289 lines
33 KiB
XML
289 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="069E1872F7F0233BEE5DE942FCAAFD48" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6BA2CE5FF17F9EF14B9FB3F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Parvaponera Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="F3808A37-D77E-4B46-B24E-8BE7AC93389B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="200" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="198" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="FFB1D69F035E2FF6EDE94ED2FA5063DA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D46C0114A97F09DDAE6DF7544BD5A9ED">
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<mods:title id="D9A8F063A48973A525F8E248F1F38B34">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3B90AE1EDF21C8D354D92AAC3FA2574">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="BC1A01482E19C7CE95D6A9CFD82A294F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BC9E72FAFBACDE902ABBDC08229350D7">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3CFD92C83F86F38F73D1E1B261900917">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6744E9A7249720F1CE512111A91778CC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FF5A66E408C26ABA995D8B43312636A6">
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<mods:date id="9DABC762CDD2268AC177A2EC4F0359F4">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B4652CEFD9400005B6CA40E4F5711219">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3C6153489F4BD144432084F3CA59AF1E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="33D3AE7547DDF7FC35A55B4DCC3CAD5E">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="EC5227C1842985FFB2D1C7993FA37641">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6029CA1A50EB67169557E65480F4FEF8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6BA2CE5FF17F9EF14B9FB3F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117626" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117626" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F3808A37-D77E-4B46-B24E-8BE7AC93389B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6BA2CE5FF17F9EF14B9FB3F" lastPageId="199" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BA2CE7FF17F9EF11CDF9D9" box="[151,424,1545,1571]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BA2CE7FF17F9EF11CDF9D9" blockId="197.[151,424,1545,1605]" box="[151,424,1545,1571]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6BA2CE7FF17F9EF11CDF9D9" bold="true" box="[151,424,1545,1571]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FF17F9EF11CDF9D9" bold="true" box="[151,424,1545,1571]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BA2CE7FF17F9EF1151F9D9" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,308,1545,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FF17F9EF1151F9D9" bold="true" box="[151,308,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6BA2CE7FEBAF9EF11CDF9D9" box="[314,424,1545,1571]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BA2CE7FF17F9CA1162F8ED" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BA2CE7FF17F9CA1083F9BF" blockId="197.[151,424,1545,1605]" box="[151,230,1580,1605]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6BA2CE7FF17F9CA1083F9BF" box="[151,230,1580,1605]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="198.[151,250,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-102@198.[151,1436,193,1811]" captionTargetPageId="198" captionText="FIGURE 47. Worker caste of Parvaponera darwinii: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172437, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Parvaponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120919/files/figure.png" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BA2CE7FF17F99213D7F970" blockId="197.[151,946,1652,1674]" box="[151,946,1652,1674]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BA2CE7FEA8F99212D8F970" authority="Forel, 1893 d: 460" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="460" authorityYear="1893" box="[296,701,1652,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwinii">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FEA8F992119AF970" box="[296,511,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Belonopelta darwinii</emphasis>
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Forel, 1893d: 460
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</taxonomicName>
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; by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BA2CE7FF17F9511162F8ED" blockId="197.[151,1437,1718,2031]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BA2CE7FF17F951114EF934" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,299,1719,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FF17F951114EF934" box="[151,299,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small, rarely encountered genus known from 7 species and subspecies. It is widely distributed, being found in tropical Africa and
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BA2CE7FD9DF93C12C3F909" box="[541,678,1754,1779]" name="Madagascar" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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, Southeast Asia and the Australian region. Its biology is essentially unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BA2CE7FF47F8C413F3F8A5" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BA2CE7FF47F8C413F3F8A5" blockId="197.[151,1437,1718,2031]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FF47F8C4112BF8C0" bold="true" box="[199,334,1826,1851]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Etymology.</emphasis>
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This genus name is derived from the Latin
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BA2CE7FCB1F8C51317F8C0" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[817,882,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FCB1F8C51317F8C0" box="[817,882,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">parva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, alluding to the generally small size of these ants, combined with “pone”, derived from the subfamily name
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BA2CE7FC9FF8A013F6F8A5" box="[799,915,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BA2CE5FF47F88C1479FD0A" lastPageId="199" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BA2CE5FF47F88C1306FF02" blockId="197.[151,1437,1718,2031]" lastBlockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" lastPageId="199" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FF47F88C1124F879" bold="true" box="[199,321,1898,1923]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Workers of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BA2CE7FE50F88D1201F878" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[464,612,1899,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BA2CE7FE50F88D1201F878" box="[464,612,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be separated from other
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BA2CE7FC33F88C1446F879" box="[947,1059,1898,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of characters: eyes small (2-4 facets) or absent, mandibles short, without a basal pit or groove, propodeal spiracle generally elongate or slit-like (oval or nearly circular in a few species), ventral apex of the metatibia with one pectinate and one simple spur and subpetiolar process triangular and with an anterior fenestra and/or a pair of teeth. They are most likely to be confused with
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FDF4F863137CF866" box="[628,793,1925,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FDF4F863137CF866" box="[628,793,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FCA8F86313D1F866" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[808,948,1925,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FCA8F86313D1F866" box="[808,948,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Hypoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FC5CF863144AF866" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[988,1071,1925,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FC5CF863144AF866" box="[988,1071,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. While both
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FB45F863150FF866" box="[1221,1386,1925,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FB45F863150FF866" box="[1221,1386,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FF17F84F114EF83A" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,299,1961,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FF17F84F114EF83A" box="[151,299,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have reduced eyes,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FDACF84F12A5F83A" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[556,704,1961,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FDACF84F12A5F83A" box="[556,704,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lacks pusher-setae on the tibiae as found in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FB76F84F15F9F83A" box="[1270,1436,1961,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FB76F84F15F9F83A" box="[1270,1436,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(although they are present on the mesobasitarsus in some species of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FC1DF82B1454F81E" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[925,1073,1997,2020]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FC1DF82B1454F81E" box="[925,1073,1997,2020]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and has a much more complex subpetiolar process which possesses either an anterior fenestra or posteroventral teeth, both of which are lacking in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FF17FF5A1159FF29" box="[151,316,188,211]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17FF5A1159FF29" box="[151,316,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. While superficially similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD19FF5B1340FF2E" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[665,805,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD19FF5B1340FF2E" box="[665,805,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Hypoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FCDBFF5B13C8FF2E" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[859,941,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FCDBFF5B13C8FF2E" box="[859,941,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FC3CFF5B1435FF2E" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[956,1104,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FC3CFF5B1435FF2E" box="[956,1104,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a pair of spurs present on the metatibia while only a single spur is present in these genera.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DFA1B898A6B92CE4FF17F8CE145BF8A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120919" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120919/files/figure.png" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" startId="198.[151,250,1832,1854]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" targetPageId="198">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B92CE4FF17F8CE145BF8A7" blockId="198.[151,1436,1832,1885]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FF17F8CE114DF8C7" bold="true" box="[151,296,1832,1854]" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">FIGURE 47.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FE78F8CF1286F8C4" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[504,739,1832,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FE78F8CF1286F8C4" box="[504,739,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Parvaponera darwinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172437, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B92CE4FC33F8AE145DF8A7" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[947,1080,1864,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B92CE4FC33F8AE145DF8A7" box="[947,1080,1864,1885]" italics="true" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Parvaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF47FEE2145CFDC7" blockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF47FEE211AFFEE7" bold="true" box="[199,458,260,285]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FE59FEE2124AFEE7" box="[473,559,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Small, slender ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FB31FEE21571FEE7" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1201,1300,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular and lacking a basal groove or pit. Clypeus generally with a central tooth or short projection, absent in a few African species. Frontal lobes moderately small. Eyes small in size or absent, located fairly anterior on head. Mesopleuron lacking a transverse groove. Metanotal groove present or absent. Propodeum not narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracle generally elongate or slit-like (oval or nearly round in a few African species). A row of short traction setae present on mesobasitarsus in African species (apparently absent in Asian species). Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform. Prora conspicuous. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4 apparent. Pretergite of A4 without a stridulitrum. Head and body finely punctate and with a matte surface, with sparse pilosity and abundant pubescence. Color variable, testaceous to dark brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF47FDAE1518FD9A" blockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[199,1405,583,608]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF47FDAE1172FDA5" box="[199,279,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but slightly larger, alate and with the other caste differences typical for ponerines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF47FD8A11D7FD7F" blockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[199,434,620,645]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF47FD8A116DFD7F" box="[199,264,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B82CE5FE8EFD8A115DFD79" box="[270,312,620,643]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF47FD7711D9FD52" blockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[199,444,655,680]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF47FD771174FD52" box="[199,273,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B82CE5FE98FD761127FD5D" box="[280,322,656,679]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF47FD521479FD0A" blockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF47FD521190FD37" bold="true" box="[199,501,692,717]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This small genus shows a broad distribution range, with species occurring in tropical Africa,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B82CE5FEC9FD3111B7FD0A" box="[329,466,727,752]" name="Madagascar" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Southeast Asia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B82CE5FD12FD31129DFD0A" box="[658,760,727,752]" name="Australia" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B82CE5FCD8FD31147DFD0A" box="[856,1048,727,752]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B82CE5FF47FD1A14B9FB3F" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF47FD1A1566FCA7" blockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF47FD1A11B3FCEF" bold="true" box="[199,470,764,789]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FE60FD1B123BFCEF" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[480,606,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FE60FD1B123BFCEF" box="[480,606,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">P. darwinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread throughout the Old World tropics and until recently was known only from the queen caste (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FDB9FCF91292FCC2" author="Terayama, M." box="[569,759,799,824]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="897 - 898" refId="ref164127" refString="Terayama, M. (1990) Discovery of worker caste in Trachymesopus darwinii (Forel, 1893). Japanese Journal of Entomology, 58, 897 - 898." type="journal article" year="1990">Terayama, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which along with worker structure suggests a hypogeic lifestyle.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FF7FFCA2118DFCA7" author="Morgan, E. D. & Jungnickel, H. & Keegans, S. J. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Billen, J. & Gobin, B. & Ito, F." box="[255,488,836,861]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref156304" refString="Morgan, E. D., Jungnickel, H., Keegans, S. J., do Nascimento, R. R., Billen, J., Gobin, B. & Ito, F. (2003) Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (1), 95 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1021928630441" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FEDEFCA311F3FCA7" box="[350,406,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
analyzed the Dufour’s gland secretions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FC48FCA31426FCA7" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[968,1091,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FC48FCA31426FCA7" box="[968,1091,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">P. darwinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FBF2FCA21497FCA7" box="[1138,1266,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FBFBFCA2148CFCA7" box="[1147,1257,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">P. indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B82CE5FF47FC8114B9FB3F" blockId="199.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF47FC8112B7FC7A" bold="true" box="[199,722,871,896]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
Unfortunately none of the species placed here were included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B82CE5FF17FC6A113AFC5F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[151,351,908,933]" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD41FC6A1354FC5F" box="[705,817,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the current treatment is based on morphology. Because of this the sister relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FDE7FC57129EFC32" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[615,763,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FDE7FC57129EFC32" box="[615,763,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Parvaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FCF9FC49138CFC32" box="[889,1001,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are uncertain. It shares the presence of stout traction setae on the mesobasitarsi with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD44FC331358FC16" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[708,829,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD44FC331358FC16" box="[708,829,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FCD2FC321392FC11" box="[850,1015,980,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FCD2FC321392FC11" box="[850,1015,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FB8CFC3314F4FC16" box="[1036,1169,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FB8CFC3314F4FC16" box="[1036,1169,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Feroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FB55FC33153EFC16" box="[1237,1371,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FB55FC33153EFC16" box="[1237,1371,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The absence of compound eyes in workers is shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FC9DFC1113C4FBEA" authorityName=", Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[797,929,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FC9DFC1113C4FBEA" box="[797,929,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Boloponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FC34FC1E143CFBF5" box="[948,1113,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FC34FC1E143CFBF5" box="[948,1113,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FBEDFC111499FBEA" box="[1133,1276,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FBEDFC111499FBEA" box="[1133,1276,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Dolioponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FA90FC1F15F1FBEA" box="[1296,1428,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FA90FC1F15F1FBEA" box="[1296,1428,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Feroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FF17FBFB116DFBCE" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,264,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FF17FBFB116DFBCE" box="[151,264,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Iroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FEBEFBFB11A1FBCE" box="[318,452,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FEBEFBFB11A1FBCE" box="[318,452,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, it is unlikely that these characters share a common origin and they are more likely the result of adaptation to a cryptic lifestyle. Perhaps most interestingly, the subpetiolar process shares characteristics with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FE03FB8311B3FB86" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[387,470,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FE03FB8311B3FB86" box="[387,470,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B82CE5FD3EFB831337FB86" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[702,850,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B82CE5FD3EFB831337FB86" box="[702,850,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Parvaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have either an anterior fenestra and/or a pair of posteroventral teeth. It will be interesting to learn if this similarity is the result of close relationship or as a result of convergent evolution, as appears to be the case with the mesobasitarsus and reduction in eye size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |