664 lines
87 KiB
XML
664 lines
87 KiB
XML
<document id="643CD6E5766AA501649B8747CBC09F14" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6332C6DFF17FADA1369FB39" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Brachyponera Emery" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="80" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="77" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="510CA556C478BE988E9D1E782734CBAE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="91AE9B4696761FCDF4D7F342C1262380">
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<mods:title id="FC8D353BA7EF2D4F8E538CABFB9BFB2A">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FFFEA44B1609F6DF890AAFE970ED18C4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3480E22EF95321D0B9858F4CE65276D5">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="0F410011FEE07F0CD20870F54D9E4C7F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1899156295F49A6E5EEE420A9363CFD2">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B5D6DEF97D7AB18595ECA14931450F3C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7CD98E6E2D0C2F6A2122CC93ABD4D41E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="893369248E044BFBC2FC04A7FF1E0CBB">
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<mods:date id="9F02CF01DD748859D28061A1A4A14EF3">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EA5F80A856F1E0BBCC51517144026821">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E29DB576B22A10F98D220B12803E7ED2">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0624245FAA39183566D60D1E7DB4475A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2270344AA08C233EDA68EE10C02081BF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6332C6DFF17FADA1369FB39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117464" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709973" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117464" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6332C6DFF17FADA1369FB39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6332C6DFF17FADA1369FB39" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6332C6EFF17FADA11C5FAAC" box="[151,416,1340,1366]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6332C6EFF17FADA11C5FAAC" blockId="76.[151,416,1340,1399]" box="[151,416,1340,1366]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6332C6EFF17FADA11C5FAAC" bold="true" box="[151,416,1340,1366]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFF17FADA11C5FAAC" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" box="[151,416,1340,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFF17FADA11C5FAAC" bold="true" box="[151,416,1340,1366]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFF17FADA1126FAAC" bold="true" box="[151,323,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6332C6EFF17FAB810BDFA8D" box="[151,216,1374,1399]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6332C6EFF17FAB810BDFA8D" blockId="76.[151,416,1340,1399]" box="[151,216,1374,1399]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6332C6EFF17FAB810BDFA8D" box="[151,216,1374,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="77.[151,250,1908,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-51@77.[151,1436,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 9. Worker caste of Brachyponera croceicornis: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172432, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Brachyponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120832/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6332C6EFF17FA401290F992" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6332C6EFF17FA401252FA21" blockId="76.[151,1436,1446,1499]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6332C6EFF17FA401252FA21" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6332C6EFF17FA401190FA46" author="Emery, C." box="[151,501,1446,1468]" page="315" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" year="1900">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFF17FA401190FA46" authority="Emery, 1900 a: 315" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="315" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,501,1446,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFF17FA40114DFA46" box="[151,296,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6332C6EFEB0FA411190FA46" author="Emery, C." box="[304,501,1446,1468]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900a: 315</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFD28FA411369FA46" box="[680,780,1447,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFD28FA411369FA46" box="[680,780,1447,1468]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6332C6EFC37FA41115EFA21" author="Emery, C." page="315" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" year="1900">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFC37FA41115EFA21" authority="Emery, 1900 a: 315" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="315" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croceicornis" subGenus="Brachyponera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFC37FA41147EFA46" box="[951,1051,1447,1468]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFBACFA4014D8FA46" box="[1068,1213,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFB4DFA41152EFA46" box="[1229,1355,1447,1468]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">croceicornis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6332C6EFAD4FA41115EFA21" author="Emery, C." pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900a: 315</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by monotypy.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFE57FA231252FA21" bold="true" box="[471,567,1477,1499]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6332C6EFF17F9E11290F992" blockId="76.[151,1437,1543,1928]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFF17F9E11152F9DA" box="[151,311,1543,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFF17F9E11152F9DA" box="[151,311,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a fairly large genus, with 24 described species and subspecies, and ranges from southern Africa to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6332C6EFF17F9CA1164F9BF" box="[151,257,1580,1605]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFE8DF9CA11C8F9BF" box="[269,429,1580,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFE8DF9CA11C8F9BF" box="[269,429,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unusual among ponerines in having a distinct size dimorphism between workers and queens, and in the invasiveness of some of its species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6332C6CFF47F99214E2FD37" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6332C6EFF47F99214FEF87D" blockId="76.[151,1437,1543,1928]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFF47F9921124F977" bold="true" box="[199,321,1652,1677]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFE60F99212E5F977" box="[480,640,1652,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFE60F99212E5F977" box="[480,640,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from those of other ponerine genera by the following combination of characters: Mandibles usually with a basal pit (obsolete or vestigial in some species), eyes small and placed near the mandibular insertions, metanotal groove deep, propodeum at a lower elevation than the thorax and usually strongly narrowed dorsally, propodeal spiracle small and round, petiole squamiform, prora reduced and not externally visible, gaster with only a slight girdling constriction, and metatibiae with two spurs. None of these characters is autapomorphic within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFD7CF8C113C0F8BA" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[764,933,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFD7CF8C113C0F8BA" box="[764,933,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, but this combination of characters is unique.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFF74F8AA11F1F89F" box="[244,404,1868,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFF74F8AA11F1F89F" box="[244,404,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most likely to be confused with species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFC2CF8AA142BF89F" box="[940,1102,1868,1893]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFC2CF8AA142BF89F" box="[940,1102,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFB0BF8AA1548F89F" box="[1163,1325,1868,1893]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFB0BF8AA1548F89F" box="[1163,1325,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the mandibular pits, deep metanotal groove, and lowered propodeal elevation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6332C6EFC74F88914F1F872" box="[1012,1172,1903,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6332C6EFC74F88914F1F872" box="[1012,1172,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6322C6FFF17F892142CF852" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120832" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120832/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" startId="77.[151,250,1908,1930]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1874]" targetPageId="77">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6322C6FFF17F892142CF852" blockId="77.[151,1436,1908,1961]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6322C6FFF17F892117CF873" bold="true" box="[151,281,1908,1930]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6322C6FFE60F892129EF870" authorityName=": Wilson" authorityYear="1958" box="[480,763,1908,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croceicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6322C6FFE60F892129EF870" box="[480,763,1908,1930]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Brachyponera croceicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172432, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6322C6FFC33F8751421F853" box="[947,1092,1939,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6322C6FFC33F8751421F853" box="[947,1092,1939,1961]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FF7113E6FE57" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF47FF7111A1FF4A" bold="true" box="[199,452,151,176]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE4DFF711246FF4A" box="[461,547,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Small to medium (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6312C6CFCAAFF7113EFFF4A" box="[810,906,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFAB6FF7115FCFF4A" box="[1334,1433,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular and usually with a small basal groove/pit. Frontal lobes small. Eyes small and placed far anterior near the mandibular insertions. Mesopleuron sometimes fully or partially divided by a shallow transverse groove. Metanotal groove deeply impressed. Propodeum at a lower elevation than the thorax, and usually strongly narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracle small and round. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4 apparent. Stridulitrum sometimes present on pretergite of A4. Head and body shiny to lightly punctate, sometimes with lateral striations on the mesosoma. Head and body with sparse pilosity and patchy pubescence. Color orange to black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FE5E11D1FDE2" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF47FE5E1172FE35" box="[199,279,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but larger (sometimes much larger, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFC40FE5F147DFE2A" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[960,1048,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFC40FE5F147DFE2A" box="[960,1048,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. lutea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFBA8FE5114BAFE2A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1064,1247,439,464]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref168035" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 b) Colony-founding among ants, with an account of some primitive Australian species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 179 pp." type="book" year="1933">Wheeler, 1933b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), winged, with a wider and broader petiole, and with the other caste differences typical in ponerines.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6312C6CFBF7FE3A14FAFE0F" box="[1143,1183,476,501]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFAD9FE3A1084FDE2" author="Ogata, K." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for further details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FDC212E5FDC7" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,640,548,573]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF47FDC2116DFDC7" box="[199,264,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6312C6CFE8EFDC21153FDC7" box="[270,310,548,573]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE64FDC21219FDC7" author="Ogata, K." box="[484,636,548,573]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FDAF13F1FD9A" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,916,583,608]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF47FDAF1174FD9A" box="[199,273,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE33FDA11289FD9A" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[435,748,583,608]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">Wheeler & Wheeler (1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFD77FDA11357FD9A" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[759,818,583,608]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFCBEFDA113EDFD9A" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[830,904,583,608]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref167374" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1986 b) Supplementary studies of ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 112, 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="1986">1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FD8A14E2FD37" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF47FD8A1194FD7F" bold="true" box="[199,497,620,645]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFE79FD8A12FCFD7F" box="[505,665,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE79FD8A12FCFD7F" box="[505,665,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread from Africa through southern Asia to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFB79FD8A1506FD7F" box="[1273,1379,620,645]" name="Australia" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is most species-rich in Southeast Asia.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDB2FD7712DCFD52" authorityName=": Ogata" authorityYear="1987" box="[562,697,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDB2FD7712DCFD52" box="[562,697,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was accidentally introduced to the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFB57FD691508FD52" box="[1239,1389,655,680]" name="United States of America" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and is now locally abundant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE30FD5212EDFD37" author="Nelder, M. P. & Paysen, E. S. & Zungoli, P. A. & Benson, E. P." box="[432,648,692,717]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1094 - 1098" refId="ref156977" refString="Nelder, M. P., Paysen, E. S., Zungoli, P. A. & Benson, E. P. (2006) Emergence of the introduced ant Pachycondyla chinensis (Formicidae: Ponerinae) as a public health threat in the southeastern United States. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (5), 1094 - 1098. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 (2006) 43 [1094: eotiap] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Nelder
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFD85FD531258FD37" box="[517,573,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); it has also been introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFC69FD5214E6FD37" box="[1001,1155,692,717]" name="New Zealand" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6312C6DFF47FD311369FB39" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FD311145FBCF" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF47FD3111B6FD0A" bold="true" box="[199,467,727,752]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFE5BFD31121EFD0A" box="[475,635,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE5BFD31121EFD0A" box="[475,635,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are among the smallest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFBC2FD311489FD0A" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1090,1260,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFBC2FD311489FD0A" box="[1090,1260,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, but like most members of the group are solitary epigeic generalist predators and scavengers. Nests are generally constructed in soil or rotten wood (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDA1FCC71326FCC2" authority=": Ogata, 1987" authorityName=": Ogata" authorityYear="1987" box="[545,835,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDA1FCC712CDFCC2" box="[545,680,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFD37FCF91326FCC2" author="Ogata, K." box="[695,835,799,824]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Matsuura, 2002; Matsuura
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFBFFFCC714D2FCC2" box="[1151,1207,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFA8CFCF910B6FCA7" author="Gotoh, A. & Ito, F." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="98 - 104" refId="ref144367" refString="Gotoh, A. & Ito, F. (2008) Seasonal cycle of colony structure in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla chinensis in western Japan (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 55, 98 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 007 - 0977 - y" type="journal article" year="2008">Gotoh & Ito, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFF5EFCA3125BFCA7" authority=": Wilson, 1958 c" authorityName=": Wilson" authorityYear="1958" box="[222,574,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croceicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF5EFCA311EDFCA6" box="[222,392,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. croceicornis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE18FCA2125BFCA7" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[408,574,836,861]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDC9FCA31303FCA7" authority=": Wheeler, 1933 b" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[585,870,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDC9FCA312C4FCA7" box="[585,673,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. lutea</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFD30FCA21303FCA7" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[688,870,836,861]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref168035" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 b) Colony-founding among ants, with an account of some primitive Australian species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 179 pp." type="book" year="1933">Wheeler, 1933b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFCF2FCA214F1FCA7" author="Haskins, C. P. & Haskins, E. F." box="[882,1172,836,861]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref145867" refString="Haskins, C. P. & Haskins, E. F. (1950) Note on the method of colony foundation of the ponerine ant Brachyponera (Euponera) lutea Mayr. Psyche (Camb.), 57 (1), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1950">Haskins & Haskins, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFB20FCA3109BFC7A" authority=": Kikuchi et al., 2007" authorityName="Kikuchi" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFB20FCA31572FCA7" box="[1184,1303,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFAA6FCA2109BFC7A" author="Kikuchi, T. & Tsuji, K. & Ohnishi, J. & le Breton, J." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="559 - 565" refId="ref149435" refString="Kikuchi, T., Tsuji, K., Ohnishi, J. & le Breton, J. (2007) Caste-biased acceptance of non-nestmates in a polygynous ponerine ant. Animal Behaviour, 73, 559 - 565. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2006.04.015" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Kikuchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFA08FCA310D1FC7A" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFE8AFC8F12DDFC7A" authority=": Radchenko, 1993" authorityName=": Radchenko" authorityYear="1993" box="[266,696,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesoponeroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE8AFC8F11BAFC7A" box="[266,479,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. mesoponeroides</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE6FFC8112DDFC7A" author="Radchenko, A." box="[495,696,871,896]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="75 - 82" refId="ref160472" refString="Radchenko, A. (1993) Ants from Vietnam in the collection of the Institute of Zoology, PAS, Warsaw. I. Pseudomyrmecine, Dorylinae, Ponerinae. Annales Zoologici, 44 (7), 75 - 82." type="journal article" year="1993">Radchenko, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFD44FC8F147FFC7A" authority=": Yamane, 2007" authorityName="Yamane" authorityYear="2007" box="[708,1050,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilidorsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFD44FC8F1301FC7A" box="[708,868,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. pilidorsalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFCF4FC8E147FFC7A" author="Yamane, S." box="[884,1050,871,896]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="650 - 663" refId="ref169294" refString="Yamane, S. (2007) Pachycondyla nigrita and related species in Southeast Asia. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L. & Ward, P. S. (Eds.), Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, pp. 650 - 663." type="book chapter" year="2007">Yamane, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFBADFC8114A8FC7A" box="[1069,1229,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFBADFC8114A8FC7A" box="[1069,1229,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unusual among ponerines in that it displays a marked reproductive dimorphism between workers and queens, with the workers having completely lost their reproductive organs and queens having a large number of ovarioles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFB5DFC4910B6FC17" author="Ito, F. & Ohkawara, K." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="138 - 140" refId="ref147588" refString="Ito, F. & Ohkawara, K. (1994) Spermatheca size differentiation between queens and workers in primitive ants. Naturwissenschaften, 81, 138 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01131772" type="journal article" year="1994">Ito & Ohkawara, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFF5FFC3211D3FC17" author="Gotoh, A. & Ito, F." box="[223,438,980,1005]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="98 - 104" refId="ref144367" refString="Gotoh, A. & Ito, F. (2008) Seasonal cycle of colony structure in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla chinensis in western Japan (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 55, 98 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 007 - 0977 - y" type="journal article" year="2008">Gotoh & Ito, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFE49FC32120CFC17" box="[457,617,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE49FC32120CFC17" box="[457,617,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has the distinction of containing some of the only ponerine species considered to be pests:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFE1DFC1F1240FBEA" authorityName=": Ogata" authorityYear="1987" box="[413,549,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE1DFC1F1240FBEA" box="[413,549,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDDCFC1F1368FBF5" baseAuthorityName="Dejean & Lachaud" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[604,781,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDDCFC1F1368FBF5" box="[604,781,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are invasive and have potentially dangerous stings (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FBA61493FA82" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
Due to its pest ant status,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFE63FBA7120FFBA2" authorityName=": Ogata" authorityYear="1987" box="[483,618,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE63FBA7120FFBA2" box="[483,618,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has received more attention than most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFB9EFBD91578FBA2" box="[1054,1309,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFB9EFBD914DBFBA2" box="[1054,1214,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
It seems to be fairly representative of the genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDE0FB83128BFB87" authorityName=": Ogata" authorityYear="1987" box="[608,750,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDE0FB83128BFB87" box="[608,750,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a generalist predator and scavenger, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFB5EFB8215F2FB87" author="Teranishi, Y." box="[1246,1431,1124,1149]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="312 - 332" refId="ref164104" refString="Teranishi, Y. (1929) Habits and distributions of Japanese ants. Zoological Magazine, 41, 312 - 332." type="journal article" year="1929">Teranishi, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Matsuura, 2002; Matsuura
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE46FB6F119AFB5A" box="[454,511,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFDD4FB6E13E6FB5A" author="Matsuura, K. & Nishida, T." box="[596,899,1159,1184]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="241 - 244" refId="ref154997" refString="Matsuura, K. & Nishida, T. (2002) Mechanism, induction factors, and adaptive significance of dealation in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae). Insectes Sociaux, 49, 241 - 244. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 002 - 8308 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">Matsuura & Nishida, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), its nests are apparently polydomous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFAB7FB611167FB3F" author="Gotoh, A. & Ito, F." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="98 - 104" refId="ref144367" refString="Gotoh, A. & Ito, F. (2008) Seasonal cycle of colony structure in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla chinensis in western Japan (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 55, 98 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 007 - 0977 - y" type="journal article" year="2008">Gotoh & Ito, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and its colonies average between 30 and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6312C6CFD75FB4A13E7FB3F" box="[757,898,1196,1221]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="worker">100 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
(Gotoh & Ito, 1998; Matsuura, 2002). Colony founding in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFEACFB3711DDFB12" authorityName=": Ogata" authorityYear="1987" box="[300,440,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFEACFB3711DDFB12" box="[300,440,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently semi-claustral (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFC9AFB2913DDFB12" author="Koriba, D." box="[794,952,1231,1256]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="285 - 289" refId="ref149805" refString="Koriba, D. (1963) Colony founding of a female of Brachyponera chinensis (Emery) in the observation cage (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Kontyu, 31, 285 - 289." type="journal article" year="1963">Koriba, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and both monogynous and polygynous colonies have been observed (Gotoh & Ito, 1998). It is an invasive pest ant in the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFB7CFB1215FDFAF7" box="[1276,1432,1268,1293]" name="United States of America" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, having been accidentally introduced sometime before 1932 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFCC6FAF113B3FACA" author="Smith, M. R." box="[838,982,1303,1328]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="557 - 564" refId="ref162824" refString="Smith, M. R. (1934) Ponerine ants of the genus Euponera in the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27, 557 - 564." type="journal article" year="1934">Smith, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is a public health concern due to the relative frequency of life-threatening anaphylaxis and other reactions to its venom (in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFB5AFADA157BFAA9" box="[1242,1310,1340,1363]" name="Japan" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFAA9FADA117DFA82" author="Fukuzawa, M. & Arakura, F. & Yamazaki, Y. & Uhara, H. & Saida, T." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="59" refId="ref143785" refString="Fukuzawa, M., Arakura, F., Yamazaki, Y., Uhara, H. & Saida, T. (2002) Urticaria and anaphylaxis due to sting by an ant (Brachyponera chinensis). Acta Dermato Venereologica, 82 (1), 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 000155502753600939" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Fukuzawa
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF17FA8710AAFA82" box="[151,207,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFEC0FA8611ECFA8D" box="[320,393,1376,1399]" name="South Korea" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE14FAB9122EFA82" author="Cho, Y. S. & Lee, Y. & Lee, C. & Yoo, B. & Park, H. & Moon, H." box="[404,587,1375,1400]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="54 - 57" refId="ref135233" refString="Cho, Y. S., Lee, Y., Lee, C., Yoo, B., Park, H. & Moon, H. (2002) Prevalence of Pachycondyla chinensis venom allergy in an ant-infested area in Korea. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 110 (1), 54 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1067 / mai. 2002.124890" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Cho
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE49FA871264FA82" box="[457,513,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFD1CFAB91353FA82" box="[668,822,1375,1400]" name="United States of America" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFCC0FAB9146DFA82" author="Leath, T. M. & Grier, T. J. & Jacobson, R. S. & Fontana-Penn, M. E." box="[832,1032,1375,1400]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="2" refId="ref150491" refString="Leath, T. M., Grier, T. J., Jacobson, R. S. & Fontana-Penn, M. E. (2006) Anaphylaxis to Pachycondyla chinensis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117 (2), S 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jaci. 2005.12.517" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Leath
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFC07FA8713DAFA82" box="[903,959,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFB94FAB9148FFA82" author="Nelder, M. P. & Paysen, E. S. & Zungoli, P. A. & Benson, E. P." box="[1044,1258,1375,1400]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1094 - 1098" refId="ref156977" refString="Nelder, M. P., Paysen, E. S., Zungoli, P. A. & Benson, E. P. (2006) Emergence of the introduced ant Pachycondyla chinensis (Formicidae: Ponerinae) as a public health threat in the southeastern United States. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (5), 1094 - 1098. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 (2006) 43 [1094: eotiap] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Nelder
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFBE7FA8714FAFA82" box="[1127,1183,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6CFF47FA63114AF842" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFF47FA63111FFA66" baseAuthorityName="Dejean & Lachaud" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[199,378,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF47FA63111FFA66" box="[199,378,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is another invasive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDE8FA62130EFA67" box="[616,875,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDE8FA62136DFA67" box="[616,776,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
It is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa and has recently been spreading northeastward through the Middle East (reaching as far as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6312C6CFBC0FA411414FA3A" box="[1088,1137,1447,1472]" name="Iran" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
), where it takes advantage of the relatively cooler and wetter climatic conditions provided by urban areas (Collingwood
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFB28FA2B14BAFA1F" box="[1192,1247,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFAB3FA2A1155F9F2" author="Tirgari, S. & Paknia, O." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="67 - 70" refId="ref164333" refString="Tirgari, S. & Paknia, O. (2005) First record of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Iran, with notes on its ecology. Zoology in the Middle East, 34, 67 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2005.10638084" type="journal article" year="2005">Tirgari & Paknia, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFEBFFA0911BDF9F2" author="Paknia, O." box="[319,472,1519,1544]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="235 - 238" refId="ref158245" refString="Paknia, O. (2006) Distribution of the introduced ponerine ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Iran. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8, 235 - 238." type="journal article" year="2006">Paknia, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE67FA1612C4F9F2" author="Wetterer, J. K." box="[487,673,1519,1544]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="13 - 18" refId="ref166866" refString="Wetterer, J. K. (2012 b) Geographic spread of the samsum or sword ant, Pachycondyla (Brachyponera) sennaarensis (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 18, 13 - 18." type="journal article" year="2012">Wetterer, 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is very adaptable, occurring in both dry and humid habitats in its native range and having a very flexible diet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFCA7F9F21422F9D7" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[807,1095,1556,1581]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Déjean & Lachaud, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; L, 1994; Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFA8DF9F31523F9D7" box="[1293,1350,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFF17F9DF112DF9B5" baseAuthorityName="Dejean & Lachaud" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[151,328,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFF17F9DF112DF9B5" box="[151,328,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a generalist omnivore but like many other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFCCDF9D11423F9AA" box="[845,1094,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFCCDF9D11388F9AA" box="[845,1005,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and unusually for ponerines) will utilize seeds for food (Arnold, 1925;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFDF4F9BA13D3F98F" author="Levieux, J. & Diomande, T." box="[628,950,1628,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="187 - 196" refId="ref151118" refString="Levieux, J. & Diomande, T. (1978) La nutrition des fourmis granivores. II. Cycle D'activite et regime alimentaire de Brachyponera senaarensis [sic] (Mayr) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 25 (3), 187 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224740" type="journal article" year="1978">Lévieux & Diomande, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFC43F9BA140FF98F" author="Levieux, J." box="[963,1130,1628,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="232 - 239" refId="ref150956" refString="Levieux, J. (1979) La nutrition des fourmis granivores. III. Cycle d'activite et regmie alimentaire en saison des pluies de Brachyponera senaarensis [sic] (Hym. Formicidae Ponerinae) fluctuations saisonnieres. Insectes Sociaux, 26 (3), 232 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02223801" type="journal article" year="1979">Lévieux, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFBF6F9BA15F2F98F" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[1142,1431,1628,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Déjean & Lachaud, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFF17F99911ADF962" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[151,456,1663,1688]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Lachaud & Déjean, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers forage individually and will only recruit nestmates in times of general starvation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE97F9421225F947" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[279,576,1700,1725]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Lachaud & Déjean, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDD7F943136FF946" baseAuthorityName="Dejean & Lachaud" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[599,778,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDD7F943136FF946" box="[599,778,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is notable for the large size of its colonies (about 1,000 workers on average) and the striking size dimorphism between workers and queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFBE8F92115F5F91A" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[1128,1424,1735,1760]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Déjean & Lachaud, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Even more unusual is the presence of size polymorphism within the worker caste, which is rare among ponerines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFF1EF8E911A0F8D2" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[158,453,1807,1832]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Déjean & Lachaud, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFE5BF8F712E8F8DD" baseAuthorityName="Dejean & Lachaud" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[475,653,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFE5BF8F712E8F8DD" box="[475,653,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests are constructed in soil and are multichambered, the chambers being connected by tunnels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFE60F8D21363F8B7" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[480,774,1844,1869]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Déjean & Lachaud, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tandem-running is used during emigrations to new nest sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFF5EF8B11277F88A" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[222,530,1879,1904]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Lachaud & Déjean, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFDEDF8BF129EF88A" authorityName=": Ogata" authorityYear="1987" box="[621,763,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFDEDF8BF129EF88A" box="[621,763,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFC2AF8BF1404F895" baseAuthorityName="Dejean & Lachaud" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[938,1121,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFC2AF8BF1404F895" box="[938,1121,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can cause life-threatening anaphylaxis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFEB4F89A1261F86F" author="Dib, G. & Ferguson, R. K. & Sljivic, V." box="[308,516,1916,1941]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="552 - 553" refId="ref139226" refString="Dib, G., Ferguson, R. K. & Sljivic, V. (1992) Hypersensitivity to Samsun ant. The Lancet, 339, 552 - 553. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 (92) 90372 - a" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Dib
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFEF0F89B11D4F86F" box="[368,433,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6312C6CFDA0F89A135AF86F" author="Longhurst, C. & Baker, R. & Howse, P. E. & Speed, W." box="[544,831,1916,1941]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="833 - 837" refId="ref151954" refString="Longhurst, C., Baker, R., Howse, P. E. & Speed, W. (1978) Alkylpyrazines in ponerine ants: their presence in three genera, and caste specific behavioral responses to them in Odontomachus troglodytes. Journal of Insect Physiology, 24, 833 - 837. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 1910 (78) 90104 - x" type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Longhurst
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFD24F89B1280F86F" box="[676,741,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1978)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the mandibular gland secretions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFA04F89B114DF842" baseAuthorityName="Dejean & Lachaud" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFA04F89B114DF842" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6312C6DFF47F82212F5FEBA" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="79.[151,1437,151,1221]" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
The abundant and adaptable Australian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6312C6CFD62F823135FF827" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[738,826,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6312C6CFD62F823135FF827" box="[738,826,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">B. lutea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays even more extreme size differences between the workers and queens than does
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFDA3FF7F13C2FF4A" authority="(Wheeler, 1933 b)" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[547,935,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFDA3FF7F12B0FF55" box="[547,725,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFD65FF7113FAFF4A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[741,927,151,176]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref168035" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 b) Colony-founding among ants, with an account of some primitive Australian species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 179 pp." type="book" year="1933">Wheeler, 1933b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The workers are tiny and hypogeic (unlike most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFF5CFF5A1119FF2F" box="[220,380,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFF5CFF5A1119FF2F" box="[220,380,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The large size of the queens enables claustral colony founding, though semiclaustral founding also occurs, as is the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFDEEFF071345FF0D" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[622,800,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFDEEFF071345FF0D" box="[622,800,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFCB1FF39143CFF02" author="Haskins, C. P. & Haskins, E. F." box="[817,1113,223,248]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref145867" refString="Haskins, C. P. & Haskins, E. F. (1950) Note on the method of colony foundation of the ponerine ant Brachyponera (Euponera) lutea Mayr. Psyche (Camb.), 57 (1), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1950">Haskins & Haskins, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFBE7FF3915F2FF02" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[1127,1431,223,248]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="59 - 66" refId="ref149963" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1991 b) Etude critique de la fondation des colonies en claustration totale chez les ponerines du genre Brachyponera. Insectes Sociaux, 7, 59 - 66." type="journal article" year="1991">Lachaud & Déjean, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFF17FEE211D2FEE7" author="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A." box="[151,439,260,285]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref150005" refString="Lachaud, J. - P. & Dejean, A. (1994) Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera sennaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 145 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Déjean & Lachaud, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE4BFEE31246FEE7" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1933" box="[459,547,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE4BFEE31246FEE7" box="[459,547,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. lutea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has large colonies of over 2,000 workers, and is apparently largely predacious (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFF1EFEC11130FEBA" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[158,341,295,320]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref168035" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1933 b) Colony-founding among ants, with an account of some primitive Australian species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 179 pp." type="book" year="1933">Wheeler, 1933b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFEE1FEC112E6FEBA" author="Haskins, C. P. & Haskins, E. F." box="[353,643,295,320]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref145867" refString="Haskins, C. P. & Haskins, E. F. (1950) Note on the method of colony foundation of the ponerine ant Brachyponera (Euponera) lutea Mayr. Psyche (Camb.), 57 (1), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1950">Haskins & Haskins, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6302C6DFF47FEAA13DAFDE2" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Very little has been reported about other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFCADFEAA13A8FE9F" box="[813,973,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFCADFEAA13A8FE9F" box="[813,973,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFC60FEAB143FFE9F" box="[992,1114,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFC60FEAB143FFE9F" box="[992,1114,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is polygynous and may be polydomous or unicolonial, though the data on this are not conclusive (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFC5AFE8914BAFE72" author="Takahashi, J. & Kikuchi, T. & Ohnishi, H. & Tsuji, K." box="[986,1247,367,392]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="749 - 751" refId="ref163704" refString="Takahashi, J., Kikuchi, T., Ohnishi, H. & Tsuji, K. (2005) Isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite loci in the Ponerinae ant Pachycondyla luteipes (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Molecular Ecology Notes, 5, 749 - 751. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 8286.2005.01051. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Takahashi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFBD7FE9714F6FE72" box="[1111,1171,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kikucho
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFAD9FE9715F0FE72" box="[1369,1429,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007). Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE03FE73119EFE57" box="[387,507,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE03FE73119EFE57" box="[387,507,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are aggressive toward queens of foreign colonies but not toward foreign workers (Kikucho
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFEEDFE5F11C2FE2A" box="[365,423,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007). Like
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFDC4FE5F131AFE2A" box="[580,895,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFDC4FE5F129FFE35" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[580,762,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">B. sennaarensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFC87FE5F131AFE2A" box="[775,895,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">B. luteipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is known to feed on seeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFB43FE5115F4FE2A" author="Zhou, H. & Chen, J. & Chen, F." box="[1219,1425,439,464]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="317 - 324" refId="ref169966" refString="Zhou, H., Chen, J. & Chen, F. (2007) Ant - mediated seed dispersal contributes to the local spatial pattern and genetic structure of Globba lancangensis (Zingiberaceae). Journal of Heredity, 98 (4), 317 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / jhered / esm 032" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Zhou
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFA89FE5F1521FE2A" box="[1289,1348,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFF17FE3A112DFE0F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[151,328,476,501]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE61FE3B12EAFE0E" authorityName=": Wilson" authorityYear="1958" box="[481,655,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croceicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE61FE3B12EAFE0E" box="[481,655,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. croceicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most abundant and widespread ants in New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6302C6DFAC4FE3A15FDFE0F" box="[1348,1432,476,501]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, inhabiting a wide array of habitats; its colonies have about
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6302C6DFCACFE1913DEFDE2" box="[812,955,511,536]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="worker">100 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6302C6DFF47FDC2151CFD0A" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFF47FDC212B3FDC7" bold="true" box="[199,726,548,573]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFD5EFDC2131BFDC7" box="[734,894,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFD5EFDC2131BFDC7" box="[734,894,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first appeared in the literature as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFF17FDAF11A6FD9A" authority="(Emery, 1900 a)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,451,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFF17FDAF1163FD9A" box="[151,262,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFE97FDA111DEFD9A" author="Emery, C." box="[279,443,583,608]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFD8EFDAF1375FD9A" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" box="[526,784,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croceicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFD8EFDAF12DEFDA5" box="[526,699,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. croceicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6302C6DFCE8FDAE13FDFD9A" box="[872,920,584,608]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species. The next year,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFB36FDAE1530FD9A" author="Emery, C." box="[1206,1365,583,608]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
again described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE8FFD8A11CAFD7F" box="[271,431,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE8FFD8A11CAFD7F" box="[271,431,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as new and designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFD59FD8B13BFFD7E" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[729,986,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFD59FD8B13F5FD7E" box="[729,912,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. sennaarensis</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6302C6DFBBCFD8A1409FD7E" box="[1084,1132,620,644]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, though this was unjustified given the earlier designation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFD0EFD77135EFD5D" box="[654,827,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croceicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFD0EFD77135EFD5D" box="[654,827,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B. croceicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most authors continued to treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFB43FD691506FD52" box="[1219,1379,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFB43FD691506FD52" box="[1219,1379,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFEB0FD5311FBFD36" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[304,414,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFEB0FD5311FBFD36" box="[304,414,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(except
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFD8BFD5212DAFD37" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[523,703,692,717]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFC95FD5213ACFD37" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[789,969,692,717]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
raised it to full genus status, where it generally remained until Brown (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFDA9FD3112D8FD0A" author="Bolton, B." box="[553,701,727,752]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref133375" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6302C6DFDA9FD31121DFD0A" box="[553,632,727,752]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) synonymized it with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFC37FD311430FD0A" box="[951,1109,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFC37FD311430FD0A" box="[951,1109,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFB45FD311509FD0A" author="Snelling, R. R." box="[1221,1388,727,752]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="369 - 453" refId="ref162858" refString="Snelling, R. R. (1981) Systematics of social Hymenoptera. In: Hermann, H. R. (Ed.), Social insects. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 369 - 453." type="book chapter" year="1981">Snelling, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6302C6DFF47FD1A129CFC7A" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
We are reviving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE0DFD1A1248FCEF" box="[397,557,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE0DFD1A1248FCEF" box="[397,557,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full genus status based on both molecular and morphological evidence.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6302C6DFF17FCF9113EFCC2" author="Schmidt, C." box="[151,347,799,824]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFD39FCF9134CFCC2" box="[697,809,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFC08FCF9144DFCC2" box="[904,1064,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFC08FCF9144DFCC2" box="[904,1064,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with strong support within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFF17FCA21124FCA7" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[151,321,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFF17FCA21124FCA7" box="[151,321,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Its sister group is unresolved, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFC93FCA213D6FCA7" box="[787,947,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFC93FCA213D6FCA7" box="[787,947,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFB46FCA21500FCA7" box="[1222,1381,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFB46FCA21500FCA7" box="[1222,1381,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a sister relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE30FC8F127BFC7A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[432,542,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE30FC8F127BFC7A" box="[432,542,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be rejected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6302C6DFF47FC6A1369FB39" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE14FC6A1251FC5F" box="[404,564,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE14FC6A1251FC5F" box="[404,564,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not share any obvious apomorphies with any other genera, with the possible exception of basal mandibular pits, which also occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFCF8FC571383FC32" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[888,998,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFCF8FC571383FC32" box="[888,998,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the lack of a prora, which is also absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE8DFC33111BFC16" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[269,382,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Iroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE8DFC33111BFC16" box="[269,382,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Iroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFE3FFC321204FC17" box="[447,609,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFE3FFC321204FC17" box="[447,609,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFDF4FC321371FC17" box="[628,788,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFDF4FC321371FC17" box="[628,788,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFCD6FC3313A0FC16" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[854,965,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFCD6FC3313A0FC16" box="[854,965,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also share deep metanotal grooves and divided mesopleura (only in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFD98FC1112DDFBEA" box="[536,696,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFD98FC1112DDFBEA" box="[536,696,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), though these easily could be convergent. The lack of the prora is most likely convergent as there is little additional evidence suggesting a close relationship among these three genera.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFF73FBD911C1FBA2" box="[243,420,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera’s</emphasis>
|
||
round propodeal spiracle suggests a possible placement near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFBF7FBA614B2FBAD" box="[1143,1239,1088,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFBF7FBA614B2FBAD" box="[1143,1239,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Myopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFA95FBA715F1FBA2" box="[1301,1428,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFA95FBA715F1FBA2" box="[1301,1428,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Leptogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though the absence of a strong gastral constriction argues against this placement. In sum, both the molecular and morphological evidence is inconclusive about the exact phylogenetic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6302C6DFBDDFB611498FB5A" box="[1117,1277,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6302C6DFBDDFB611498FB5A" box="[1117,1277,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though it is certainly distinctive enough to warrant full genus status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |