268 lines
29 KiB
XML
268 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="B3F43E2E9DD238F2F3278111E8255907" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" approvalRequired="1316" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="212" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1103" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6402C62FF17F9CB11FCFC5F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.9:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Odontomachus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1692390356871" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="132EFF8B5116322402AB802276A1B9F8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A37B4AC251D5CCD6F7D07B05627658FC">
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<mods:title id="B446B95D745B8EC24F3206B3C1714471">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="292BCB96DEF2E2B89F8271BBABE54126" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E2A457CA87213D455A7CB7BEBFF9713B">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A899BB4AAEE7C140711249A0C474EC6F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2719F85EC02AC327093554ACB4CE10A4">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AE63BE6A45F26AB44295CC418FB533D3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="849A4CC7C09681AF29EB58F820F2FAE7">
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<mods:title id="FD9216F5062B305C2985FACA9DDE1540">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="61F609A051372C6D99EDD75F8F5F181A">
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<mods:date id="DBD0F61F6B5EF02782D78E62353C4121">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5D1C4C08746B51107D1E580B7EDD4D9F" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="7F74C40131D50D7B061E08FC80CDCD08">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="19221984E8CDC11CE33CFC50B4D3017A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="FD080DB30F4C6CA1B7B55E265EC50758">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="DE084F9575DA888065F69726D9604D4B" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="F9CB5072490CAF6DF50B67C2DFD77E33">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="E0759297DF214C1F1374FA38A3A5D502">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="206DA0F88C0D3032B16AEC803E677079" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D52E434B39CF633AAC1293ED847634E9" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6402C62FF17F9CB11FCFC5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117448" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709981" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117448" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6402C62FF17F9CB11FCFC5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6402C62FF17F9CB11FCFC5F" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6402C1DFF17F9CB118AF9BD" box="[151,495,1581,1607]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6402C1DFF17F9CB118AF9BD" blockId="63.[151,495,1581,1607]" box="[151,495,1581,1607]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6402C1DFF17F9CB118AF9BD" bold="true" box="[151,495,1581,1607]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFF17F9CB118AF9BD" bold="true" box="[151,495,1581,1607]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFF17F9CB112AF9BD" ID-CoL="66Y3" ID-ENA="43086" box="[151,335,1581,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFF17F9CB112AF9BD" bold="true" box="[151,335,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Odontomachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6402C1DFF17F992141CF92F" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6402C1DFF17F992141CF92F" blockId="63.[151,1437,1652,2037]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFF49F9921116F977" box="[201,371,1652,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFF49F9921116F977" box="[201,371,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Odontomachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group is a large and heterogeneous clade of predominantly Old World epigeic ponerines. The genus-level diversity of the group arose during an explosive period of radiation between about 40 and 30 MYA (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6402C1DFF1EF95A112CF92F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[158,329,1724,1749]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). As a result, most generic relationships within the group are unresolved.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6402C62FF47F93911FCFC5F" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6402C62FF47F93914D9FF02" blockId="63.[151,1437,1652,2037]" lastBlockId="64.[151,1437,151,933]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFF47F9391129F902" bold="true" box="[199,332,1759,1784]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Discussion.</emphasis>
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The monophyly of the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFDF8F9391347F902" box="[632,802,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFDF8F9391347F902" box="[632,802,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Odontomachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group is strongly supported by molecular data (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6402C1DFF1EF8E2112BF8E7" author="Schmidt, C." box="[158,334,1796,1821]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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) and is subtended by a long stem branch, but we have been unable to discern a single morphological synapomorphy for the group. Relationships within the group are generally very poorly resolved, suggesting a rapid basal radiation in the group.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFD2AF8AB134CF89E" box="[682,809,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFD2AF8AB134CF89E" box="[682,809,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Leptogenys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFCE0F8AB13A5F89E" box="[864,960,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFCE0F8AB13A5F89E" box="[864,960,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Myopias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are most frequently inferred as sisters and together as sister to the remainder of the group, except that the position of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFC60F8971409F872" box="[992,1132,1905,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFC60F8971409F872" box="[992,1132,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Mesoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFBFDF89714C4F872" box="[1149,1185,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">s.s.</emphasis>
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) is uncertain and may form a clade with
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFEFBF873119FF856" box="[379,506,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFEFBF873119FF856" box="[379,506,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Leptogenys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFDBEF87312FBF856" box="[574,670,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFDBEF87312FBF856" box="[574,670,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Myopias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFD32F8721325F857" box="[690,832,1940,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFD32F8721325F857" box="[690,832,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFC03F8731398F856" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[899,1021,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFC03F8731398F856" box="[899,1021,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are strongly inferred as sisters by molecular evidence; this relationship is corroborated by several morphological synapomorphies.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFB5CF85F150EF82A" box="[1244,1387,1977,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFB5CF85F150EF82A" box="[1244,1387,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Megaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6402C1DFF17F83A1129F80F" box="[151,332,2012,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6402C1DFF17F83A1129F80F" box="[151,332,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are sisters, and this too is corroborated by morphological data. Recent preliminary data (P.S. Ward, pers. comm.) has placed
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FE36FF7E1259FF55" box="[438,572,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FE36FF7E1259FF55" box="[438,572,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Promyopias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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near
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FDFFFF711344FF4A" box="[639,801,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FDFFFF711344FF4A" box="[639,801,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FCDCFF711465FF4A" box="[860,1024,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FCDCFF711465FF4A" box="[860,1024,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Odontoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but futher study will be required to confirm this placement. Finally,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD84FF5A12CBFF2F" box="[516,686,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD84FF5A12CBFF2F" box="[516,686,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Odontomachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD64FF5A133CFF2F" box="[740,857,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD64FF5A133CFF2F" box="[740,857,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Anochetus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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form a clade, though their reciprocal monophyly is not yet certain. All other generic relationships within the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FC97FF3913A4FF02" box="[791,961,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FC97FF3913A4FF02" box="[791,961,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Odontomachus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group are unresolved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A63F2C62FF47FEE2135AFD9A" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
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The monophyly of both
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FE60FEE21219FEE7" box="[480,636,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FE60FEE21219FEE7" box="[480,636,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Bothroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD37FEE31326FEE6" box="[695,835,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD37FEE31326FEE6" box="[695,835,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mesoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is uncertain. We divide
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FBDEFEE2149FFEE7" box="[1118,1274,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FBDEFEE2149FFEE7" box="[1118,1274,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Bothroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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here into two groups: the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FE9AFEC1124DFEC5" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[282,552,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FE9AFEC1124DFEC5" box="[282,552,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Bothroponera pumicosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group (
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD56FEC113F9FEBA" box="[726,924,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD56FEC11317FEBA" box="[726,882,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A63F2C62FCF8FECF13F9FEBA" box="[888,924,297,320]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
) and the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FB83FEC11493FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1027,1270,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FB83FEC11493FEBA" box="[1027,1270,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Bothroponera sulcata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group. The
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FF4DFEAB1125FE9F" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[205,320,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FF4DFEAB1125FE9F" box="[205,320,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group was not sampled in the molecular phylogeny, and we have not been able to discern any synapomorphies linking it to
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FE64FE8912CEFE72" box="[484,683,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FE64FE8912E5FE72" box="[484,640,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A63F2C62FD08FE9712CEFE72" box="[648,683,369,392]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
, but we are retaining it within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FB8DFE8914CCFE72" box="[1037,1193,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FB8DFE8914CCFE72" box="[1037,1193,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
for now until its true phylogenetic position can be discerned. A monophyletic
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FCADFE7313DCFE56" box="[813,953,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FCADFE7313DCFE56" box="[813,953,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(as defined here) was not inferred in the molecular phylogeny, but could not be rejected. The
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD6FFE5F1393FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[751,1014,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanaria">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD6FFE5F1393FE2A" box="[751,1014,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mesoponera melanaria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group (
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FB2AFE5F1507FE2A" box="[1194,1378,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FB2AFE5F1553FE2A" box="[1194,1334,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Mesoponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A63F2C62FABEFE5F1507FE2A" box="[1342,1378,441,464]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FF17FE3B11E7FE0E" box="[151,386,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingesta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FF17FE3B11E7FE0E" box="[151,386,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mesoponera ingesta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group are not united by any definite synapomorphies, though they have many superficial similarities. These same character states have also evolved in other ponerine genera, however, reducing the strength of the characters as phylogenetic markers. We are retaining the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FC77FDC3140BFDC6" box="[1015,1134,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingesta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FC77FDC3140BFDC6" box="[1015,1134,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">M. ingesta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FA90FDC315F9FDC6" box="[1296,1436,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FA90FDC315F9FDC6" box="[1296,1436,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
until their relationships can be more definitively determined.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B61E810A63F2C62FF47FD8A11FCFC5F" blockId="64.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
|
We tentatively include
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FE53FD8A121CFD7F" box="[467,633,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FE53FD8A121CFD7F" box="[467,633,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD51FD8A131EFD7F" box="[721,891,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD51FD8A131EFD7F" box="[721,891,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
genus group despite any strong morphological argument for doing so. The genus lacks the putative synapomorphies of both the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FBB5FD6914A6FD52" box="[1077,1219,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FBB5FD6914A6FD52" box="[1077,1219,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Plectroctena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FB7DFD6915F9FD52" box="[1277,1436,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FB7DFD6915F9FD52" box="[1277,1436,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
groups, and is not obviously related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FDD8FD531281FD36" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[600,740,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FDD8FD531281FD36" box="[600,740,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD74FD5213F1FD37" baseAuthorityName="Donisthorpe" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[756,916,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Harpegnathos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD74FD5213F1FD37" box="[756,916,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Harpegnathos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, or the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FC70FD531427FD36" box="[1008,1090,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FC70FD531427FD36" box="[1008,1090,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Ponera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. The 28S phylogeny of Oullette
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FF7EFD3F1158FD0A" box="[254,317,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2006) grouped
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD8AFD3112D5FD0A" box="[522,688,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD8AFD3112D5FD0A" box="[522,688,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FD7DFD311317FD0A" box="[765,882,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FD7DFD311317FD0A" box="[765,882,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Anochetus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but this relationship is not supported by any morphological synapomorphies. 28S is not a highly informative gene at these depths within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FB4FFD1A1527FCEF" box="[1231,1346,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, so this result should not be taken too seriously. Still, it is the best lead available at this time, so we are considering
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FF17FCA21158FCA7" box="[151,317,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FF17FCA21158FCA7" box="[151,317,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FEE3FCA31198FCA7" box="[355,509,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
|
within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FDFCFCA21340FCA7" box="[636,805,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FDFCFCA21340FCA7" box="[636,805,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group for now. Its geographic range (the Afrotropics) is consistent with this placement, as the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A63F2C62FDBBFC811280FC7A" box="[571,741,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A63F2C62FDBBFC811280FC7A" box="[571,741,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group appears to have witnessed the bulk of its diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |