape extending beyond posterior margin of eye, not reaching anterior margin of prothorax; funicular antennomere I as long as II; antennal club 0.6-times length of funicle, 2.2-times longer than wide. Pronotum (
<figureCitation box="[883,969,771,798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="364">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
) subquadrate, slightly wider than long, greatest width at midpoint;dorsal surface slightly depressed at apical third, shallowly puncturate, each puncture with a curved, spatulate brown seta; posterior margin slightly bisinuate, 1.2-times wider than anterior margin; prothorax in lateral view with dorsal outline 1.7-times length of ventral outline; scutellum subcircular, with scarce setiform scales. Mesosternum (
<figureCitation box="[755,847,945,971]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="364">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
) 0.5-times length of prosternum. Metasternum with lateral portions mesally produced (in lateral profile mesally roundly produced); distance between posterior margin of mesocoxae and anterior margin of metacoxae 0.7-times length of prosternum. Metendosternite with furcal arms 1.4-times longer than stalk, positioned at 120° in relation to horizontal axis; length of ventral margin of stalk 3.1-times its dorsal width. Legs with profemora 1.3- times length of pronotum; claws subparallel. Elytra in dorsal view (
<figureCitation box="[880,966,1153,1179]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="364">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
) 1.6-times their greatest width which is 1.6-times wider than pronotum; anterior margins sinuate; humeral region 1.5-times width of posterior margin of pronotum; lateral margins subparallel until midpoint, thereafter convergent; apex roundly truncate; in lateral view (
<figureCitation box="[129,216,1291,1318]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="364">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
) with dorsal outline subplane to convex; posterior declivity gradual; striae IX and X completely separated along their entire length; intervals completely covered with oval scales, forming an irregular dark/light pattern; interval III with three elevations (at base, at second and at third fifth); interval V with two elevations (at second and at third fifth); interval X strongly produced along basal third; with recurvate, spatulate, brown setae. Wings nearly as long as elytra, 3.1-times longer than wide; costal margin emarginate along basal third; apex rounded; alar venation reduced, only R, Cu and 2A, defined, vanished apically; radial, medial and cubital margins nearly straight; anal area with margin slightly emarginate. Venter with elongate, scattered, greenish scales, denser at sides; IV 1.5-times longer than V and VI jointly; median posterior pit of segment VII reduced to absent; VII with anterior margin 2-times wider than its length; ♂: IV
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[121,1090,1554,1664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,183,1554,1576]" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">Fig. 9.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[195,404,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron &amp; Franz" authorityYear="2010" box="[195,400,1554,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apodrosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="363" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epipolevatus">Apodrosus epipolevatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed 
<emphasis box="[993,1021,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="363">via</emphasis>
http:// www.brill/ise
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,1089,149,209]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">as long as VII; VII posterior margin rounded; ♀: IV 1.4-times length of VII; VII posterior margin slightly narrowed mesally.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,1089,253,730]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">
<emphasis box="[121,250,253,279]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Terminalia.</emphasis>
Male with tergum VII 1.5-times wider than its mesal length, mesal area with setae on distal half; anterior margin with mesal area projected, truncate; posterior margin nearly straight, posterior area with long multifid setae. Tergum VIII 1.5-times longer than its mesal length, with anterior margin acutely emarginate; apical margin rounded. Sternum VIII with posterior margin emarginate; spiculum relictum as a linear process 5.2-times longer than wide, with apical fourth darker. Spiculum gastrale with apodeme 1.2-times longer than aedeagus, each arm sclerotized, narrowly oval, with parallel inner margins. Tegmen with tegminal apodeme nearly 0.6-times length of aedeagus; tegminal plate simple. Aedeagus in dorsal view (
<figureCitation box="[770,853,530,556]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
) 5-times longer than its greatest width, slightly constricted apicad of midpoint; apex mesally roundly set off. Endophallus with a pair of lateral plates at apical fifth, with a light, elongate, median sclerite, with a pair of vertical rod-like sclerites positioned near midpoint, between these with 1 n-shaped sclerite. Aedeagus in lateral view (
<figureCitation box="[764,847,669,695]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
) 8-times longer than its greatest width. Aedeagal apodemes 0.9-times length of aedeagus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,1089,773,1007]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">
<emphasis box="[121,206,773,799]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Female.</emphasis>
With tergum VII 1.6-times wider than long, posterior margin rounded. Tergum VIII nearly trapezoidal, 1.5-times wider than long. Sternum VIII with lamina rhomboidal, occupying posterior one fourth. Coxites+styli nearly as long as lamina of sternum VIII, stylus 3.6-times longer than its greatest width, with 3-4 long apical setae. Genital chamber 0.7-times length of sternum VIII. Spermatheca (
<figureCitation box="[937,1026,911,938]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[121,154,1554,1576]" captionTargetBox="[234,974,611,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[234,975,610,1531]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 9. Apodrosus epipolevatus. (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) head, frontal view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) habitus, ventral view; (E) and (F) aedeagus in dorsal and lateral view, respectively; (G) spermatheca. This figure is published in colour in the online version of this journal, which can be accessed via http:// www.brill/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764584/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
) 1.8- times longer than wide, J-shaped; ramus apically truncate, laterally rounded; surface striate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,224,1054,1079]" box="[121,224,1054,1079]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">
<emphasis box="[121,224,1054,1079]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Variation</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,1089,1105,1200]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Th e examined specimens vary mainly in their color pattern which is either slightly spotted or uniformly colored. There is also slight variation in the degree of projection of the elytral elevations.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="365" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,232,1246,1272]" box="[121,232,1246,1272]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">
<emphasis box="[121,232,1246,1272]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,1088,1298,1393]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">
Noun in apposition. Named after the Greek 
<emphasis box="[629,703,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">epipole</emphasis>
signifying “surface” and the Latin 
<emphasis box="[121,194,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">levatus</emphasis>
signifying “raise” (
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, R. W." bookContentInfo="882 pp." box="[402,547,1333,1360]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC" pageId="26" pageNumber="365" refId="ref39480" refString="Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of scientific words, revised edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 882 pp." title="Composition of scientific words, revised edition" type="book" year="1956">Brown 1956</bibRefCitation>
), thus referring to the characteristic elytral elevations of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="366" pageId="26" pageNumber="365" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,285,1442,1468]" box="[121,285,1442,1468]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">
<emphasis box="[121,285,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Natural history</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[121,1089,1494,1659]" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron &amp; Franz" authorityYear="2010" box="[121,370,1494,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apodrosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="365" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epipolevatus">
<emphasis box="[121,370,1494,1520]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Apodrosus epipolevatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs at some of the highest elevations of the Puerto Rico Central Cordillera (Cerro de Punta, Monte Jayuya, Carite) (
<figureCitation box="[805,908,1529,1555]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="62.[121,154,1214,1236]" captionTargetBox="[125,1085,146,1192]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[125,1085,146,1192]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Fig. 19. Occurrences of Puerto Rican Apodrosus species: (A) A. epipolevatus and A. wolcotti; (B) A. argentatus which is also present on the islands of Hispaniola, Vieques and St. Croix (see Fig. 18)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3764606/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="365">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
). Under laboratory conditions the oviposition pattern corresponds to “type a” according to Emden (1950; cited by 
<bibRefCitation author="Marvaldi, A. E." box="[305,478,1598,1624]" journalOrPublisher="Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="26" pageNumber="365" pagination="115 - 126" part="53" refId="ref40437" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. (1999) Eggs and oviposition habits in Entimini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 53: 115 - 126." title="Eggs and oviposition habits in Entimini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" type="journal article" year="1999">Marvaldi 1999</bibRefCitation>
), in which the eggs are laid separately and randomly; the egg shell is white when recently oviposited, becoming darker during subsequent
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[121,1089,147,209]" pageId="27" pageNumber="366">days. The observed eggs hatched within 14-16 days. Only first instar larvae were obtained at that time. The host plant associations remain unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>